GC/MS Profile and Antifungal Activity of Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam Essential Oil against Moniliophthora roreri Cif and Par, a Pathogen That Infects Theobroma cacao L Crops in the Tropics
The species Zanthoxylum caribaeum belongs to the Rutaceae family, from which several chemical nuclei are known, including alkaloids and coumarins. In addition, its essential oil has been characterized, showing differences in composition and various antimicrobial activities. In the present study, the...
- Autores:
-
Fuentes-Estrada, Marcial
Jiménez-González, Andrea
Duarte, Diannefair
Saavedra-Barrera, Rogerio
Areche, Carlos
Stashenko, Elena
Pino Benítez, Nayive
Bárcenas-Pérez, Daniela
Cheel, José
García-Beltrán, Olimpo
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad de Ibagué
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Universidad de Ibagué
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unibague.edu.co:20.500.12313/5546
- Palabra clave:
- Cultivos de Theobroma cacao
Antifúngico
Cultivos de Theobroma cacao - Antifúngico
Antifungal
Cocoa
GC-MS
Moniliophthora roreri
Zanthoxylum caribaeum
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- © 2023 by the authors.
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GC/MS Profile and Antifungal Activity of Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam Essential Oil against Moniliophthora roreri Cif and Par, a Pathogen That Infects Theobroma cacao L Crops in the Tropics |
| title |
GC/MS Profile and Antifungal Activity of Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam Essential Oil against Moniliophthora roreri Cif and Par, a Pathogen That Infects Theobroma cacao L Crops in the Tropics |
| spellingShingle |
GC/MS Profile and Antifungal Activity of Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam Essential Oil against Moniliophthora roreri Cif and Par, a Pathogen That Infects Theobroma cacao L Crops in the Tropics Cultivos de Theobroma cacao Antifúngico Cultivos de Theobroma cacao - Antifúngico Antifungal Cocoa GC-MS Moniliophthora roreri Zanthoxylum caribaeum |
| title_short |
GC/MS Profile and Antifungal Activity of Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam Essential Oil against Moniliophthora roreri Cif and Par, a Pathogen That Infects Theobroma cacao L Crops in the Tropics |
| title_full |
GC/MS Profile and Antifungal Activity of Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam Essential Oil against Moniliophthora roreri Cif and Par, a Pathogen That Infects Theobroma cacao L Crops in the Tropics |
| title_fullStr |
GC/MS Profile and Antifungal Activity of Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam Essential Oil against Moniliophthora roreri Cif and Par, a Pathogen That Infects Theobroma cacao L Crops in the Tropics |
| title_full_unstemmed |
GC/MS Profile and Antifungal Activity of Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam Essential Oil against Moniliophthora roreri Cif and Par, a Pathogen That Infects Theobroma cacao L Crops in the Tropics |
| title_sort |
GC/MS Profile and Antifungal Activity of Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam Essential Oil against Moniliophthora roreri Cif and Par, a Pathogen That Infects Theobroma cacao L Crops in the Tropics |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Fuentes-Estrada, Marcial Jiménez-González, Andrea Duarte, Diannefair Saavedra-Barrera, Rogerio Areche, Carlos Stashenko, Elena Pino Benítez, Nayive Bárcenas-Pérez, Daniela Cheel, José García-Beltrán, Olimpo |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Fuentes-Estrada, Marcial Jiménez-González, Andrea Duarte, Diannefair Saavedra-Barrera, Rogerio Areche, Carlos Stashenko, Elena Pino Benítez, Nayive Bárcenas-Pérez, Daniela Cheel, José García-Beltrán, Olimpo |
| dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv |
Cultivos de Theobroma cacao Antifúngico Cultivos de Theobroma cacao - Antifúngico |
