Análisis del impacto en la conservación del santuario de flora y fauna los colorados mediante la implementación de acciones de compensación biótica

Las áreas protegidas gestionadas de manera eficaz y gobernadas de manera justa pueden salvaguardar la naturaleza y los recursos culturales, proteger la salud y el bienestar humano, proporcionar medios de subsistencia sostenibles y apoyar así un desarrollo sostenible, teniendo en cuenta los desafíos...

Full description

Autores:
Vargas Oliveros, Paula Andrea
Tipo de recurso:
https://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06
Fecha de publicación:
2024
Institución:
Universidad El Bosque
Repositorio:
Repositorio U. El Bosque
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.unbosque.edu.co:20.500.12495/14006
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12495/14006
Palabra clave:
Gobernanza
Acuerdos de conservación
Saneamiento predial
Compensaciones bióticas
Sostenibilidad
Governance
Conservation agreements
Land reclamation
Biotic offsets
Sustainability
W 20
Rights
License
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
id UNBOSQUE2_d28e3a175dff71d78eed03db83678013
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.unbosque.edu.co:20.500.12495/14006
network_acronym_str UNBOSQUE2
network_name_str Repositorio U. El Bosque
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Análisis del impacto en la conservación del santuario de flora y fauna los colorados mediante la implementación de acciones de compensación biótica
dc.title.translated.none.fl_str_mv Conservation Impact Analysis of Los Colorados Flora and Fauna Sanctuary Through the Implementation of Biotic Compensation Actions
title Análisis del impacto en la conservación del santuario de flora y fauna los colorados mediante la implementación de acciones de compensación biótica
spellingShingle Análisis del impacto en la conservación del santuario de flora y fauna los colorados mediante la implementación de acciones de compensación biótica
Gobernanza
Acuerdos de conservación
Saneamiento predial
Compensaciones bióticas
Sostenibilidad
Governance
Conservation agreements
Land reclamation
Biotic offsets
Sustainability
W 20
title_short Análisis del impacto en la conservación del santuario de flora y fauna los colorados mediante la implementación de acciones de compensación biótica
title_full Análisis del impacto en la conservación del santuario de flora y fauna los colorados mediante la implementación de acciones de compensación biótica
title_fullStr Análisis del impacto en la conservación del santuario de flora y fauna los colorados mediante la implementación de acciones de compensación biótica
title_full_unstemmed Análisis del impacto en la conservación del santuario de flora y fauna los colorados mediante la implementación de acciones de compensación biótica
title_sort Análisis del impacto en la conservación del santuario de flora y fauna los colorados mediante la implementación de acciones de compensación biótica
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Vargas Oliveros, Paula Andrea
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Vásquez Aguilera, Yesenia
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Vargas Oliveros, Paula Andrea
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Gobernanza
Acuerdos de conservación
Saneamiento predial
Compensaciones bióticas
Sostenibilidad
topic Gobernanza
Acuerdos de conservación
Saneamiento predial
Compensaciones bióticas
Sostenibilidad
Governance
Conservation agreements
Land reclamation
Biotic offsets
Sustainability
W 20
dc.subject.keywords.none.fl_str_mv Governance
Conservation agreements
Land reclamation
Biotic offsets
Sustainability
dc.subject.nlm.none.fl_str_mv W 20
description Las áreas protegidas gestionadas de manera eficaz y gobernadas de manera justa pueden salvaguardar la naturaleza y los recursos culturales, proteger la salud y el bienestar humano, proporcionar medios de subsistencia sostenibles y apoyar así un desarrollo sostenible, teniendo en cuenta los desafíos que enfrenta Colombia como la escases de recursos y la dependencia de fondos externos para llevar a cabo esta tarea. En línea con los objetivos de conservación del país, Parques Nacionales Naturales ha estado en la búsqueda de estrategias de gestión alrededor de los instrumentos que puedan fortalecer la consolidación de dichas áreas. En ese contexto, se han identificado los titulares de licencias ambientales como actores de interés para apalancar los procesos de gobernanza, a través de la implementación de las medidas de compensación. Es por ello que esta investigación analiza el impacto de la implementación de dichas medidas como estrategia integral para el manejo efectivo de áreas protegidas, contemplando componentes de gestión técnica y financiera, así como la participación de los actores involucrados y por ende el cumplimiento de objetivos de conservación. Si bien en Colombia se han implementado medidas en diversas áreas protegidas para el caso particular se analizará el impacto en el Santuario de Flora y Fauna Los Colorados, área que conserva uno de los últimos bosques nativos que aún permanecen en pie de la serranía conocida como Bosques de María.
