Presidential reelection and unconstitutional mutations in El Salvador: A case of constitutional authoritarian-populism

Between May 1-2, 2021, the new National Assembly, under El Salvador’s president, removed the justice of the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court without proper procedure, citing the need to shield the public from COVID-19 pandemic rulings. The Assembly also appointed new judges without accoun...

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Autores:
Hernández G., José Ignacio
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2025
Institución:
Universidad Externado de Colombia
Repositorio:
Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/26994
Acceso en línea:
https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/26994
https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n63.04
Palabra clave:
Presidential Reelection,
El Salvador Constitutional Law,
Unconstitutional Mutations,
Abusive Constitutionalism,
Constitutional Authoritarian Populism
Rights
openAccess
License
José Ignacio Hernández G. - 2025
id uexternad2_a111042a3b6235eecd3ca9d64bfed616
oai_identifier_str oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/26994
network_acronym_str uexternad2
network_name_str Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Presidential reelection and unconstitutional mutations in El Salvador: A case of constitutional authoritarian-populism
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv Presidential reelection and unconstitutional mutations in El Salvador: A case of constitutional authoritarian-populism
title Presidential reelection and unconstitutional mutations in El Salvador: A case of constitutional authoritarian-populism
spellingShingle Presidential reelection and unconstitutional mutations in El Salvador: A case of constitutional authoritarian-populism
Presidential Reelection,
El Salvador Constitutional Law,
Unconstitutional Mutations,
Abusive Constitutionalism,
Constitutional Authoritarian Populism
title_short Presidential reelection and unconstitutional mutations in El Salvador: A case of constitutional authoritarian-populism
title_full Presidential reelection and unconstitutional mutations in El Salvador: A case of constitutional authoritarian-populism
title_fullStr Presidential reelection and unconstitutional mutations in El Salvador: A case of constitutional authoritarian-populism
title_full_unstemmed Presidential reelection and unconstitutional mutations in El Salvador: A case of constitutional authoritarian-populism
title_sort Presidential reelection and unconstitutional mutations in El Salvador: A case of constitutional authoritarian-populism
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Hernández G., José Ignacio
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Hernández G., José Ignacio
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Presidential Reelection,
El Salvador Constitutional Law,
Unconstitutional Mutations,
Abusive Constitutionalism,
Constitutional Authoritarian Populism
topic Presidential Reelection,
El Salvador Constitutional Law,
Unconstitutional Mutations,
Abusive Constitutionalism,
Constitutional Authoritarian Populism
description Between May 1-2, 2021, the new National Assembly, under El Salvador’s president, removed the justice of the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court without proper procedure, citing the need to shield the public from COVID-19 pandemic rulings. The Assembly also appointed new judges without accountability. This mass removal can be seen as an authoritarian move driven by populist rhetoric. Soon after, on September 3, 2021, the new Chamber issued a ruling (case number 1-2021) that offered a new interpretation of the constitutional rules on presidential reelection. This ruling exemplifies “unconstitutional constitutional mutations” carried out through abusive con­stitutionalism. Instead of interpreting the Constitution, the ruling effectively changed it to permit presidential reelection, resulting in an unconstitutional mutation that modified core constitutional provisions. Similar to Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, El Salvador’s Constitutional Chamber replaced constitutional supremacy with the sovereignty of the people, or vox populi, advancing constitutional authoritarian populism.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2025-08-28T12:17:25Z
2025-08-29T09:15:24Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2025-08-28T12:17:25Z
2025-08-29T09:15:24Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2025-08-28
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.18601/01229893.n63.04
dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv 2346-2051
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/26994
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dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Revista Derecho del Estado
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Anaya, E. (2009). La justicia constitucional en El Salvador. In A. Von Bogdandy & others (Eds.), La justicia constitucional y su internacionalización. ¿Hacia un ius constitutionale commune en América Latina? (Vol. 1). Universidad National Autónoma de México.
Blokker, P. (2019). Populism as a constitutional project. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 17(2).
