Evaluating Sustainable Alternatives for Cocoa Waste Utilization Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process

Cocoa production has emerged as an effective agricultural strategy to reduce conflict in Colombia, transitioning from coca to cocoa cultivation. While this shift has provided economic benefits, it has also resulted in the generation of substantial cocoa by-products. Although there are various altern...

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Autores:
Salazar-Camacho, Natalia Andre
Delgadillo-Mirquez, Liliana
Sanchez-Echeverri, Luz Adriana
Tovar-Perilla, Nelson Javier
Tipo de recurso:
Article of investigation
Fecha de publicación:
2024
Institución:
Universidad de Ibagué
Repositorio:
Repositorio Universidad de Ibagué
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.unibague.edu.co:20.500.12313/5842
Acceso en línea:
https://doi.org/10.3390/ su16177817
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12313/5842
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/17/7817
Palabra clave:
Alternativas sostenibles - Evaluación
Desechos de cacao
Jerarquía analítica - Proceso
Analytic Hierarchy Process
cocoa waste
renewable energy
rural development
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openAccess
License
© 2024 by the authors.
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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Evaluating Sustainable Alternatives for Cocoa Waste Utilization Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process
title Evaluating Sustainable Alternatives for Cocoa Waste Utilization Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process
spellingShingle Evaluating Sustainable Alternatives for Cocoa Waste Utilization Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Alternativas sostenibles - Evaluación
Desechos de cacao
Jerarquía analítica - Proceso
Analytic Hierarchy Process
cocoa waste
renewable energy
rural development
title_short Evaluating Sustainable Alternatives for Cocoa Waste Utilization Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process
title_full Evaluating Sustainable Alternatives for Cocoa Waste Utilization Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process
title_fullStr Evaluating Sustainable Alternatives for Cocoa Waste Utilization Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process
title_full_unstemmed Evaluating Sustainable Alternatives for Cocoa Waste Utilization Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process
title_sort Evaluating Sustainable Alternatives for Cocoa Waste Utilization Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Salazar-Camacho, Natalia Andre
Delgadillo-Mirquez, Liliana
Sanchez-Echeverri, Luz Adriana
Tovar-Perilla, Nelson Javier
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Salazar-Camacho, Natalia Andre
Delgadillo-Mirquez, Liliana
Sanchez-Echeverri, Luz Adriana
Tovar-Perilla, Nelson Javier
dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv Alternativas sostenibles - Evaluación
Desechos de cacao
Jerarquía analítica - Proceso
topic Alternativas sostenibles - Evaluación
Desechos de cacao
Jerarquía analítica - Proceso
Analytic Hierarchy Process
cocoa waste
renewable energy
rural development
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Analytic Hierarchy Process
cocoa waste
renewable energy
rural development
description Cocoa production has emerged as an effective agricultural strategy to reduce conflict in Colombia, transitioning from coca to cocoa cultivation. While this shift has provided economic benefits, it has also resulted in the generation of substantial cocoa by-products. Although there are various alternative methods of utilizing these by-products, many farmers are unaware of them, and others lack the necessary tools to determine which alternative is the best to pursue. This study sought to explore sustainable options for cocoa waste utilization through the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). By employing technological surveillance, viable options for reusing cocoa residues were identified. The AHP results indicate that pellet production is a promising alternative for rural communities. It is also a potential source of energy that could address the community’s need for alternative energy sources. Initially, other energy production alternatives were not explored. However, in response to the AHP findings, this study also explored the use of cocoa waste combined with animal manure for energy generation through anaerobic digestion.
publishDate 2024
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2024-09
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2025-10-28T20:42:31Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2025-10-28T20:42:31Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv Salazar-Camacho, N.A.; Delgadillo-Mirquez, L.; Sanchez-Echeverri, L.A.; Tovar-Perilla, N.J. Evaluating Sustainable Alternatives for CocoaWaste Utilization Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su16177817
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.3390/ su16177817
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 20711050
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12313/5842
dc.identifier.url.none.fl_str_mv https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/17/7817
identifier_str_mv Salazar-Camacho, N.A.; Delgadillo-Mirquez, L.; Sanchez-Echeverri, L.A.; Tovar-Perilla, N.J. Evaluating Sustainable Alternatives for CocoaWaste Utilization Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su16177817
20711050
url https://doi.org/10.3390/ su16177817
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12313/5842
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/17/7817
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.citationissue.none.fl_str_mv 17
dc.relation.citationvolume.none.fl_str_mv 16
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv Sustainability
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv DNP Función Pública. Documento CONPES 3654 de 2010; Gestor Normativo; DNP Función Pública: Bogotá, Colombia, 2010
Fedecacao. Producción Cacaotera Presentó una Reducción del 10% en 2022 por Lluvias; Fedecacao: Bogotá, Colombia, 2023
Consejo Privado de Competitividad. Informe Nacional de Competitividad 2019–2020; Consejo Privado de Competitividad: Bogotá, Colombia, 2019
Fidelis, C.; Rajashekhar Rao, B.K. Enriched Cocoa Pod Composts and Their Fertilizing Effects on Hybrid Cocoa Seedlings. Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agric. 2017, 6, 99–106.