publishDate 2024
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2024-11
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2025-02-20T18:24:24Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2025-02-20T18:24:24Z
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06
dc.type.local.spa.fl_str_mv Tesis/Trabajo de grado - Monografía - Maestría
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv https://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv https://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa
format https://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12495/14006
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv instname:Universidad El Bosque
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv reponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad El Bosque
dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv repourl:https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12495/14006
identifier_str_mv instname:Universidad El Bosque
reponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad El Bosque
repourl:https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv Aldana-Domínguez, J., Montes, C., Martínez, M., Medina, N., Hahn, J., & Duque, M. (2017). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Knowledge in the Colombian Caribbean: Progress and Challenges. In Tropical Conservation Science (Vol. 10). SAGE Publications Inc. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082917714229
Andrade, H. J., Segura, M. A., & Canal-Daza, D. S. (2022). Conservation of Soil Organic Carbon in the National Park Santuario de Fauna y Flora Iguaque, Boyacá-Colombia. Forests, 13(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/f13081275
Annechino, R., Antin, T. M. J., & Lee, J. P. (2010). Bridging the qualitative-quantitative software divide. Field Methods, 22(2), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X09360760
Aparecida Rosa de Queiroz, D., Pannunzio Ribeiro, M., André Tavares, P., & de Mello, K. (2024). The role of forest plantations for the native vegetation conservation in the protected areas surroundings. Journal for Nature Conservation, 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2023.126551
Armenteras, D., Rodríguez, N., & Retana, J. (2015). National and regional relationships of carbon storage and tropical biodiversity. Biological Conservation, 192, 378–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.10.014
Baral, N., & Dhungana, A. (2014). Diversifying finance mechanisms for protected areas capitalizing on untapped revenues. Forest Policy and Economics, 41, 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2014.01.002
Barlow, J., Gardner, T. A., Araujo, I. S., Bonaldo, A. B., Costa, J. E., Esposito, M. C., Ferreira, L. V, Hawes, J., M Hernandez, M. I., Hoogmoed, M. S., Leite, R. N., Lo-Man-Hung, N. F., Malcolm, J. R., Martins, M. B., M Mestre, L. A., Miranda-Santos, R., Nunes-Gutjahr, A. L., Overal, W. L., Parry, L., … Peres, C. A. (2007). Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/
Bohorquez, J. J., Dvarskas, A., Jacquet, J., Sumaila, U. R., Nye, J., & Pikitch, E. K. (2022). A New Tool to Evaluate, Improve, and Sustain Marine Protected Area Financing Built on a Comprehensive Review of Finance Sources and Instruments. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.742846
Bonilla-Mejía, L., & Higuera-Mendieta, I. (2019). Protected Areas under Weak Institutions: Evidence from Colombia. World Development, 122, 585–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.06.019
Braun, V., Clarke, V., Boulton, E., Davey, L., & McEvoy, C. (2021). The online survey as a qualitative research tool. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 24(6), 641–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2020.1805550
Bunker, D. E., DeClerck, F., Bradford, J. C., Colwell, R. K., Perfecto, I., Phillips, O. L., Sankaran, M., & Naeem, S. (2005). Ecology: Species loss and aboveground carbon storage in a tropical. Science, 310(5750), 1029–1031. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1117682
Busetto, L., Wick, W., & Gumbinger, C. (2020). How to use and assess qualitative research methods. In Neurological Research and Practice (Vol. 2, Issue 1). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-020-00059-z
Bush, G., Taye, F. A., Fleming, C., & Samndong, R. A. (2024). Evaluating the costs of primary forest conservation in the Democratic Republic of Congo, implications for policy and practice. Journal of Environmental Management, 352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119975
