Identification of thermal models for lithium-ion batteries

: figuras, tablas

Autores:: Saldarriaga Saldarriaga, Oriana Camila

Tipo de recurso:: Trabajo de grado de pregrado

Fecha de publicación:: 2024

Institución:: Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira

Repositorio:: Repositorio Institucional UTP

Idioma:: eng

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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Identification of thermal models for lithium-ion batteries
title	Identification of thermal models for lithium-ion batteries
spellingShingle	Identification of thermal models for lithium-ion batteries 620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines Ingeniería mecánica 2. Ingeniería y Tecnología::2C. Ingeniería Mecánica Baterias de ION- litio Modelo térmico 0D Modelo eléctrico equivalente Gestión térmica Estado de carga (SoC ODS 4: Educación de calidad. Garantizar una educación inclusiva y equitativa de calidad y promover oportunidades de aprendizaje permanente para todos
title_short	Identification of thermal models for lithium-ion batteries
title_full	Identification of thermal models for lithium-ion batteries
title_fullStr	Identification of thermal models for lithium-ion batteries
title_full_unstemmed	Identification of thermal models for lithium-ion batteries
title_sort	Identification of thermal models for lithium-ion batteries
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Saldarriaga Saldarriaga, Oriana Camila
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Tristancho-Reyes, Jose Luis Zamboni, Walter Mattia, Luigi
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Saldarriaga Saldarriaga, Oriana Camila
dc.subject.ddc.none.fl_str_mv	620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines
topic	620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines Ingeniería mecánica 2. Ingeniería y Tecnología::2C. Ingeniería Mecánica Baterias de ION- litio Modelo térmico 0D Modelo eléctrico equivalente Gestión térmica Estado de carga (SoC ODS 4: Educación de calidad. Garantizar una educación inclusiva y equitativa de calidad y promover oportunidades de aprendizaje permanente para todos
dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv	Ingeniería mecánica
dc.subject.ocde.none.fl_str_mv	2. Ingeniería y Tecnología::2C. Ingeniería Mecánica
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	Baterias de ION- litio Modelo térmico 0D Modelo eléctrico equivalente Gestión térmica Estado de carga (SoC
dc.subject.ods.none.fl_str_mv	ODS 4: Educación de calidad. Garantizar una educación inclusiva y equitativa de calidad y promover oportunidades de aprendizaje permanente para todos
description	: figuras, tablas
publishDate	2024
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2024
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2025-06-10T19:16:09Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2025-06-10T19:16:09Z
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identifier_str_mv	Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira Repositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv	[1] World Economic Forum, “Batteries and the circular economy: An opportunity for sustainable growth,” September 2021, online article. [Online]. Available: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2021/09/ batteries-lithium-ion-energy-storage-circular-economy/ [2] I. E. A. (IEA), “Global ev outlook 2023,” https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/ assets/dacf14d2-eabc-498a-8263-9f97fd5dc327/GEVO2023.pdf, 2023, page 22, last accessed on March 14, 2025. [3] B. Ramasubramanian, J. Ling, R. Jose, and S. Ramakrishna, “Ten major challenges for sustainable lithium-ion batteries,” Cell Reports Physical Science, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 102032, 2024. [Online]. Available: https: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666386424003011 [4] X. Zhu, Z. Sun, Z. Wang, H. Wang, N. Lin, and C. Shan, “Thermal runaway in commercial lithium-ion cells under overheating condition and the safety assessment method: Effects of socs, cathode materials and packaging forms,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 68, p. 107768, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X23011659 [5] L. Mattia, B. Ospina Agudelo, H. Beiranvand, M. Liserre, and W. Zam- boni, “Lithium-ion battery impedance as a battery temperature indicator,” Manuscript, 2025, affiliations: a) Dipartimento di ingegneria dell’Informazione ed Elettrica e Matematica applicata (DIEM), Universit`a degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano (SA), 84084, Italy b) Chair of Power Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstrasse 2, Kiel, 24143, Germany. [6] Z. Wang, S. Liu, W. Li, and X. Xiang, “Research on thermal management system of power battery based on phase change material,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1907, no. 1, p. 012003, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1907/1/012003/pdf [7] J. B. Goodenough and K.