Porto de Souza Vandenberghe, L.; Kley Valladares-Diestra, K.; Amaro Bittencourt, G.; Fátima Murawski de Mello, A.; Sarmiento Vásquez, Z.; Zwiercheczewski de Oliveira, P.; Vinícius de Melo Pereira, G.; Ricardo Soccol, C. Added-Value Biomolecules’ Production from Cocoa Pod Husks: A Review. Bioresour. Technol 2022, 344, 126252.
Mansur, D.; Tago, T.; Masuda, T.; Abimanyu, H. Conversion of Cacao Pod Husks by Pyrolysis and Catalytic Reaction to Produce Useful Chemicals. Biomass Bioenergy 2014, 66, 275–285.
San Cristóbal, J.R. Multi-Criteria Decision-Making in the Selection of a Renewable Energy Project in Spain: The VIKOR Method. Renew. Energy 2011, 36, 498–502
Pohekar, S.D.; Ramachandran, M. Application of multi-criteria decision making to sustainable energy planning—A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2004, 8, 365–381.
Caravaggio, N.; Caravella, S.; Ishizaka, A.; Resce, G. Beyond CO2: A multi-criteria analysis of air pollution in Europe. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 219, 576–586.
Nautiyal, H.; Goel, V. Sustainability Assessment: Metrics and Methods. In Methods in Sustainability Science; Ren, J., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2024; pp. 27–45.
Tovar-Perilla, N.J.; Bermeo-Andrade, H.P.; Torres-Delgado, J.F.; Gómez, M.I. Methodology to Support Decision-Making in Prioritization Improvement Plans Aimed at Agricultural Sector: Case Study. DYNA 2018, 85, 356–363.
Saaty, T.L. The Analytic Hierarchy Process; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1980.
Hwang, C.L.; Yoon, K. Multiple Attribute Decision Making: Methods and Applications; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 1981.
Brans, J.P.; Vincke, P. A Preference Ranking Organization Method: The PROMETHEE Method for MCDM. Manag. Sci. 1985, 31, 647–656.
Din, G.Y.; Yunusova, A.B. Using AHP for evaluation of criteria for agro-industrial projects. Int. J. Hort. Agric. 2016, 1, 6.
Akıncı, H.; Özalp, A.Y.; Turgut, B. Agricultural land use suitability analysis using GIS and AHP technique. Comput. Electron. Agric. 2013, 97, 71–82.
Veisi, H.; Deihimfard, R.; Shahmohammadi, A.; Hydarzadeh, Y. Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in a Multi-Criteria Selection of Agricultural Irrigation Systems. Agric. Water Manag. 2022, 267, 107619
Saaty, R.W. The Analytic Hierarchy Process—What It Is and How It Is Used. Math. Model. 1987, 9, 161–176
Lu, F.; Rodriguez-Garcia, J.; Van Damme, I.; Westwood, N.J.; Shaw, L.; Robinson, J.S.; Warren, G.; Chatzifragkou, A.; McQueen Mason, S.; Gomez, L.; et al. Valorisation Strategies for Cocoa Pod Husk and Its Fractions. Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem. 2018, 14, 80–88.
Tsai, C.H.; Tsai, W.T.; Liu, S.C.; Lin, Y.Q. Thermochemical Characterization of Biochar from Cocoa Pod Husk Prepared at Low Pyrolysis Temperature. Biomass Convers. Biorefinery 2018, 8, 237–243
Akinola, A.O.; Eiche, J.F.; Owolabi, P.O.; Elegbeleye, A.P. Pyrolytic Analysis of Cocoa Pod for Biofuel Production. Niger. J. Technol. 2018, 37, 1026–1031.
Billah, M.; Agratiyan, T.D.; Ayu, D.; Erliyanti, N.K.; Saputro, E.A.; Yogaswara, R.R. Synthesis of Bioethanol from Cocoa Pod Husk Using Zymomonas mobilis. Int. J. Environ. Innov. Sustain. Energy 2020, 1, 31–3
Antwi, E.; Engler, N.; Nelles, M.; Schüch, A. Anaerobic Digestion and the Effect of Hydrothermal Pretreatment on the Biogas Yield of Cocoa Pod Residues. Waste Manag. 2019, 88, 131–140
Widjaja, T.; Nurkhamidah, S.; Altway, A.; Rohmah, A.A.Z.; Saepulah, F. Chemical Pre-Treatments Effect for Reducing Lignin on Cocoa Pulp Waste for Biogas Production. AIP Conf. Proc. 2021, 2349, 020058.