| topic |
Cultivos de Theobroma cacao Antifúngico Cultivos de Theobroma cacao - Antifúngico Antifungal Cocoa GC-MS Moniliophthora roreri Zanthoxylum caribaeum |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Antifungal Cocoa GC-MS Moniliophthora roreri Zanthoxylum caribaeum |
| description |
The species Zanthoxylum caribaeum belongs to the Rutaceae family, from which several chemical nuclei are known, including alkaloids and coumarins. In addition, its essential oil has been characterized, showing differences in composition and various antimicrobial activities. In the present study, the essential oil of Z. caribaeum collected in the department of Tolima, central Colombia, was characterized by gas chromatography with mass selective detector (GC-MS). The essential oil showed a composition of about 43 compounds (including major and minor), whose main components, according to their abundance, are the following: germacrene D (228.0 ± 1.6 mg/g EO), (E)-β-farnesene (128.0 ± 1.5 mg/g EO), β-elemene (116.0 ± 1.6 mg/g EO) and (E)-nerolidol (74.0 ± 2.2 mg/g EO). This oil was tested against microorganisms that affect cocoa production in Colombia and in tropical countries where the production of this commodity is very important for the economy. The antifungal tests were performed on the fungal species Moniliophthora roreri and showed promising and significant activity, inhibiting growth by more than 95% at concentrations of 50 µL/mL and 100 µL/mL. This remarkable antifungal activity could be due to the presence of major and minor compounds that synergistically enhance the activity. |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-08 |
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2025-08-28T13:42:42Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-08-28T13:42:42Z |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
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Text |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
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Fuentes-Estrada, M., Jiménez-González, A., Duarte, D., Saavedra-Barrera, R., Areche, C., Stashenko, E., Pino Benítez, N., Bárcenas-Pérez, D., Cheel, J. y García-Beltrán, O. (2023). GC/MS Profile and Antifungal Activity of Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam Essential Oil against Moniliophthora roreri Cif and Par, a Pathogen That Infects Theobroma cacao L Crops in the Tropics. Chemosensors, 11(8). DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors11080447 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.3390/chemosensors11080447 |
| dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv |
22279040 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12313/5546 |
| dc.identifier.url.none.fl_str_mv |
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/11/8/447 |
| identifier_str_mv |
Fuentes-Estrada, M., Jiménez-González, A., Duarte, D., Saavedra-Barrera, R., Areche, C., Stashenko, E., Pino Benítez, N., Bárcenas-Pérez, D., Cheel, J. y García-Beltrán, O. (2023). GC/MS Profile and Antifungal Activity of Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam Essential Oil against Moniliophthora roreri Cif and Par, a Pathogen That Infects Theobroma cacao L Crops in the Tropics. Chemosensors, 11(8). DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors11080447 10.3390/chemosensors11080447 22279040 |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12313/5546 https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/11/8/447 |
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eng |
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eng |
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8 |
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447 |
| dc.relation.citationvolume.none.fl_str_mv |
11 |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv |
Chemosensors |
| dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv |
Appelhans, M.S.; Reichelt, N.; Groppo, M.; Paetzold, C.; Wen, J. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical genus Zanthoxylum and its closest relatives in the proto-Rutaceae group (Rutaceae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2018, 126, 31–44. De, P.; Rutaceae, Z.L.; Rivas-arancibia, S.P. Distribution patterns of the genus Zanthoxylum L. (Rutaceae) in Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 2013, 84, 1179–1188. Syowai, E.; Kimutai, F.; Mbandi, E.; Nyongesa, E.; Ochieng, W.; Nanjala, C.; Njambi, C.; Kirega, M.; Muguci, M.; Wahiti, R.; et al. Ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of pantropical genus Zanthoxylum L. (Rutaceae): An update nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2023, 303, 115895. Tan, M.A.; Sharma, N. Phyto-Carbazole Alkaloids from the Rutaceae Family as Potential Protective Agents against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 493. Xia, R.; Zhou, Q.; Zhou, Q.; Xie, Y.; Khan, A.; Zhou, Z.; Lv, X.; Liu, L. Fitoterapia (±)-Zanthonitidumines A and B: Two new benzophenanthridine alkaloids enantiomers from Zanthoxylum nitidum and their anti-inflammatory activity. Fitoterapia 2023, 164, 105362. Qin, F.; Wang, F.; Wang, C.; Chen, Y.; Li, M.; Zhu, Y.; Huang, X.; Fan, C.; Wang, H. Fitoterapia The neurotrophic and antineuroinflammatory effects of phenylpropanoids from Zanthoxylum nitidum var. tomentosum (Rutaceae). Fitoterapia 2021, 153, 104990. Kerubo, L.; Nchiozem-ngnitedem, V.; Guefack, M.F. South African Journal of Botany Antibacterial activities of thirteen naturally occuring compounds from two Kenyan medicinal plants: Zanthoxylum paracanthum (Mildbr). Kokwaro (Rutaceae) and Dracaena usambarensis Engl. (Asparagaceae) against MDR phenotypes. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2022, 151, 756–762. Wang, Z.; Zhou, Y.; Shi, X.; Xia, X.; He, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Xie, T.; Liu, T.; Xu, X.; Luo, X. Food Bioscience Comparison of chemical constituents in diverse zanthoxylum herbs, and evaluation of their relative antibacterial and nematicidal activity. Food Biosci. 2021, 42, 101206. Rusconi, M.; Conti, A. Theobroma cacao L., the Food of the Gods: A scientific approach beyond myths and claims. Pharmacol. Res. 2010, 61, 5–13. Dillinger, T.L.; Barriga, P.; Esca, S.; Jimenez, M.; Lowe, D.S.; Grivetti, L.E. Chocolate: Modern Science Investigates an Ancient Medicine Food of the Gods: Cure for Humanity? A Cultural History of the Medicinal and Ritual Use of Chocolate 1. J. Nutr. 2000, 130, 2057–2072. Pérez-Vicente, L. Moniliophthora roreri H.C. Evans et al. y Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel) Aime: Impacto, síntomas, diagnóstico, epidemiología y manejo. Rev. Protección Veg. 2018, 33, 1–13. de Brito, E.S.; García, N.H.P.; Gallão, M.I.; Cortelazzo, A.L.; Fevereiro, P.S.; Braga, M.R. Structural and chemical changes in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) during fermentation, drying and roasting. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2001, 288, 281–288. Bari, V.; Cihat, N.; Akyil, S.; Said, O. Trends in Food Science & Technology Cocoa based beverages–Composition, nutritional value, processing, quality problems and new perspectives. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2023, 132, 65–75. Swaray, R. Commodity buffer stock redux: The role of International Cocoa Organization in prices and incomes. J. Policy Model. 2011, 33, 361–369. Hebbar, P.K. e-X tra * Cacao Diseases: Important Threats to Chocolate Production Worldwide Cacao Diseases: A Global Perspective from an Industry Point of View. 1997. Cubillos, G. Frosty Pod Rot, disease that affects the cocoa (Theobroma cacao) crops in Colombia. Crop. Prot. 2017, 96, 77–82. Hütz-Adams, F.; Campos, P.; Fountain, A.C. Barómetro del cacao Base de referencia para Latinoamérica; Consorcio del Barómetro del Cacao. 