Brewer-Carías, A. (1989). Judicial review in comparative law. Cambridge University Press.
Brewer-Carías, A. (2008). Constitutional protection of human rights in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
Brewer-Carías, A. (2010). Dismantling democracy in Venezuela: The Chávez authoritarian experiment. Cambridge University Press.
Brewer-Carías, A. (2019). La ilegitima mutación de la Constitución y la legitimidad de la jurisdicción constitucional. In Memoria del X Congreso Iberoamericano de Derecho Constitucional (Vol. 1). Instituto Iberoamericano de Derecho Constitucional.
Brewer-Carías, A. (2021). De cómo se impuso el derecho político colectivo a la alternabilidad republicana frente un pretendido derecho a la reelección presidencial. In A. Aguiar & A. Brewer-Carías (Eds.), Los principios de la democracia y la reelección presidencial indefinida. Editorial Jurídica Venezolana.
Brewer-Carías, A. (2022). El juez constitucional en El Salvador y la ilegítima mutación de la Constitución. Revista de Derecho Público, 167–168.
Burgess, K., & Levitsky, S. (2013). Explaining populist party adaptation in Latin America: Environmental and organizational determinants of party change in Argentina, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela. Comparative Political Studies, 36(8).
Cappelletti, M. (1980). El formidable problema del control judicial y la contribución del análisis comparado. Revista de Estudios Políticos, 13.
Cárdenas, E., & Corredor, F. (2018). El juez constitucional y la reelección presidencial en América Latina. Revista de Economía Institucional, 20(8).
De La Torre, C. (2017). Populism in Latin America. In C. Kaltwasser & others (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism. Oxford University Press.
Dixon, R., & Landau, D. (2021). Abusive constitutional borrowing: Legal globalization and the subversion of liberal democracy. Oxford University Press.
García de Enterría, E. (2003). Democracia, jueces y control de la Administración. Thomson-Civitas.
Gargarella, R. (2019). Authoritarian constitutionalism in Latin America: From past to present. In H. Alviar García & G. Frankenberg (Eds.), Authoritarian constitutionalism comparative analysis and critique. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Ginsburg, T., & Moustafa, T. (2008). Rule by law: The politics of courts in authoritarian regimes. Cambridge University Press.
Ginsburg, T., & Simpser, A. (2018). Introduction: Constitutions in authoritarian regimes. In T. Ginsburg & A. Simpser (Eds.), Constitutions in authoritarian regimes. Cambridge University Press.
Ginsburg, T., Melton, J., & Elkins, Z. (2011). On the evasion of executive term limits. William & Mary Law Review, 52(6). Grivalja, A., & others. (2021). La reelección presidencial indefinida en Venezuela, Nicaragua, Ecuador y Bolivia. Estudios constitucionales: Revista del Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, 18(1).
Hernández, J. I. (2021, May 14). The mass removal of constitutional judges in El Salvador: A new case of constitutional authoritarian-populism. Int’l J. Const. L. Blog. http:// www.iconnectblog.com/2021/05/the-mass-removal-of-constitutional-judges-in-el-salvador-a-new-case-of-constitutional-authoritarian-populism/
Hernández G., J. I. (2018, December 14). Towards a concept of constitutional authoritarianism: The Venezuelan experience. Int’l J. Const. L. Blog. http://www.iconnectblog. com/2018/12/towards-a-concept-of-constitutional-authoritarianism-the-venezuelan-experience/
Hernández G., J. I. (2021). La tentación autoritaria de la justicia constitucional en América Latina. Revista Forum, 1.
Hernández G., J. I. (2021, September 10). The constitutional chamber in El Salvador and presidential reelection: Another case of constitutional authoritarian populism. Int’l J. Const. L. Blog. http://www.iconnectblog.com/2021/09/the-constitutional-chamber-in-el-salvador-and-presidential-reelection-another-case-of-constitutional-authoritarian-populism/
Hernández G., J. I. (2022). La pandemia de la COVID-19 y el Derecho Administrativo en América Latina. Universidad del Rosario-Tirant Lo Blanch.