Camargo, C., Maldonado, J. H., Alvarado, E., Moreno-Sánchez, R., Mendoza, S., Manrique, N., Mogollón, A., Osorio, J. D., Grajales, A., & Sánchez, J. A. (2009). Community involvement in management for maintaining coral reef resilience and biodiversity in southern Caribbean marine protected areas. Biodiversity and Conservation, 18(4), 935–956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9555-5
Castro-Nunez, A., Mertz, O., Buritica, A., Sosa, C. C., & Lee, S. T. (2017). Land related grievances shape tropical forest-cover in areas affected by armed-conflict. Applied Geography, 85, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.05.007
Cebrián-Piqueras, M. A., Filyushkina, A., Johnson, D. N., Lo, V. B., López-Rodríguez, M. D., March, H., Oteros-Rozas, E., Peppler-Lisbach, C., Quintas-Soriano, C., Raymond, C. M., Ruiz-Mallén, I., van Riper, C. J., Zinngrebe, Y., & Plieninger, T. (2020). Scientific and local ecological knowledge, shaping perceptions towards protected areas and related ecosystem services. Landscape Ecology, 35(11), 2549–2567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01107-4
Clerici, N., Armenteras, D., Kareiva, P., Botero, R., Ramírez-Delgado, J. P., Forero-Medina, G., Ochoa, J., Pedraza, C., Schneider, L., Lora, C., Gómez, C., Linares, M., Hirashiki, C., & Biggs, D. (2020). Deforestation in Colombian protected areas increased during post-conflict periods. Scientific Reports, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61861-y
Cole, S., Moksnes, P. O., Söderqvist, T., Wikström, S. A., Sundblad, G., Hasselström, L., Bergström, U., Kraufvelin, P., & Bergström, L. (2021). Environmental compensation for biodiversity and ecosystem services: A flexible framework that addresses human wellbeing. Ecosystem Services, 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101319
Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CBD). (2022). Conferencia de las partes en el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica- Decimoquinta reunión-Parte II.
Corredor Gil, L. P., Cárdenas Quiroga, E. A., & Ordóñez López, J. C. (2011). APLICACIÓN DE LA METODOLOGÍA CORINE LAND COVER EN LA DETERMINACIÓN DE LOS CAMBIOS DE COBERTURA EN EL PARQUE NATURAL LOS FLAMENCOS. CIENCIA E INGENIERÍA NEOGRANADINA, 21–2, 153–167.
Corzo Mora, G., Silva, L. M., Herrera Santos, C. M., Moncada Rasmussen, D. M., Puyana, J., Bejarano, J., Pinzón Téllez, J., Arias, J., & Vieira, M. I. (2018). COMPENSACIONES BIÓTICAS EN PROYECTOS LINEALES lineamientos para su gestión efectiva. www.puntoaparte.com.co
Cumming, G. S. (2016). The relevance and resilience of protected areas in the Anthropocene. In Anthropocene (Vol. 13, pp. 46–56). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2016.03.003
Cumming, G. S., Allen, C. R., Ban, N. C., Biggs, D., Biggs, H. C., M.Cumming, D. H., De Vos, A., Epstein, G., Etienne, M., Maciejewski, K., Mathevet, R., Moore, C., Nenadovic, M., & Schoon, M. (2015). Understanding protected area resilience: a multi-scale, social-ecological approach (Vol. 25). https://doi.org/10.1890/13-2113.1
Currit, N. (2005). Development of a remotely sensed, historical land-cover change database for rural Chihuahua, Mexico. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 7(3), 232–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2005.05.001
De Pourcq, K., Thomas, E., Arts, B., Vranckx, A., Léon-Sicard, T., & Van Damme, P. (2017). Understanding and Resolving Conflict Between Local Communities and Conservation Authorities in Colombia. World Development, 93, 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.026
Dharani, M., & Sreenivasulu, G. (2021). Land use and land cover change detection by using principal component analysis and morphological operations in remote sensing applications. International Journal of Computers and Applications, 43(5), 462–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/1206212X.2019.1578068
Diaz-Campos, C. A., & Vilés-Lopez, K. (2020). Financial structuring of protected areas according to the conservation measures partnership classification system of actions. Parks, 26(1), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.PARKS-26-1CDC.en
Dixit, S., Poudyal, N. C., Silwal, T., Joshi, O., Bhandari, A. R., Pant, G., & Hodges, D. G. (2024). Effectiveness of protected area revenue-sharing program: Lessons from the key informants of Nepal’s buffer zone program. Journal of Environmental Management, 367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121980
Duran, C. A. (2009). Gobernanza en los Parques Nacionales Naturales colombianos: reflexiones a partir del caso de la comunidad Orika y su participación en la conservación del Parque Nacional Natural Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo. Revista de Estudios Sociales, 32, 60–73.
