Inherited human ITK deficiency impairs IFN-γ immunity and underlies tuberculosis

ABSTRACT: Inborn errors of IFN-γ immunity can underlie tuberculosis (TB). We report three patients from two kindreds without EBV viremia or disease but with severe TB and inherited complete ITK deficiency, a condition associated with severe EBV disease that renders immunological studies challenging....

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Autores:
Arias Sierra, Andrés Augusto
Laurent, Abel
Al Ali, Fatima
Alkan, Gulsum
Ata, Manar
Béziat, Vivien
Bohlen, Jonathan
Boisson Dupuis, Stéphanie
Bustamante, Jacinta
Casavana, Jean Laurent
Chrabieh, Maya
Emiroğlu, Melike
Fieschi, Claire
Golec, Dominic P.
Hauck, Fabian
Han, Ji Eun
Jouanguy, Emmanuelle
Kaul, Zenia
Khan, Taushif
Kong, Xiao-Fei
Latour, Sylvain
Laine, Candice
Lei, Wei-Te
Martin, Emmanuel
Marr, Nico
Mansouri, Davood
Neven, Bénédicte
Ogishi, Masato
Pelham, Simon J
Parvaneh, Nima
Philippot, Quentin
Pekcan, Sevgi
Rodriguez, Rémy
Rozenberg, Flore
Rao, V Koneti
Schwartzberg, Pamela L.
Seeleuthner, Yoann
Tokgöz, Hüseyin
Uitto, Jouni
Vahidnezhad, Hassan
Yang, Rui
Youssefian, Leila
Tipo de recurso:
Article of investigation
Fecha de publicación:
2023
Institución:
Universidad de Antioquia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UdeA
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/40729
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/10495/40729
Palabra clave:
Interferon-gamma
Interferón gamma
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T alfa-beta
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T gamma-delta
T-Lymphocyte Subsets
Subgrupos de Linfocitos T
Thymus Gland
Timo
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D007371
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016693
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016692
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016176
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D013950
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014376
Rights
openAccess
License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/co/
id UDEA2_91c8f38b92fab9e9b315d0dd9d1b3d33
oai_identifier_str oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/40729
network_acronym_str UDEA2
network_name_str Repositorio UdeA
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Inherited human ITK deficiency impairs IFN-γ immunity and underlies tuberculosis
title Inherited human ITK deficiency impairs IFN-γ immunity and underlies tuberculosis
spellingShingle Inherited human ITK deficiency impairs IFN-γ immunity and underlies tuberculosis
Interferon-gamma
Interferón gamma
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T alfa-beta
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T gamma-delta
T-Lymphocyte Subsets
Subgrupos de Linfocitos T
Thymus Gland
Timo
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D007371
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016693
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016692
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016176
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D013950
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014376
title_short Inherited human ITK deficiency impairs IFN-γ immunity and underlies tuberculosis
title_full Inherited human ITK deficiency impairs IFN-γ immunity and underlies tuberculosis
title_fullStr Inherited human ITK deficiency impairs IFN-γ immunity and underlies tuberculosis
title_full_unstemmed Inherited human ITK deficiency impairs IFN-γ immunity and underlies tuberculosis
title_sort Inherited human ITK deficiency impairs IFN-γ immunity and underlies tuberculosis
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Arias Sierra, Andrés Augusto
Laurent, Abel
Al Ali, Fatima
Alkan, Gulsum
Ata, Manar
Béziat, Vivien
Bohlen, Jonathan
Boisson Dupuis, Stéphanie
Bustamante, Jacinta
Casavana, Jean Laurent
Chrabieh, Maya
Emiroğlu, Melike
Fieschi, Claire
Golec, Dominic P.
Hauck, Fabian
Han, Ji Eun
Jouanguy, Emmanuelle
Kaul, Zenia
Khan, Taushif
Kong, Xiao-Fei
Latour, Sylvain
Laine, Candice
Lei, Wei-Te
Martin, Emmanuel
Marr, Nico
Mansouri, Davood
Neven, Bénédicte
Ogishi, Masato
Pelham, Simon J
Parvaneh, Nima
Philippot, Quentin
Pekcan, Sevgi
Rodriguez, Rémy
Rozenberg, Flore
Rao, V Koneti
Schwartzberg, Pamela L.
Seeleuthner, Yoann
Tokgöz, Hüseyin
Uitto, Jouni
Vahidnezhad, Hassan
Yang, Rui
Youssefian, Leila
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Arias Sierra, Andrés Augusto
Laurent, Abel
Al Ali, Fatima
Alkan, Gulsum
Ata, Manar
Béziat, Vivien
Bohlen, Jonathan
Boisson Dupuis, Stéphanie
Bustamante, Jacinta
Casavana, Jean Laurent
Chrabieh, Maya
Emiroğlu, Melike
Fieschi, Claire
Golec, Dominic P.