Hesse, K. (1992). Límites a la mutación constitucional. In Escritos de Derecho Constitucional. Centro de Estudios Constitucionales.
Landau, D. (2013). Abusive constitutionalism. UC Davis Law Review, 47(1).
Landau, D. (2018). Institutional failure and intertemporal theories of the judicial role in the global south. In D. de Bilchitz & D. Landau (Eds.), The evolution of the separation of powers: Between the global north and the global south. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Landau, D. (2018). Populist constitutions. The University of Chicago Law Review, 85(2).
Landau, D., Roznai, Y., & Dixon, R. (2018). Term limits and the unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrine: Lessons from Latin America (FSU College of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 887). SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3208187
Landau, D., Roznai, Y., & Dixon, R. (2019). From an unconstitutional constitutional amendment to an unconstitutional constitution? Lessons from Honduras. Global Constitutionalism, 8(1).
Maritain, J. (1996). The person and the common good. University of Notre Dame Press.
Martínez Dalmau, R., & Viciano Pastor, R. (2018). La Constitución democrática, entre el neoconstitucionalismo y el nuevo constitucionalismo. El Otro Derecho, 48.
Mazzuca, S. (2021). Latecomer state formation. Yale University Press.
Mazzuca, S. (2021). Inclusionary turn, rentier populism, and emerging legacies. The political effects of the commodity boom. In D. Kapiszewski, S. Levitsky, & D. J. Yashar (Eds.), The inclusionary turn in Latin American democracies. Cambridge University Press.
Mejía Rivera, J., & Jerez Moren, R. (2018). La reelección presidencial en Honduras, la sentencia espuria y la falacia de un derecho humano. In J. Mejía (Ed.), La reeleción presidencial en Centroamérica. ¿Un derecho absoluto?. Diakonia.
Moodie, E. (2011). El Salvador in the aftermath of peace. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Mudde, C., & Kaltwasser, C. (2013). Exclusionary vs. inclusionary populism: Comparing contemporary Europe and Latin America. Government and Opposition, 48(2).
Müller, J.-W. (2019). What is populism. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Negroponte, D. (2012). Seeking peace in El Salvador: The struggle to reconstruct a nation at the end of the Cold War. Palgrave Macmillan.
Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2019). Cultural backlash. Trump, Brexit, and authoritarian populism. Cambridge University Press.
Roque, R. (2021). Nayib Bukele: populismo e implosión democrática. Andamios, 18.
Rollnert Liern, G. (2014). La mutación constitucional, entre la interpretación y la jurisdicción constitucional. Revista española de derecho constitucional, 34.
Roznai, Y. (2017). Unconstitutional constitutional amendments: The limits of amendment powers. Oxford University Press.
Sarmiento, J. (2013). Populismo constitucional y reelecciones, vicisitudes institucionales en la experiencia sudamericana. Estudios constitucionales: Revista del Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, 11(1).
Segado, F. (2009). La justicia constitucional, una visión de Derecho Comparado. Tomo III. La justicia constitucional en América Latina y en España. Dykinson.
Solano, M. (2007). La jurisdicción constitucional en El Salvador. Anuario Iberoamericano de Justicia Constitucional, 11.
Solano, M. (2008). La Justicia Constitucional en El Salvador. Las sentencias definitivas en el proceso constitucional. Anuario Iberoamericano de Justicia Constitucional, 12.
Tinetti, J. A. (2007). La Justicia Constitutional en El Salvador. Anuario Iberoamericano de Justicia Constitucional, 2007–I.
Tushnet, M. (2018). Authoritarian constitutionalism: Some conceptual issues. In T. Ginsburg & A. Simpser (Eds.), Constitutions in authoritarian regimes. Cambridge University Press.
Tushnet, M., & Bugaric, B. (2021). Power to the people. Oxford University Press.
Ulloa, F. (2016). El sistema electoral, 25 años después de la firma de los Acuerdos de Paz. Análisis, 13.