2022. Wuellins, D. Cadena del Valor del Cacao; FONTAGRO: Washington, DC, USA, 2019; ISBN 9789942364654. Correa Alvarez, J.; Castro Martínez, S.; Coy, J. Estado de la Moniliasis del cacao causada por Moniliophthora roreri en Colombia. Acta Agronómica 2014, 63, 388–399. Guillermo, J.; Gil, R. Pérdidas económicas asociadas a la pudrición de la mazorca del cacao causada por Phytophthora spp., y Moniliophthora roreri (Cif y Par) Evans et al., en la hacienda Theobroma, Colombia. Rev. De Protección Veg. 2016, 31, 42–49. Manrique-moreno, M.; Klaiss-luna, M.C.; Stashenko, E.; Zafra, G.; Ortiz, C. Effect of Essential Oils on Growth Inhibition, Biofilm Formation and Membrane Integrity of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 1474. Palumbo, J.D.; Keeffe, T.L.O. Method for high-throughput antifungal activity screening of bacterial strain libraries. J. Microbiol. Methods 2021, 189, 106311. Garnier, L.; Salas, M.L.; Pinon, N.; Wiernasz, N.; Pawtowski, A.; Coton, E.; Mounier, J.; Valence, F. Technical note: High-throughput method for antifungal activity screening in a cheese-mimicking model. J. Dairy Sci. 2018, 101, 4971–4976. Hornby, B.D.; Bateman, G.L.; Payne, R.W.; Brown, M.E. Field tests of bacteria and soil-applied fungicides as control agents for take-all in winter wheat. Ann. Appl. Biol. 1993, 122, 253–270. Nguyen, T.T.H.; Dinh, M.H.; Chi, H.T.; Wang, S.L.; Nguyen, Q.V.; Tran, T.D.; Nguyen, A.D. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of lichens collected from Bidoup Nui Ba National Park, Vietnam. Res. Chem. Intermed. 2019, 45, 33–49. Maric, M.; de Haan, E.; Huizenga, H.M. ScienceDirect Evaluating Statistical and Clinical Significance of Intervention Effects in Single-Case Experimental Designs: An SPSS Method to Analyze Univariate Data. Behav. Ther. 2015, 46, 230–241. Liang, J.; Tang, M.; Chan, P.S. A generalized Shapiro–Wilk W statistic for testing high-dimensional. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 2009, 53, 3883–3891. Sesaazi, C.D.; Peter, E.L.; Mtewa, A.G. The anti-nociceptive effects of ethanol extract of aerial parts of Schkuhria pinnata in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2021, 271, 113913. Shirani, M.; Savabi, O.; Mosharraf, R. Comparison of translucency and opalescence among different dental monolithic ceramics. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2021, 126, 446.e1–446.e6. Nogueira, J.; Mourão, S.C.; Dolabela, I.B. Zanthoxylum caribaeum (Rutaceae) essential oil: Chemical investigation and biological effects on Rhodnius prolixus nymph. Parasitol. Res. 2014, 113, 4271–4279. Farouil, L.; Dias, R.P.; Popotte-julisson, G.; Bibian, G.; Adou, A.I.; de Mata, A.P.; Sylvestre, M.; Harynuk, J.J.; Cebri, G. The Metabolomic Profile of the Essential Oil from Zanthoxylum caribaeum (syn. chiloperone) Growing in Guadeloupe FWI using GC × GC-TOFMS. Metabolites 2022, 12, 1293. de Lara de Souza, J.G.; Toledo, A.G.; Walerius, A.H.; Jann Favreto, W.A.; da Costa, W.F.; da Silva Pinto, F.G. Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, Repellent and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil of Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants 2019, 22, 380–390. Babushok, V.I.; Linstrom, P.J.; Zenkevich, I.G. Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 2011, 40, 043101. Spectrometry, M.; Adams, R.P. Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography; Texensis Publishing: Gruver, TX, USA, 2017; ISBN 9781932633214. Le, N.V.; Sam, L.N.; Huong, L.T.; Ogunwande, I.A. Chemical Compositions of Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity of Piper albispicum C. DC. from Vietnam. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants 2022, 25, 82–92. NIST Standard Reference Database. NIST/EPA/NIH Spectral Library with Search Program, Version 2.3; National Institute of Standards and Technology: Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2017. McLafferty, F.W.; Douglas, B.S. The Wiley/NBS Registry of Mass Spectral Data, 2nd ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1989. Echeverri, L.I.; Arroyave, E.A.; Barajas, F.H. Comparación de pruebas de normalidad. XXI Simp. Int. Estad 2015, 8–11. Li, T.; Chen, M.; Ren, G.; Hua, G.; Mi, J.; Jiang, D. Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil From Zanthoxylum armatum DC. on Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxins in Stored Platycladi Semen. Front. Microbiol. 2021, 12, 633714. Houicher, A.; Hechachna, H.; Özogul, F. In Vitro Determination of the Antifungal Activity of Artemisia campestris Essential Oil from Algeria In Vitro Determination of the Antifungal Activity of Artemisia campestris Essential Oil from Algeria. Int. J. Food Prop. 2016, 19, 1749–1756. Fraternale, D.; Ricci, D.; Biomolecolari, S.; Biologia, S.; Carlo, U. Essential oil composition and antifungal activity of aerial parts of Ballota nigra ssp foetida collected at flowering and fruiting times. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2014, 9, 1934578X1400900733. Hsouna, A.B.; Halima, N.B.; Abdelkafi, S.; Hamdi, N. Essential Oil from Artemisia phaeolepis: Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities. J. Oleo Sci. 2013, 980, 973–980. Alvarenga, E.S.; Moreira, C.; Barreto, R.W. Chemical Characterization of Volatile Compounds of Lantana camara L. and L. radula Sw. and Their Antifungal Activity. Molecules 2012, 17, 11447–11455. Venturi, C.R.; Danielli, L.J.; Klein, F.; Apel, M.A.; Montanha, J.A.; Bordignon, S.A.L.; Roehe, P.M.; Alexandre, M.; Henriques, A.T.; Venturi, C.R.; et al. Chemical analysis and in vitro antiviral and antifungal activities of essential oils from Glechon spathulata and Glechon marifolia Chemical analysis and in vitro antiviral and antifungal activities of essential oils from Glechon spathulata and Glechon marifolia. Pharm. Biol. 2015, 53, 682–688. Juárez, Z.N.; Bach, H.; Sánchez-Arreola, E.; Hernández, L.R. Protective antifungal activity of essential oils extracted from Buddleja perfoliata and Pelargonium graveolens against fungi isolated from stored grains. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2016, 120, 1264–1270. |
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Fuentes-Estrada, Marcial79b3bee0-0937-4583-aeb0-efecbff3c185-1Jiménez-González, Andrea1201a4be-1b4b-4968-abdc-4e5b5e7bfed9-1Duarte, Diannefair24fdc173-8da9-4173-bd41-700d38057b63-1Saavedra-Barrera, Rogerio60a95688-b969-4b51-bb9f-8c941eaa3837-1Areche, Carlosb6d8fc85-e264-4a47-b13b-f39b0ae610ab-1Stashenko, Elena94c2a37e-7a64-4166-86cb-5bdd226462f9-1Pino Benítez, Nayivee3c1c4be-c230-4fc9-8cb0-b32fc7c42d82-1Bárcenas-Pérez, Daniela4c3ef4ae-404c-4ceb-bc69-3985802fc2c1-1Cheel, José34a17a29-183e-4b25-9d58-b1823af0374d-1García-Beltrán, Olimpo5bc12f58-2b62-4c7c-a477-0820b4de72e9-12025-08-28T13:42:42Z2025-08-28T13:42:42Z2023-08The species Zanthoxylum caribaeum belongs to the Rutaceae family, from which several chemical nuclei are known, including alkaloids and coumarins. In addition, its essential oil has been characterized, showing differences in composition and various antimicrobial activities. In the present study, the essential oil of Z. caribaeum collected in the department of Tolima, central Colombia, was characterized by gas chromatography with mass selective detector (GC-MS). The essential oil showed a composition of about 43 compounds (including major and minor), whose main components, according to their abundance, are the following: germacrene D (228.0 ± 1.6 mg/g EO), (E)-β-farnesene (128.0 ± 1.5 mg/g EO), β-elemene (116.0 ± 1.6 mg/g EO) and (E)-nerolidol (74.0 ± 2.2 mg/g EO). This oil was tested against microorganisms that affect cocoa production in Colombia and in tropical countries where the production of this commodity is very important for the economy. The antifungal tests were performed on the fungal species Moniliophthora roreri and showed