Rojas, J.; Ramirez, K.; Velasquez, P.; Acevedo, P.; Santis, A. Evaluation of Bio-Hydrogen Production by Dark Fermentation from Cocoa Waste Mucilage. Chem. Eng. Trans. 2020, 79, 283–288.
Syamsiro, M.; Saptoadi, H.; Tambunan, B.H. Experimental Investigation on Combustion of Bio-Pellets from Indonesian Cocoa Pod Husk. Asian J. Appl. Sci. 2011, 4, 712–719.
Acosta, N.; Kang, I.D.; Rabaey, K.; De Vrieze, J. Cow Manure Stabilizes Anaerobic Digestion of Cocoa Waste. Waste Manag. 2021, 126, 508–516.
Leckner, B.; Lind, F. Combustion of Municipal Solid Waste in Fluidized Bed or on Grate—A Comparison. Waste Manag. 2020, 109, 94–108
Dahunsi, S.O.; Osueke, C.O.; Olayanju, T.M.A.; Lawal, A.I. Co-Digestion of Theobroma cacao (Cocoa) Pod Husk and Poultry Manure for Energy Generation: Effects of Pretreatment Methods. Bioresour. Technol. 2019, 283, 229–241.
Hernández-Sarabia, M.; Sierra-Silva, J.; Delgadillo-Mirquez, L.; Ávila-Navarro, J.; Carranza, L. The Potential of the Biodigester as a Useful Tool in Coffee Farms. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 6884
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Castañeda-Morales, Y.; Arciniegas-Benavides, N.C. Diseño de una Planta Productora de Pellets de Madera a Partir Del Aprovechamiento de Residuos Forestales de Un Aserrío Ubicado en la Ciudad de Bogotá; Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas: Bogotá, Colombia, 2019.
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spelling Salazar-Camacho, Natalia Andreb5a8043c-208f-4c10-9231-088353959e2a-1Delgadillo-Mirquez, Liliana0025fadf-fa3c-4261-be25-74ff2de2b494-1Sanchez-Echeverri, Luz Adriana3335d48d-a9a9-4e56-be86-a6c4fe67217e-1Tovar-Perilla, Nelson Javier3632db5a-0c8c-42d3-8590-718e1e6fb6f6-12025-10-28T20:42:31Z2025-10-28T20:42:31Z2024-09Cocoa production has emerged as an effective agricultural strategy to reduce conflict in Colombia, transitioning from coca to cocoa cultivation. While this shift has provided economic benefits, it has also resulted in the generation of substantial cocoa by-products. Although there are various alternative methods of utilizing these by-products, many farmers are unaware of them, and others lack the necessary tools to determine which alternative is the best to pursue. This study sought to explore sustainable options for cocoa waste utilization through the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). By employing technological surveillance, viable options for reusing cocoa residues were identified. The AHP results indicate that pellet production is a promising alternative for rural communities. It is also a potential source of energy that could address the community’s need for alternative energy sources. Initially, other energy production alternatives were not explored. However, in response to the AHP findings, this study also explored the use of cocoa waste combined with animal manure for energy generation through anaerobic digestion.application/pdfSalazar-Camacho, N.A.; Delgadillo-Mirquez, L.; Sanchez-Echeverri, L.A.; Tovar-Perilla, N.J. Evaluating Sustainable Alternatives for CocoaWaste Utilization Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su16177817https://doi.org/10.3390/ su1617781720711050https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12313/5842https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/17/7817engMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)Suiza1716SustainabilityDNP Función Pública. Documento CONPES 3654 de 2010; Gestor Normativo; DNP Función Pública: Bogotá, Colombia, 2010Fedecacao. Producción Cacaotera Presentó una Reducción del 10% en 2022 por Lluvias; Fedecacao: Bogotá, Colombia, 2023Consejo Privado de Competitividad. Informe Nacional de Competitividad 2019–2020; Consejo Privado de Competitividad: Bogotá, Colombia, 2019Fidelis, C.; Rajashekhar Rao, B.K. Enriched Cocoa Pod Composts and Their Fertilizing Effects on Hybrid Cocoa Seedlings. Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agric. 