Echeverri, J., Cely‐gómez, A., Zafra‐calvo, N., González, J., Matallana‐tobón, C., Santamaría, M., & Galán, S. (2021). Short communication: Application of site‐level assessment of governance and equity (sage) methodology to a candidate oecm: AndakÍ municipal natural park, caqueta, colombia. Parks, 27(1), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-1JE.en
Espírito-Santo, M. M., Sevilha, A. C., Anaya, F. C., Barbosa, R., Fernandes, G. W., Sanchez-Azofeifa, G. A., Scariot, A., Noronha, S. E. de, & Sampaio, C. A. (2009). Sustainability of tropical dry forests: Two case studies in southeastern and central Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management, 258(6), 922–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.022
Farooq, M. B., & de Villiers, C. (2017). Telephonic qualitative research interviews: when to consider them and how to do them. Meditari Accountancy Research, 25, 291–316. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-10-2016-0083
Fernández-Labbé, J. (2020). El territorio como espacio contradictorio: promesas y conflictos en torno a la actividad extractiva en Ecuador, Colombia, Perú y Chile. EURE, 46, 225–246.
Gandhi, G. M., Parthiban, S., Thummalu, N., & Christy, A. (2015). Ndvi: Vegetation Change Detection Using Remote Sensing and Gis - A Case Study of Vellore District. Procedia Computer Science, 57, 1199–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.07.415
Geldmann, J., Barnes, M., Coad, L., Craigie, I. D., Hockings, M., & Burgess, N. D. (2013). Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas in reducing habitat loss and population declines. In Biological Conservation (Vol. 161, pp. 230–238). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.02.018
Gillespie, J. (2020). Protected areas: A legal geography approach. In Protected Areas: A Legal Geography Approach. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40502-1
Gorricho, J., & Schultze-Kraft, M. (2021). Wartime protected area governance: the case of Colombia’s Alto Fragua Indiwasi National Park. Third World Quarterly, 42(6), 1365–1383. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2021.1892482
Hanauer, M., & Canavire Bacarreza, G. (2018). Civil Conflict Reduced the Impact of Colombia’s Protected Areas. http://www.iadb.org
Harrison, R., Sreekar, R., Brodie, J., Brook, S., Luskin, M., O’Kelly, H., Rao, M., Scheffers, B., & Velho, N. (2016). Impacts of hunting on tropical forests in Southeast Asia. Conservation Biology, 30. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12785.
He, S., & Jiao, W. (2023). Conservation-compatible livelihoods: An approach to rural development in protected areas of developing countries. Environmental Development, 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2022.100797
Jepson, P. R., Caldecott, B., Schmitt, S. F., Carvalho, S. H. C., Correia, R. A., Gamarra, N., Bragagnolo, C., Malhado, A. C. M., & Ladle, R. J. (2017). Protected area asset stewardship. In Biological Conservation (Vol. 212, pp. 183–190). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.03.032
Jimenez, M., De la Rosa, N., Naranjo, D., Bustillo, R., Parra, J., Villaba Ivan, Buelvas, C., Pacheco, E., Arrieta, J., Castro, C., Buelvas, V., & Díaz, J. (2018). PLAN DE MANEJO SANTUARIO DE FLORA Y FAUNA LOS COLORADOS 2018-2023.