Hauck, Fabian
Han, Ji Eun
Jouanguy, Emmanuelle
Kaul, Zenia
Khan, Taushif
Kong, Xiao-Fei
Latour, Sylvain
Laine, Candice
Lei, Wei-Te
Martin, Emmanuel
Marr, Nico
Mansouri, Davood
Neven, Bénédicte
Ogishi, Masato
Pelham, Simon J
Parvaneh, Nima
Philippot, Quentin
Pekcan, Sevgi
Rodriguez, Rémy
Rozenberg, Flore
Rao, V Koneti
Schwartzberg, Pamela L.
Seeleuthner, Yoann
Tokgöz, Hüseyin
Uitto, Jouni
Vahidnezhad, Hassan
Yang, Rui
Youssefian, Leila
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv Inmunodeficiencias Primarias
dc.subject.decs.none.fl_str_mv Interferon-gamma
Interferón gamma
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T alfa-beta
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T gamma-delta
T-Lymphocyte Subsets
Subgrupos de Linfocitos T
Thymus Gland
Timo
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
topic Interferon-gamma
Interferón gamma
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T alfa-beta
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T gamma-delta
T-Lymphocyte Subsets
Subgrupos de Linfocitos T
Thymus Gland
Timo
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D007371
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016693
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016692
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016176
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D013950
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014376
dc.subject.meshuri.none.fl_str_mv https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D007371
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016693
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016692
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016176
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D013950
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014376
description ABSTRACT: Inborn errors of IFN-γ immunity can underlie tuberculosis (TB). We report three patients from two kindreds without EBV viremia or disease but with severe TB and inherited complete ITK deficiency, a condition associated with severe EBV disease that renders immunological studies challenging. They have CD4+ αβ T lymphocytopenia with a concomitant expansion of CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) αβ and Vδ2- γδ T lymphocytes, both displaying a unique CD38+CD45RA+T-bet+EOMES- phenotype. Itk-deficient mice recapitulated an expansion of the γδ T and DN αβ T lymphocyte populations in the thymus and spleen, respectively. Moreover, the patients' T lymphocytes secrete small amounts of IFN-γ in response to TCR crosslinking, mitogens, or forced synapse formation with autologous B lymphocytes. Finally, the patients' total lymphocytes secrete small amounts of IFN-γ, and CD4+, CD8+, DN αβ T, Vδ2+ γδ T, and MAIT cells display impaired IFN-γ production in response to BCG. Inherited ITK deficiency undermines the development and function of various IFN-γ-producing T cell subsets, thereby underlying TB.
publishDate 2023
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-07-23T01:41:18Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-07-23T01:41:18Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de investigación
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv https://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART
dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv Ogishi M, Yang R, Rodriguez R, Golec DP, Martin E, Philippot Q, Bohlen J, Pelham SJ, Arias AA, Khan T, Ata M, Al Ali F, Rozenberg F, Kong XF, Chrabieh M, Laine C, Lei WT, Han JE, Seeleuthner Y, Kaul Z, Jouanguy E, Béziat V, Youssefian L, Vahidnezhad H, Rao VK, Neven B, Fieschi C, Mansouri D, Shahrooei M, Pekcan S, Alkan G, Emiroğlu M, Tokgöz H, Uitto J, Hauck F, Bustamante J, Abel L, Keles S, Parvaneh N, Marr N, Schwartzberg PL, Latour S, Casanova JL, Boisson-Dupuis S. Inherited human ITK deficiency impairs IFN-γ immunity and underlies tuberculosis. J Exp Med. 2023 Jan 2;220(1):e20220484. doi: 10.1084/jem.20220484. Epub 2022 Nov 3. PMID: 36326697; PMCID: PMC9641312.
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 0022-1007
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10495/40729
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.1084/jem.20220484
dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv 1540-9538
identifier_str_mv Ogishi M, Yang R, Rodriguez R, Golec DP, Martin E, Philippot Q, Bohlen J, Pelham SJ, Arias AA, Khan T, Ata M, Al Ali F, Rozenberg F, Kong XF, Chrabieh M, Laine C, Lei WT, Han JE, Seeleuthner Y, Kaul Z, Jouanguy E, Béziat V, Youssefian L, Vahidnezhad H, Rao VK, Neven B, Fieschi C, Mansouri D, Shahrooei M, Pekcan S, Alkan G, Emiroğlu M, Tokgöz H, Uitto J, Hauck F, Bustamante J, Abel L, Keles S, Parvaneh N, Marr N, Schwartzberg PL, Latour S, Casanova JL, Boisson-Dupuis S. Inherited human ITK deficiency impairs IFN-γ immunity and underlies tuberculosis. J Exp Med. 2023 Jan 2;220(1):e20220484. doi: 10.1084/jem.20220484. Epub 2022 Nov 3. PMID: 36326697; PMCID: PMC9641312.
0022-1007
10.1084/jem.20220484
1540-9538
url https://hdl.handle.net/10495/40729
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.ispartofjournalabbrev.spa.fl_str_mv J. Exp. Med.
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 24
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 2
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 220
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv The Journal of experimental medicine.