-S. Park, “The Li-Ion rechargeable battery: A perspec- tive,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 135, no. 4, pp. 1167–1176, 2013, similar schematic representation of Li-ion battery operation principles. [8] G.-A. Nazri and G. Pistoia, Eds., Lithium Batteries: Science and Technology. Boston, MA: Springer, 2009. [9] Q. Guo, R. E. White, and B. N. Popov, “Thermal-electrochemical model for lithium battery packs,” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 158, no. 2, pp. A122–A132, 2011. [10] T. Inc. (2023) Core components of a battery. Thermtest Inc. Imagen que muestra los componentes principales de una bater ́ıa. [Online]. Available: https://thermtest.com/wp-content/uploads/ Core-Components-of-a-battery-1024x576.png [11] C. Semeraro, A.-G. Olabi, and M. Dassisti, “Sustainability issues in manufacturing and operation of second-generation flow batteries,” in Encyclopedia of Smart Materials, A.-G. Olabi, Ed. Oxford: Elsevier, 2022, pp. 192–197. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ pii/B9780128157329000760 [12] Targray, “The role of electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries,” Targray Technology International Inc., 2023, accessed: 2025-03-29. [Online]. Available: https: //www.targray.com/li-ion-battery/electrolyte [13] T. B. Reddy, Ed., Linden’s Handbook of Batteries, 4th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2010. [14] W. Waag and D. Sauer, “Secondary batteries – lead– acid systems — state-of-charge/health,” in Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, J. Garche, Ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009, pp. 793–804. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444527455001490 [15] Y. Huang, Y. Zhao, W. Xu, W. Bai, X. Shen, J. Wang, Y. Lu, and Z. Wang, “Study on the influence of high-rate charge/discharge cycle numbers and spacing on thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion batteries,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 115, p. 116005, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X25007182 [16] U. Battery, “Lithium battery temperature range: Every- thing you need to know,” UFine Battery, 2023, accessed: 2025-03-29. [Online]. Available: https://www.ufinebattery.com/blog/ lithium-battery-temperature-range-everything-you-need-to-know/ [17] H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959. [18] M. Dubarry and B. Y. Liaw, “Development of a universal modeling tool for rechargeable lithium batteries,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 174, pp. 856– 860, 2007. [19] B. Cunningham, “Chapter 6: Batteries and li-ion technology,” Stanford University, Tech. Rep., 2017, engineering 40M course reader, Stanford University. Accessed: 2025-03-29. [Online]. Available: https://web.stanford.edu/ class/archive/engr/engr40m.1178/reader/chapter6.pdf [20] G. L. Platt, Battery Modeling, ser. Battery Management Systems. Boston: Artech House, 2015, vol. 1. [21] L. Mattia, H. Beiranvand, W. Zamboni, and M. Liserre, “Lithium-ion battery thermal modelling and characterisation: a comprehensive review,” p. 23, 2023. [22] X. Feng, M. Ouyang, X. Liu, L. Lu, Y. Xia, and X. He, “Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: A review,” Energy Storage Materials, vol. 10, pp. 246–267, 2018. [23] K. A. Severson, P. M. Attia, N. Jin, N. Perkins, B. Jiang, Z. Yang, M. H. Chen, M. Aykol, P. K. Herring, D. Fraggedakis, M. Z. Bazant, S. J. Harris, W. C. Chueh, and R. D. Braatz, “Data-driven prediction of battery cycle life before capacity degradation,” Nature Energy, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 383–391, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-019-0356-8 [24] K. Maher and A. Boumaiza, “Thermal challenges in lithium-ion battery technology: Investigating performance and thermal stability,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 111, p. 115396, 2025. [Online]. Available: https: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X25001094 [25] Panasonic Corporation, NCR18650B Datasheet, 2023. [26] Espec Corporation, ESPEC AR Series Climate Chambers – Catalog, https:// www.espec.co.jp/english/products/catalog/ar02.pdf, Espec Corporation, 2023, accessed: 2025-03-12. [27] MathWorks, “Interpolating scattered data,” MATLAB Documenta- tion, 2024, available at: https://it.mathworks.com/help/matlab/math/ interpolating-scattered-data.html. [Online]. Available: https://it.mathworks. com/help/matlab/math/interpolating-scattered-data.html [28] Gamry Instruments, Gamry Interface 5000E Potentiostat/Galvanostat/ZRA, https://www.gamry.com/assets/Uploads/Interface5000.pdf, 2024. [29] Arbin Instruments, Arbin HPS v9.00-1.6, https://www.arbin.com/wp-content/ uploads/2024/09/Arbin-HPS-v9.00-1.6.pdf, Arbin Instruments, 2024, accessed: 2025-03-16.