Jones, N., Malesios, C., Kantartzis, A., & Dimitrakopoulos, P. G. (2020). The role of location and social impacts of protected areas on subjective wellbeing. Environmental Research Letters, 15(11). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abb96e
Jung, M., & Chang, E. (2015). NDVI-based land-cover change detection using harmonic analysis. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 36(4), 1097–1113. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2015.1007252
Kaplowitz, M. D., Hadlock, T. D., & Levine, R. (2004). A comparison of web and mail survey response rates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 68(1), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfh006
Laurance, W. F., Carolina Useche, D., Rendeiro, J., Kalka, M., Bradshaw, C. J. A., Sloan, S. P., Laurance, S. G., Campbell, M., Abernethy, K., Alvarez, P., Arroyo-Rodriguez, V., Ashton, P., Benítez-Malvido, J., Blom, A., Bobo, K. S., Cannon, C. H., Cao, M., Carroll, R., Chapman, C., … Zamzani, F. (2012). Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas. Nature, 489(7415), 290–293. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11318
Leal, C. (2019). National Parks in Colombia. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.337.
León-Parra, A., Cortés Gómez, Á. M., Gutierrez Chacón, C., Solano Gutiérrez, C., Fagua González, G., López Franco, M., & Franco, O. (2023). Parques Nacionales Cómo Vamos- PNVC: Los Parques Nacionales Naturales colombianos: amenazas y oportunidades para su gestión. https://parquescomovamos.com
Liévano-Latorre, L. F., Brum, F. T., & Loyola, R. (2021). How effective have been guerrilla occupation and protected areas in avoiding deforestation in Colombia? Biological Conservation, 253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108916
Macqueen, P. (2012). Opinion Article Last chance to see: the role of phylogeography in the preservation of tropical biodiversity. In Mongabay.com Open Access Journal-Tropical Conservation Science (Vol. 5, Issue 4).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/-The425.Availableonline:www.tropicalconservationscience.org
Medan, D., Torretta, J. P., Hodara, K., de la Fuente, E. B., & Montaldo, N. H. (2011). Effects of agriculture expansion and intensification on the vertebrate and invertebrate diversity in the Pampas of Argentina. In Biodiversity and Conservation (Vol. 20, Issue 13, pp. 3077–3100). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0118-9
Meißner, N. (2013). The incentives of private companies to invest in protected area certificates: How coalitions can improve ecosystem sustainability. Ecological Economics, 95, 148–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.08.015
Ministerio de Ambiente, V. y D. T. (2010). Decreto 2372 del 2010.
Ministerio de Ambiente, V. y D. T. (2015). Decreto 1076 del 2015.
Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. (2015). Plan Nacional de Restauración: restauración ecológica, rehabilitación y recuperación de áreas disturbadas.
Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MADS), & Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD). (2014). QUINTO INFORME NACIONAL DE BIODIVERSIDAD DE COLOMBIA ANTE EL CONVENIO DE DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA.
Ministerio de Ciencias Tecnología e Innovación (Minciencias). (2016). Colombia, el segundo país más biodiverso del mundo. https://minciencias.gov.co/sala_de_prensa/colombia-el-segundo-pais-mas-biodiverso-del-mundo
Mitra, A., & Zaman, S. (2016). Basics of marine and estuarine ecology. In Basics of Marine and Estuarine Ecology. Springer India. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2707-6
Mora, M., Palacios, E., & Niesten, E. (2018). Assessing the impact of conservation agreements on threatened fish species: A case study in the Colombian Amazon. ORYX, 52(4), 687–696. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605317000953
Moreno-Sánchez, R., & Higinio Maldonado, J. (2011). Enfoques alternativos en la valoración de ecosistemas: explorando la participación de los usuarios locales. AMBIENTEYDESARROLLO, XV.