promising and significant activity, inhibiting growth by more than 95% at concentrations of 50 µL/mL and 100 µL/mL. This remarkable antifungal activity could be due to the presence of major and minor compounds that synergistically enhance the activity.application/pdfFuentes-Estrada, M., Jiménez-González, A., Duarte, D., Saavedra-Barrera, R., Areche, C., Stashenko, E., Pino Benítez, N., Bárcenas-Pérez, D., Cheel, J. y García-Beltrán, O. (2023). GC/MS Profile and Antifungal Activity of Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam Essential Oil against Moniliophthora roreri Cif and Par, a Pathogen That Infects Theobroma cacao L Crops in the Tropics. Chemosensors, 11(8). DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors1108044710.3390/chemosensors1108044722279040https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12313/5546https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/11/8/447engMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)Suiza844711ChemosensorsAppelhans, M.S.; Reichelt, N.; Groppo, M.; Paetzold, C.; Wen, J. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical genus Zanthoxylum and its closest relatives in the proto-Rutaceae group (Rutaceae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2018, 126, 31–44.De, P.; Rutaceae, Z.L.; Rivas-arancibia, S.P. Distribution patterns of the genus Zanthoxylum L. (Rutaceae) in Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 2013, 84, 1179–1188.Syowai, E.; Kimutai, F.; Mbandi, E.; Nyongesa, E.; Ochieng, W.; Nanjala, C.; Njambi, C.; Kirega, M.; Muguci, M.; Wahiti, R.; et al. Ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of pantropical genus Zanthoxylum L. (Rutaceae): An update nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2023, 303, 115895.Tan, M.A.; Sharma, N. Phyto-Carbazole Alkaloids from the Rutaceae Family as Potential Protective Agents against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 493.Xia, R.; Zhou, Q.; Zhou, Q.; Xie, Y.; Khan, A.; Zhou, Z.; Lv, X.; Liu, L. 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Microbiol. 2016, 120, 1264–1270.© 2023 by the authors.info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/11/8/447Cultivos de Theobroma cacaoAntifúngicoCultivos de Theobroma cacao - AntifúngicoAntifungalCocoaGC-MSMoniliophthora roreriZanthoxylum caribaeumGC/MS Profile and Antifungal Activity of Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam Essential Oil against Moniliophthora roreri Cif and Par, a Pathogen That Infects Theobroma cacao L Crops in the TropicsArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPublicationTEXTArtículo.pdf.txtArtículo.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain2983https://repositorio.unibague.edu.co/bitstreams/6e8900f7-e0c8-4aca-a48e-1d8178ee6e00/download00d3ff583aeb03aff5e6a7e353c2681dMD53THUMBNAILArtículo.pdf.jpgArtículo.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg27409https://repositorio.unibague.edu.co/bitstreams/6f721f5a-698b-4a1a-b079-0b1e0702c920/download0aa3392894d2a1cc5d149b3127c6377aMD54LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-8134https://repositorio.unibague.edu.co/bitstreams/28ab6a5c-801f-4ebe-b9fb-0a7d3dcff68f/download2fa3e590786b9c0f3ceba1b9656b7ac3MD51ORIGINALArtículo.pdfArtículo.pdfapplication/pdf107107https://repositorio.unibague.edu.co/bitstreams/578f76fc-39f7-4076-a813-773a0f4eeb17/download2efb31c1d757df8c7ede3b4010ac2cf6MD5220.500.12313/5546oai:repositorio.unibague.edu.co:20.500.12313/55462025-09-12 12:04:34.576https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/© 2023 by the authors.https://repositorio.unibague.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad de Ibaguébdigital@metabiblioteca.comQ3JlYXRpdmUgQ29tbW9ucyBBdHRyaWJ1dGlvbi1Ob25Db21tZXJjaWFsLU5vRGVyaXZhdGl2ZXMgNC4wIEludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgTGljZW5zZQ0KaHR0cHM6Ly9jcmVhdGl2ZWNvbW1vbnMub3JnL2xpY2Vuc2VzL2J5LW5jLW5kLzQuMC8= |