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spelling	Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)Manifiesto (Manifestamos) en este documento la voluntad de autorizar a la Biblioteca Jorge Roa Martínez de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira la publicación en el Repositorio institucional (http://biblioteca.utp.edu.co), la versión electrónica de la OBRA titulada: La Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, entidad académica sin ánimo de lucro, queda por lo tanto facultada para ejercer plenamente la autorización anteriormente descrita en su actividad ordinaria de investigación, docencia y publicación. La autorización otorgada se ajusta a lo que establece la Ley 23 de 1982. Con todo, en mi (nuestra) condición de autor (es) me (nos) reservo (reservamos) los derechos morales de la OBRA antes citada con arreglo al artículo 30 de la Ley 23 de 1982. En concordancia suscribo (suscribimos) este documento en el momento mismo que hago (hacemos) entrega de mi (nuestra) OBRA a la Biblioteca “Jorge Roa Martínez” de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. Manifiesto (manifestamos) que la OBRA objeto de la presente autorizacióNhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessTristancho-Reyes, Jose Luisvirtual::55-1Zamboni, Waltervirtual::56-1Mattia, Luigivirtual::57-1Saldarriaga Saldarriaga, Oriana Camila2025-06-10T19:16:09Z2025-06-10T19:16:09Z2024https://hdl.handle.net/11059/15907Universidad Tecnológica de PereiraRepositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Pereirahttps://repositorio.utp.edu.co/home: figuras, tablasLithium-ion batteries have experienced exponential growth in adoption over the past decade [1], primarily driven by transportation electrification and the global energy transition. According to the International Energy Agency, the global stock of electric vehicles increased from less than one million in 2011 to over 25 million in 2022, representing a year-on-year increase of nearly 60% [2]. This accelerated expansion has made lithium-ion batteries critical components for multiple industrial sectors, from consumer electronics to large-scale storage systems. Despite their advantages in energy storage and efficiency, lithium-ion batteries face major challenges related to their thermal and electrical behavior. Temperature changes strongly affect how these batteries work, impacting their internal resistance, capacity, and stability [3]. Overheating can lead to accelerated degradation and even potentially safety risks like thermal runaway. The non-uniform temperature distribution within battery packs additionally generates thermal gradients that compromise both the performance and durability of the entire system [4]...1 Literature Review -- 3 1.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries -- 3 1.2 Battery fundamental concepts -- 7 1.3 Battery Modeling -- 9 1.3.1 Electrical Model -- 10 1.3.2 0D Thermal Model -- 13 1.3.3 Interactions Between the Electrical and Thermal Models -- 16 1.4 Applications and Technical Challenges -- 18 1.4.1 Applications of Lithium-ion Batteries -- 18 1.4.2 Technical Barriers -- 19 2 Dataset Description and Models Characterization 23 2.1 Dataset Description -- 24 2.1.1 Tested Battery Cells -- 24 2.1.2 Experiments Description -- 27 2.2 Models Characterization and Implementation -- 30 2.2.1 Data Pre-processing -- 31 2.2.2 Electrical Model Parameters Fitting -- 35 2.2.3 Thermal Model Parameters Fitting -- 46 2.2.4 Alternative Heat Generation Formulations -- 51 2.2.5 Results with different Heat Generation -- 51 2.2.6 Electro-Thermal Coupling Methodology -- 53 2.2.7 Model Validation -- 53 3 Results and Discussion -- 57 3.1 Electrical Model Characterization -- 57 3.1.1 Voltage Relaxation Dynamics Fitting -- 57 3.1.2 Parameter Identification and State of Charge Dependency -- 58 3.2 Thermal Model Validation in Selected Experiments -- 65 3.2.1 Thermal Response at Moderate Temperature (5°C) -- 65 3.2.2 Thermal Response at Elevated Temperature (35°C) -- 67 3.2.3 Thermal Response at Reduced Temperature (-10°C) -- 68 3.2.4 Comparative Analysis of Thermal Generation Formulations -- 69 3.3 Model Validation Results -- 71 3.3.1 Representative Case Analysis -- 71 3.3.2 Global Model Evaluation -- 80 4 Conclusions and Recommendation -- 83 4.1 Conclusions -- 83 4.1.1 Observations for Future Research -- 84 4.2 Recommendations -- 86 A Experimental Equipment and Technical Specifications -- 89 A.0.1 Electrochemical Workstation -- 90 A.0.2 Battery Testing System -- 92 Bibliography -- 95PregradoIngeniero(a) Mecánico(a)106 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad Tecnológica de PereiraIngeniería MecánicaFacultad de Ingeniería