Múnera-Roldán, C., & Ocampo-Peñuela, N. (2022). The value of standing forests for birds and people in a biodiversity hotspot. PLOS Climate, 1(11), e0000093. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000093
Munévar-Quintero, C., Valencia-Hernández, J. G., Hernández-Gómez, N., Aguirre-Fajardo, A. M., & Ramírez-Ríos, M. (2023). Participatory governance in the design of the National System of Protected Areas in the coffee triangle ecoregion, Colombia. Juridicas, 20(1), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.17151/jurid.2023.20.1.8
Muñoz Brenes, C. L., Jones, K. W., Schlesinger, P., Robalino, J., & Vierling, L. (2018). The impact of protected area governance and management capacity on ecosystem function in Central America. PLoS ONE, 13(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205964
Negret, P. J. (2020). Development, armed conflict, and conservation: improving the effectiveness of conservation decisions in conflict hotspots using Colombia as a case study. https://doi.org/10.14264/4cfbe2d
Negret, P. J., Maron, M., Fuller, R. A., Possingham, H. P., Watson, J. E. M., & Simmonds, J. S. (2020). Deforestation and bird habitat loss in Colombia. BioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.30.125849
Nevedal, A. L., Reardon, C. M., Opra Widerquist, M. A., Jackson, G. L., Cutrona, S. L., White, B. S., & Damschroder, L. J. (2021). Rapid versus traditional qualitative analysis using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Implementation Science, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-021-01111-5
Nolte, C. (2016). Identifying challenges to enforcement in protected areas: Empirical insights from 15 Colombian parks. ORYX, 50(2), 317–322. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605314000891
Oldekop, J. A., Holmes, G., Harris, W. E., & Evans, K. L. (2016). A global assessment of the social and conservation outcomes of protected areas. Conservation Biology, 30(1), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12568
Ospina Rodríguez, G. A., Vera-Lugo, J. P., & Cairo-Silva, C. L. (2023). Legibilidad selectiva y categorías poblacionales en el Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia. Journal of Political Ecology, 30.
Paredes-Leguizamón, G. (2018). Integrando las áreas protegidas al ordenamiento territorial: Caso Colombia.
Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia (PNN). (n.d.). Compensaciones ambientales e inversión forzosa del 1%. Retrieved August 14, 2024, from https://old.parquesnacionales.gov.co/portal/es/sistema-nacional-de-areas-protegidas-sinap/compensaciones-ambientales-e-inversion-forzosa-del-1/.
Persson, J. (2013). Perceptions of environmental compensation in different scientific fields. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 70(4), 611–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2013.835526
Pettorelli, N., Chauvenet, A. L. M., Duffy, J. P., Cornforth, W. A., Meillere, A., & Baillie, J. E. M. (2012). Tracking the effect of climate change on ecosystem functioning using protected areas: Africa as a case study. Ecological Indicators, 20, 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.02.014
Pettorelli, N., Vik, J. O., Mysterud, A., Gaillard, J. M., Tucker, C. J., & Stenseth, N. C. (2005). Using the satellite-derived NDVI to assess ecological responses to environmental change. In Trends in Ecology and Evolution (Vol. 20, Issue 9, pp. 503–510). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.05.011
Portocarrero-Aya, M., Corzo, G., Diaz-Pulido, A., González, M. F., Longo, M., Mesa, L., Paz, A., Ramírez, W., & Hernández-Manrique, O. L. (2014). Systematic Conservation Assessment for Most of the Colombian Territory as a Strategy for Effective Biodiversity Conservation. Natural Resources, 05(16), 981–1006. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2014.516084
Prem, M., Saavedra, S., & Vargas, J. F. (2020). End-of-conflict deforestation: Evidence from Colombia’s peace agreement. World Development, 129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104852
Pringle, R. M. (2017). Upgrading protected areas to conserve wild biodiversity. In Nature (Vol. 546, Issue 7656, pp. 91–99). Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22902
Ramirez, L. F. (2016). Marine protected areas in Colombia: Advances in conservation and barriers for effective governance. Ocean and Coastal Management, 125, 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.03.005
Ramírez Martínez, N. M., Hincapié Posada, J. E., Fernández, M. A., Ruíz Hernández, J. A., & Lozano Rodríguez, L. A. (2018). MANUAL DE COMPENSACIONES del componente biótico. www.puntoaparte.com.co
Ramirez-Villegas, J., Jarvis, A., & Touval, J. (2012). Analysis of threats to South American flora and its implications for conservation. Journal for Nature Conservation, 20(6), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2012.07.006
Renza, D., Martinez, E., Molina, I., & Ballesteros L., D. M. (2017). Unsupervised change detection in a particular vegetation land cover type using spectral angle mapper. Advances in Space Research, 59(8), 2019–2031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.01.027
Restrepo, C. C. (2020). GUÍA PRÁCTICA DE CONTEXTUALIZACIÓN DE LAS COMPENSACIONES AMBIENTALES EN COLOMBIA.