Viciano, R., & Moreno, G. (2018). Cuando los jueces declaran inconstitucional la Constitución: la reelección presidencial en América Latina a la luz de las últimas decisiones de las Cortes Constitucionales. Anuario Iberoamericano de Justicia Constitucional, 22.
Von Bogdandy, A. (2017). Ius Constitutionale Commune in America Latina: Observations on transformative constitutionalism. In A. von Bogdandy & others (Eds.), Transformative constitutionalism in Latin America. Oxford University Press.
Von Bogdandy, A., & others (Eds.). (2019). La jurisdicción constitucional en América Latina. Max Planck Institute-Universidad Externado de Colombia.
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv José Ignacio Hernández G. - 2025
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spelling Hernández G., José Ignacio2025-08-28T12:17:25Z2025-08-29T09:15:24Z2025-08-28T12:17:25Z2025-08-29T09:15:24Z2025-08-28Between May 1-2, 2021, the new National Assembly, under El Salvador’s president, removed the justice of the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court without proper procedure, citing the need to shield the public from COVID-19 pandemic rulings. The Assembly also appointed new judges without accountability. This mass removal can be seen as an authoritarian move driven by populist rhetoric. Soon after, on September 3, 2021, the new Chamber issued a ruling (case number 1-2021) that offered a new interpretation of the constitutional rules on presidential reelection. This ruling exemplifies “unconstitutional constitutional mutations” carried out through abusive con­stitutionalism. Instead of interpreting the Constitution, the ruling effectively changed it to permit presidential reelection, resulting in an unconstitutional mutation that modified core constitutional provisions. Similar to Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, El Salvador’s Constitutional Chamber replaced constitutional supremacy with the sovereignty of the people, or vox populi, advancing constitutional authoritarian populism.application/pdf10.18601/01229893.n63.042346-20510122-9893https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/26994https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n63.04spaDepartamento de Derecho Constitucionalhttps://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/10732/18632Núm. 63 , Año 2025 : Septiembre-Diciembre26463243Revista Derecho del EstadoAnaya, E. (2009). La justicia constitucional en El Salvador. In A. Von Bogdandy & others (Eds.), La justicia constitucional y su internacionalización. ¿Hacia un ius constitutionale commune en América Latina? (Vol. 1). Universidad National Autónoma de México.Blokker, P. (2019). Populism as a constitutional project. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 17(2).Brewer-Carías, A. (1989). Judicial review in comparative law. Cambridge University Press.Brewer-Carías, A. (2008). Constitutional protection of human rights in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.Brewer-Carías, A. (2010). Dismantling democracy in Venezuela: The Chávez authoritarian experiment. Cambridge University Press.Brewer-Carías, A. (2019). La ilegitima mutación de la Constitución y la legitimidad de la jurisdicción constitucional. In Memoria del X Congreso Iberoamericano de Derecho Constitucional (Vol. 1). Instituto Iberoamericano de Derecho Constitucional.Brewer-Carías, A. (2021). De cómo se impuso el derecho político colectivo a la alternabilidad republicana frente un pretendido derecho a la reelección presidencial. In A. Aguiar & A. Brewer-Carías (Eds.), Los principios de la democracia y la reelección presidencial indefinida. Editorial Jurídica Venezolana.Brewer-Carías, A. (2022). El juez constitucional en El Salvador y la ilegítima mutación de la Constitución. Revista de Derecho Público, 167–168.Burgess, K., & Levitsky, S. (2013). Explaining populist party adaptation in Latin America: Environmental and organizational determinants of party change in Argentina, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela. Comparative Political Studies, 36(8).Cappelletti, M. (1980). El formidable problema del control judicial y la contribución del análisis comparado. Revista