MecánicaPereira620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afinesIngeniería mecánica2. Ingeniería y Tecnología::2C. Ingeniería MecánicaBaterias de ION- litioModelo térmico 0DModelo eléctrico equivalenteGestión térmicaEstado de carga (SoCODS 4: Educación de calidad. Garantizar una educación inclusiva y equitativa de calidad y promover oportunidades de aprendizaje permanente para todosIdentification of thermal models for lithium-ion batteriesTrabajo de grado - Pregradoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisPereira, Risaralda, Colombia[1] World Economic Forum, “Batteries and the circular economy: An opportunity for sustainable growth,” September 2021, online article. [Online]. Available: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2021/09/ batteries-lithium-ion-energy-storage-circular-economy/[2] I. E. A. (IEA), “Global ev outlook 2023,” https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/ assets/dacf14d2-eabc-498a-8263-9f97fd5dc327/GEVO2023.pdf, 2023, page 22, last accessed on March 14, 2025.[3] B. Ramasubramanian, J. Ling, R. Jose, and S. Ramakrishna, “Ten major challenges for sustainable lithium-ion batteries,” Cell Reports Physical Science, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 102032, 2024. [Online]. Available: https: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666386424003011[4] X. Zhu, Z. Sun, Z. Wang, H. Wang, N. Lin, and C. Shan, “Thermal runaway in commercial lithium-ion cells under overheating condition and the safety assessment method: Effects of socs, cathode materials and packaging forms,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 68, p. 107768, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X23011659[5] L. Mattia, B. Ospina Agudelo, H. Beiranvand, M. Liserre, and W. Zam- boni, “Lithium-ion battery impedance as a battery temperature indicator,” Manuscript, 2025, affiliations: a) Dipartimento di ingegneria dell’Informazione ed Elettrica e Matematica applicata (DIEM), Universit`a degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano (SA), 84084, Italy b) Chair of Power Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstrasse 2, Kiel, 24143, Germany.[6] Z. Wang, S. Liu, W. Li, and X. Xiang, “Research on thermal management system of power battery based on phase change material,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1907, no. 1, p. 012003, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1907/1/012003/pdf[7] J. B. Goodenough and K.-S. Park, “The Li-Ion rechargeable battery: A perspec- tive,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 135, no. 4, pp. 1167–1176, 2013, similar schematic representation of Li-ion battery operation principles.[8] G.-A. Nazri and G. Pistoia, Eds., Lithium Batteries: Science and Technology. Boston, MA: Springer, 2009.[9] Q. Guo, R. E. White, and B. N. Popov, “Thermal-electrochemical model for lithium battery packs,” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 158, no. 2, pp. A122–A132, 2011.[10] T. Inc. (2023) Core components of a battery. Thermtest Inc. Imagen que muestra los componentes principales de una bater ́ıa. [Online]. Available: https://thermtest.com/wp-content/uploads/ Core-Components-of-a-battery-1024x576.png[11] C. Semeraro, A.-G. Olabi, and M. Dassisti, “Sustainability issues in manufacturing and operation of second-generation flow batteries,” in Encyclopedia of Smart Materials, A.-G. Olabi, Ed. Oxford: Elsevier, 2022, pp. 192–197. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ pii/B9780128157329000760[12] Targray, “The role of electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries,” Targray Technology International Inc., 2023, accessed: 2025-03-29. [Online]. Available: https: //www.targray.com/li-ion-battery/electrolyte[13] T. B. Reddy, Ed., Linden’s Handbook of Batteries, 4th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2010.[14] W. Waag and D. Sauer, “Secondary batteries – lead– acid systems — state-of-charge/health,” in Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, J. Garche, Ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009, pp. 793–804. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444527455001490[15] Y. Huang, Y. Zhao, W. Xu, W. Bai, X. Shen, J. Wang, Y. Lu, and Z. Wang, “Study on the influence of high-rate charge/discharge cycle numbers and spacing on thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion batteries,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 115, p. 116005, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X25007182[16] U. Battery, “Lithium battery temperature range: Every- thing you need to know,” UFine Battery, 2023, accessed: 2025-03-29. [Online]. Available: https://www.ufinebattery.com/blog/ lithium-battery-temperature-range-everything-you-need-to-know/[17] H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959.