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dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Nueva York, Estados Unidos
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spelling Arias Sierra, Andrés AugustoLaurent, AbelAl Ali, FatimaAlkan, GulsumAta, ManarBéziat, VivienBohlen, JonathanBoisson Dupuis, StéphanieBustamante, JacintaCasavana, Jean LaurentChrabieh, MayaEmiroğlu, MelikeFieschi, ClaireGolec, Dominic P.Hauck, FabianHan, Ji EunJouanguy, EmmanuelleKaul, ZeniaKhan, TaushifKong, Xiao-FeiLatour, SylvainLaine, CandiceLei, Wei-TeMartin, EmmanuelMarr, NicoMansouri, DavoodNeven, BénédicteOgishi, MasatoPelham, Simon JParvaneh, NimaPhilippot, QuentinPekcan, SevgiRodriguez, RémyRozenberg, FloreRao, V KonetiSchwartzberg, Pamela L.Seeleuthner, YoannTokgöz, HüseyinUitto, JouniVahidnezhad, HassanYang, RuiYoussefian, LeilaInmunodeficiencias Primarias2024-07-23T01:41:18Z2024-07-23T01:41:18Z2023Ogishi M, Yang R, Rodriguez R, Golec DP, Martin E, Philippot Q, Bohlen J, Pelham SJ, Arias AA, Khan T, Ata M, Al Ali F, Rozenberg F, Kong XF, Chrabieh M, Laine C, Lei WT, Han JE, Seeleuthner Y, Kaul Z, Jouanguy E, Béziat V, Youssefian L, Vahidnezhad H, Rao VK, Neven B, Fieschi C, Mansouri D, Shahrooei M, Pekcan S, Alkan G, Emiroğlu M, Tokgöz H, Uitto J, Hauck F, Bustamante J, Abel L, Keles S, Parvaneh N, Marr N, Schwartzberg PL, Latour S, Casanova JL, Boisson-Dupuis S. Inherited human ITK deficiency impairs IFN-γ immunity and underlies tuberculosis. J Exp Med. 2023 Jan 2;220(1):e20220484. doi: 10.1084/jem.20220484. Epub 2022 Nov 3. PMID: 36326697; PMCID: PMC9641312.0022-1007https://hdl.handle.net/10495/4072910.1084/jem.202204841540-9538ABSTRACT: Inborn errors of IFN-γ immunity can underlie tuberculosis (TB). We report three patients from two kindreds without EBV viremia or disease but with severe TB and inherited complete ITK deficiency, a condition associated with severe EBV disease that renders immunological studies challenging. They have CD4+ αβ T lymphocytopenia with a concomitant expansion of CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) αβ and Vδ2- γδ T lymphocytes, both displaying a unique CD38+CD45RA+T-bet+EOMES- phenotype. Itk-deficient mice recapitulated an expansion of the γδ T and DN αβ T lymphocyte populations in the thymus and spleen, respectively. Moreover, the patients' T lymphocytes secrete small amounts of IFN-γ in response to TCR crosslinking, mitogens, or forced synapse formation with autologous B lymphocytes. Finally, the patients' total lymphocytes secrete small amounts of IFN-γ, and CD4+, CD8+, DN αβ T, Vδ2+ γδ T, and MAIT cells display impaired IFN-γ production in response to BCG. Inherited ITK deficiency undermines the development and function of various IFN-γ-producing T cell subsets, thereby underlying TB.COL001242624 páginasapplication/pdfengRockefeller University PressNueva York, Estados Unidoshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/co/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Inherited human ITK deficiency impairs IFN-γ immunity and underlies tuberculosisArtículo de investigaciónhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1https://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionInterferon-gammaInterferón gammaReceptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-betaReceptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T alfa-betaReceptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-deltaReceptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T gamma-deltaT-Lymphocyte SubsetsSubgrupos de Linfocitos TThymus GlandTimoTuberculosisTuberculosishttps://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D007371https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016693https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016692https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016176https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D013950https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014376J. Exp. Med.2421220The Journal of experimental medicine.PublicationLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/b3821168-7867-4113-b2fc-60aa62d5f9ad/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD52falseAnonymousREADORIGINALAriasAndres_2023_Inherited_Human_ITK.pdfAriasAndres_2023_Inherited_Human_ITK.pdfArtículo de investigaciónapplication/pdf8366484https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/f908e3c9-77aa-4861-8d16-d45a59c0becd/downloadb41358de258e9e277c37df0483757844MD51trueAnonymousREADTEXTAriasAndres_2023_Inherited_Human_ITK.pdf.txtAriasAndres_2023_Inherited_Human_ITK.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain100835https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/298dc523-84ac-4908-a991-80de55572f9e/download9006b0597e0a17d725a39b081d1c201eMD53falseAnonymousREADTHUMBNAILAriasAndres_2023_Inherited_Human_ITK.pdf.jpgAriasAndres_2023_Inherited_Human_ITK.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg18391https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/2106f285-4c24-4927-86aa-df5590209763/download44ee252733a94bb4a38a13db92b1b962MD54falseAnonymousREAD10495/40729oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/407292025-03-26 22:37:30.013http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/co/open.accesshttps://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.coRepositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Antioquiaaplicacionbibliotecadigitalbiblioteca@udea.edu.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