de Estudios Políticos, 13.Cárdenas, E., & Corredor, F. (2018). El juez constitucional y la reelección presidencial en América Latina. Revista de Economía Institucional, 20(8).De La Torre, C. (2017). Populism in Latin America. In C. Kaltwasser & others (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism. Oxford University Press.Dixon, R., & Landau, D. (2021). Abusive constitutional borrowing: Legal globalization and the subversion of liberal democracy. Oxford University Press.García de Enterría, E. (2003). Democracia, jueces y control de la Administración. Thomson-Civitas.Gargarella, R. (2019). Authoritarian constitutionalism in Latin America: From past to present. In H. Alviar García & G. Frankenberg (Eds.), Authoritarian constitutionalism comparative analysis and critique. Edward Elgar Publishing.Ginsburg, T., & Moustafa, T. (2008). Rule by law: The politics of courts in authoritarian regimes. Cambridge University Press.Ginsburg, T., & Simpser, A. (2018). Introduction: Constitutions in authoritarian regimes. In T. Ginsburg & A. Simpser (Eds.), Constitutions in authoritarian regimes. Cambridge University Press.Ginsburg, T., Melton, J., & Elkins, Z. (2011). On the evasion of executive term limits. William & Mary Law Review, 52(6). Grivalja, A., & others. (2021). La reelección presidencial indefinida en Venezuela, Nicaragua, Ecuador y Bolivia. Estudios constitucionales: Revista del Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, 18(1).Hernández, J. I. (2021, May 14). The mass removal of constitutional judges in El Salvador: A new case of constitutional authoritarian-populism. Int’l J. Const. L. Blog. http:// www.iconnectblog.com/2021/05/the-mass-removal-of-constitutional-judges-in-el-salvador-a-new-case-of-constitutional-authoritarian-populism/Hernández G., J. I. (2018, December 14). Towards a concept of constitutional authoritarianism: The Venezuelan experience. Int’l J. Const. L. Blog. http://www.iconnectblog. com/2018/12/towards-a-concept-of-constitutional-authoritarianism-the-venezuelan-experience/Hernández G., J. I. (2021). La tentación autoritaria de la justicia constitucional en América Latina. Revista Forum, 1.Hernández G., J. I. (2021, September 10). The constitutional chamber in El Salvador and presidential reelection: Another case of constitutional authoritarian populism. Int’l J. Const. L. Blog. http://www.iconnectblog.com/2021/09/the-constitutional-chamber-in-el-salvador-and-presidential-reelection-another-case-of-constitutional-authoritarian-populism/Hernández G., J. I. (2022). La pandemia de la COVID-19 y el Derecho Administrativo en América Latina. Universidad del Rosario-Tirant Lo Blanch.Hesse, K. (1992). Límites a la mutación constitucional. In Escritos de Derecho Constitucional. Centro de Estudios Constitucionales.Landau, D. (2013). Abusive constitutionalism. UC Davis Law Review, 47(1).Landau, D. (2018). Institutional failure and intertemporal theories of the judicial role in the global south. In D. de Bilchitz & D. Landau (Eds.), The evolution of the separation of powers: Between the global north and the global south. Edward Elgar Publishing.Landau, D. (2018). Populist constitutions. The University of Chicago Law Review, 85(2).Landau, D., Roznai, Y., & Dixon, R. (2018). Term limits and the unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrine: Lessons from Latin America (FSU College of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 887). SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3208187Landau, D., Roznai, Y., & Dixon, R. (2019). From an unconstitutional constitutional amendment to an unconstitutional constitution? Lessons from Honduras. Global Constitutionalism, 8(1).Maritain, J. (1996). The person and the common good. University of Notre Dame Press.Martínez Dalmau, R., & Viciano Pastor, R. (2018). La Constitución democrática, entre el neoconstitucionalismo y el nuevo constitucionalismo. El Otro Derecho, 48.Mazzuca, S. (2021). Latecomer state formation. Yale University Press.Mazzuca, S. (2021). Inclusionary turn, rentier populism, and emerging legacies. The political effects of the commodity boom. In D. Kapiszewski, S. Levitsky, & D. J. Yashar (Eds.), The inclusionary turn in Latin American democracies. Cambridge University Press.Mejía Rivera, J., & Jerez Moren, R. (2018). La reelección presidencial en Honduras, la sentencia espuria y la falacia de un derecho humano. In J. Mejía (Ed.), La reeleción presidencial en Centroamérica. ¿Un derecho absoluto?. Diakonia.Moodie, E. (2011). El Salvador in the aftermath of peace. University of Pennsylvania Press.Mudde, C., & Kaltwasser, C. (2013). Exclusionary vs. inclusionary populism: Comparing contemporary Europe and Latin America. Government and Opposition, 48(2).Müller, J.