[18] M. Dubarry and B. Y. Liaw, “Development of a universal modeling tool for rechargeable lithium batteries,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 174, pp. 856– 860, 2007.[19] B. Cunningham, “Chapter 6: Batteries and li-ion technology,” Stanford University, Tech. Rep., 2017, engineering 40M course reader, Stanford University. Accessed: 2025-03-29. [Online]. Available: https://web.stanford.edu/ class/archive/engr/engr40m.1178/reader/chapter6.pdf[20] G. L. Platt, Battery Modeling, ser. Battery Management Systems. Boston: Artech House, 2015, vol. 1.[21] L. Mattia, H. Beiranvand, W. Zamboni, and M. Liserre, “Lithium-ion battery thermal modelling and characterisation: a comprehensive review,” p. 23, 2023.[22] X. Feng, M. Ouyang, X. Liu, L. Lu, Y. Xia, and X. He, “Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: A review,” Energy Storage Materials, vol. 10, pp. 246–267, 2018.[23] K. A. Severson, P. M. Attia, N. Jin, N. Perkins, B. Jiang, Z. Yang, M. H. Chen, M. Aykol, P. K. Herring, D. Fraggedakis, M. Z. Bazant, S. J. Harris, W. C. Chueh, and R. D. Braatz, “Data-driven prediction of battery cycle life before capacity degradation,” Nature Energy, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 383–391, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-019-0356-8[24] K. Maher and A. Boumaiza, “Thermal challenges in lithium-ion battery technology: Investigating performance and thermal stability,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 111, p. 115396, 2025. [Online]. Available: https: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X25001094[25] Panasonic Corporation, NCR18650B Datasheet, 2023.[26] Espec Corporation, ESPEC AR Series Climate Chambers – Catalog, https:// www.espec.co.jp/english/products/catalog/ar02.pdf, Espec Corporation, 2023, accessed: 2025-03-12.[27] MathWorks, “Interpolating scattered data,” MATLAB Documenta- tion, 2024, available at: https://it.mathworks.com/help/matlab/math/ interpolating-scattered-data.html. [Online]. Available: https://it.mathworks. com/help/matlab/math/interpolating-scattered-data.html[28] Gamry Instruments, Gamry Interface 5000E Potentiostat/Galvanostat/ZRA, https://www.gamry.com/assets/Uploads/Interface5000.pdf, 2024.[29] Arbin Instruments, Arbin HPS v9.00-1.6, https://www.arbin.com/wp-content/ uploads/2024/09/Arbin-HPS-v9.00-1.6.pdf, Arbin Instruments, 2024, accessed: 2025-03-16.Comunidad académica y científica, Estudiantes, Docentes, InvestigadoresPublicationhttps://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ZIzIyg0AAAAJ&hl=esvirtual::55-10000-0003-3550-8042virtual::55-10000-0003-4699-0014virtual::56-10000-0002-2562-6267virtual::57-1133b73f5-9a98-4ea2-b95a-89460575ccdavirtual::55-1e2dc75b3-2c1a-4925-b43e-16407614a6c2virtual::56-15fb5e54b-092f-4063-bef0-a92e0fce6aebvirtual::57-1133b73f5-9a98-4ea2-b95a-89460575ccdavirtual::55-1e2dc75b3-2c1a-4925-b43e-16407614a6c2virtual::56-15fb5e54b-092f-4063-bef0-a92e0fce6aebvirtual::57-1ORIGINALTrabajo de grado.pdfTrabajo de grado.pdfapplication/pdf3788444https://repositorio.utp.edu.co/bitstreams/49c633bf-52f4-419f-9117-d64599ac8189/downloaddcde5feb940f05477873bfb9bd9d4838MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-815543https://repositorio.utp.edu.co/bitstreams/8b023f8d-dbc5-40fe-93f6-7715b1d53f65/download73a5432e0b76442b22b026844140d683MD52TEXTTrabajo de grado.pdf.txtTrabajo de grado.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain100513https://repositorio.utp.edu.co/bitstreams/fdaaee2b-c416-4416-8649-7f5355c6ba1e/download114412883a6d3013ee27224f9cbf326dMD53THUMBNAILTrabajo de grado.pdf.jpgTrabajo de grado.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg6290https://repositorio.utp.edu.co/bitstreams/83246619-473c-410e-a7a7-789e3b0a32cf/downloadfd65fab7b80f9c355e613ee6811467c5MD5411059/15907oai:repositorio.utp.edu.co:11059/159072025-06-11 05:00:51.612https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Manifiesto (Manifestamos) en este documento la voluntad de autorizar a la Biblioteca Jorge Roa Martínez de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira la publicación en el Repositorio institucional (http://biblioteca.utp.edu.co), la versión electrónica de la OBRA titulada: La Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, entidad académica sin ánimo de lucro, queda por lo tanto facultada para ejercer plenamente la autorización anteriormente descrita en su actividad ordinaria de investigación, docencia y publicación. 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Manifiesto (manifestamos) que la OBRA objeto de la presente autorizacióNopen.accesshttps://repositorio.utp.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad Tecnológica de 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

Identification of thermal models for lithium-ion batteries

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