2017, 6, 99–106.Porto de Souza Vandenberghe, L.; Kley Valladares-Diestra, K.; Amaro Bittencourt, G.; Fátima Murawski de Mello, A.; Sarmiento Vásquez, Z.; Zwiercheczewski de Oliveira, P.; Vinícius de Melo Pereira, G.; Ricardo Soccol, C. Added-Value Biomolecules’ Production from Cocoa Pod Husks: A Review. Bioresour. Technol 2022, 344, 126252.Mansur, D.; Tago, T.; Masuda, T.; Abimanyu, H. Conversion of Cacao Pod Husks by Pyrolysis and Catalytic Reaction to Produce Useful Chemicals. Biomass Bioenergy 2014, 66, 275–285.San Cristóbal, J.R. Multi-Criteria Decision-Making in the Selection of a Renewable Energy Project in Spain: The VIKOR Method. Renew. Energy 2011, 36, 498–502Pohekar, S.D.; Ramachandran, M. Application of multi-criteria decision making to sustainable energy planning—A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2004, 8, 365–381.Caravaggio, N.; Caravella, S.; Ishizaka, A.; Resce, G. Beyond CO2: A multi-criteria analysis of air pollution in Europe. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 219, 576–586.Nautiyal, H.; Goel, V. Sustainability Assessment: Metrics and Methods. In Methods in Sustainability Science; Ren, J., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2024; pp. 27–45.Tovar-Perilla, N.J.; Bermeo-Andrade, H.P.; Torres-Delgado, J.F.; Gómez, M.I. Methodology to Support Decision-Making in Prioritization Improvement Plans Aimed at Agricultural Sector: Case Study. DYNA 2018, 85, 356–363.Saaty, T.L. The Analytic Hierarchy Process; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1980.Hwang, C.L.; Yoon, K. Multiple Attribute Decision Making: Methods and Applications; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 1981.Brans, J.P.; Vincke, P. A Preference Ranking Organization Method: The PROMETHEE Method for MCDM. Manag. Sci. 1985, 31, 647–656.Din, G.Y.; Yunusova, A.B. Using AHP for evaluation of criteria for agro-industrial projects. Int. J. Hort. Agric. 2016, 1, 6.Akıncı, H.; Özalp, A.Y.; Turgut, B. Agricultural land use suitability analysis using GIS and AHP technique. Comput. Electron. Agric. 2013, 97, 71–82.Veisi, H.; Deihimfard, R.; Shahmohammadi, A.; Hydarzadeh, Y. Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in a Multi-Criteria Selection of Agricultural Irrigation Systems. Agric. Water Manag. 2022, 267, 107619Saaty, R.W. The Analytic Hierarchy Process—What It Is and How It Is Used. Math. Model. 1987, 9, 161–176Lu, F.; Rodriguez-Garcia, J.; Van Damme, I.; Westwood, N.J.; Shaw, L.; Robinson, J.S.; Warren, G.; Chatzifragkou, A.; McQueen Mason, S.; Gomez, L.; et al. Valorisation Strategies for Cocoa Pod Husk and Its Fractions. Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem. 2018, 14, 80–88.Tsai, C.H.; Tsai, W.T.; Liu, S.C.; Lin, Y.Q. Thermochemical Characterization of Biochar from Cocoa Pod Husk Prepared at Low Pyrolysis Temperature. Biomass Convers. Biorefinery 2018, 8, 237–243Akinola, A.O.; Eiche, J.F.; Owolabi, P.O.; Elegbeleye, A.P. Pyrolytic Analysis of Cocoa Pod for Biofuel Production. Niger. J. Technol. 2018, 37, 1026–1031.Billah, M.; Agratiyan, T.D.; Ayu, D.; Erliyanti, N.K.; Saputro, E.A.; Yogaswara, R.R. Synthesis of Bioethanol from Cocoa Pod Husk Using Zymomonas mobilis. Int. J. Environ. Innov. Sustain. Energy 2020, 1, 31–3Antwi, E.; Engler, N.; Nelles, M.; Schüch, A. Anaerobic Digestion and the Effect of Hydrothermal Pretreatment on the Biogas Yield of Cocoa Pod Residues. Waste Manag. 2019, 88, 131–140Widjaja, T.; Nurkhamidah, S.; Altway, A.; Rohmah, A.A.Z.; Saepulah, F. Chemical Pre-Treatments Effect for Reducing Lignin on Cocoa Pulp Waste for Biogas Production. AIP Conf. Proc. 2021, 2349, 020058.Rojas, J.; Ramirez, K.; Velasquez, P.; Acevedo, P.; Santis, A. Evaluation of Bio-Hydrogen Production by Dark Fermentation from Cocoa Waste Mucilage. Chem. Eng. Trans. 2020, 79, 283–288.Syamsiro, M.; Saptoadi, H.; Tambunan, B.H. Experimental Investigation on Combustion of Bio-Pellets from Indonesian Cocoa Pod Husk. Asian J. Appl. 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