-W. (2019). What is populism. University of Pennsylvania Press.Negroponte, D. (2012). Seeking peace in El Salvador: The struggle to reconstruct a nation at the end of the Cold War. Palgrave Macmillan.Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2019). Cultural backlash. Trump, Brexit, and authoritarian populism. Cambridge University Press.Roque, R. (2021). Nayib Bukele: populismo e implosión democrática. Andamios, 18.Rollnert Liern, G. (2014). La mutación constitucional, entre la interpretación y la jurisdicción constitucional. Revista española de derecho constitucional, 34.Roznai, Y. (2017). Unconstitutional constitutional amendments: The limits of amendment powers. Oxford University Press.Sarmiento, J. (2013). Populismo constitucional y reelecciones, vicisitudes institucionales en la experiencia sudamericana. Estudios constitucionales: Revista del Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, 11(1).Segado, F. (2009). La justicia constitucional, una visión de Derecho Comparado. Tomo III. La justicia constitucional en América Latina y en España. Dykinson.Solano, M. (2007). La jurisdicción constitucional en El Salvador. Anuario Iberoamericano de Justicia Constitucional, 11.Solano, M. (2008). La Justicia Constitucional en El Salvador. Las sentencias definitivas en el proceso constitucional. Anuario Iberoamericano de Justicia Constitucional, 12.Tinetti, J. A. (2007). La Justicia Constitutional en El Salvador. Anuario Iberoamericano de Justicia Constitucional, 2007–I.Tushnet, M. (2018). Authoritarian constitutionalism: Some conceptual issues. In T. Ginsburg & A. Simpser (Eds.), Constitutions in authoritarian regimes. Cambridge University Press.Tushnet, M., & Bugaric, B. (2021). Power to the people. Oxford University Press.Ulloa, F. (2016). El sistema electoral, 25 años después de la firma de los Acuerdos de Paz. Análisis, 13.Viciano, R., & Moreno, G. (2018). Cuando los jueces declaran inconstitucional la Constitución: la reelección presidencial en América Latina a la luz de las últimas decisiones de las Cortes Constitucionales. Anuario Iberoamericano de Justicia Constitucional, 22.Von Bogdandy, A. (2017). Ius Constitutionale Commune in America Latina: Observations on transformative constitutionalism. In A. von Bogdandy & others (Eds.), Transformative constitutionalism in Latin America. Oxford University Press.Von Bogdandy, A., & others (Eds.). (2019). La jurisdicción constitucional en América Latina. Max Planck Institute-Universidad Externado de Colombia.José Ignacio Hernández G. - 2025info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/view/10732Presidential Reelection,El Salvador Constitutional Law,Unconstitutional Mutations,Abusive Constitutionalism,Constitutional Authoritarian PopulismPresidential reelection and unconstitutional mutations in El Salvador: A case of constitutional authoritarian-populismPresidential reelection and unconstitutional mutations in El Salvador: A case of constitutional authoritarian-populismArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREFinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPublicationOREORE.xmltext/xml2620https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/bitstreams/e841dcce-be57-4721-921f-9fb7c0b20cbf/download72f3b4f6ad0ed6df31f80f4a5911def8MD51001/26994oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/269942025-08-29 04:15:24.521http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0José Ignacio Hernández G. - 2025https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.coUniversidad Externado de Colombiametabiblioteca@metabiblioteca.org

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