Robinson, B. E., Masuda, Y. J., Kelly, A., Holland, M. B., Bedford, C., Childress, M., Fletschner, D., Game, E. T., Ginsburg, C., Hilhorst, T., Lawry, S., Miteva, D. A., Musengezi, J., Naughton-Treves, L., Nolte, C., Sunderlin, W. D., & Veit, P. (2018). Incorporating Land Tenure Security into Conservation. In Conservation Letters (Vol. 11, Issue 2). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12383
Rodríguez, N., Armenteras, D., & Retana, J. (2013). Effectiveness of protected areas in the Colombian Andes: Deforestation, fire and land-use changes. Regional Environmental Change, 13(2), 423–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-012-0356-8
Rodríguez-Díaz, R., Colino-Rabanal, V. J., Gutierrez-López, A., & Blanco-Villegas, M. J. (2021). Effect of protected areas on human populations in the context of colombian armed conflict, 2005–2018. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010146
RUNAP. (2024). RUNAP en cifras. https://runap.parquesnacionales.gov.co/cifras
Rutakumwa, R., Mugisha, J. O., Bernays, S., Kabunga, E., Tumwekwase, G., Mbonye, M., & Seeley, J. (2020). Conducting in-depth interviews with and without voice recorders: a comparative analysis. Qualitative Research, 20(5), 565–581. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794119884806
Salas-Zapata, W. A., & Ortiz Muñoz, S. M. (2018). Analysis of meanings of the concept of sustainability. Sustainable Development, 27. https://doi.org/10.1002/SD.1885.
Sanchez-Cuervo, A. M., & Aide, T. M. (2013). Identifying hotspots of deforestation and reforestation in Colombia (2001-2010): Implications for protected areas. Ecosphere, 4(11). https://doi.org/10.1890/ES13-00207.1
Sandbrook, C. (2015). What is conservation? In ORYX (Vol. 49, Issue 4, pp. 565–566). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000952
Schleicher, J. (2018). The environmental and social impacts of protected areas and conservation concessions in South America. In Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability (Vol. 32, pp. 1–8). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.01.001
Tang, Z., Fang, J., Sun, J., & Gaston, K. J. (2011). Effectiveness of protected areas in maintaining plant production. PLoS ONE, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019116
Thyagharajan, K. K., & Vignesh, T. (2019). Soft Computing Techniques for Land Use and Land Cover Monitoring with Multispectral Remote Sensing Images: A Review. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 26(2), 275–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-017-9239-y
Trier-Bieniek, A. (2012). Framing the telephone interview as a participant-centred tool for qualitative research: A methodological discussion. Qualitative Research, 12(6), 630–644. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794112439005
Verburg, P. H., Neumann, K., & Nol, L. (2011). Challenges in using land use and land cover data for global change studies. In Global Change Biology (Vol. 17, Issue 2, pp. 974–989). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02307.x
Vieira, I., Toledo, P. M., Silva, J., & Higuchi. (2008). Deforestation and threats to the biodiversity of Amazonia. In Braz. J. Biol (Vol. 68, Issue 4). www.geoma.lncc.br
Ward, K., Gott, M., & Hoare, K. (2015). Participants’ views of telephone interviews within a grounded theory study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(12), 2775–2785. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12748
Wunder, S. (2007). The Efficiency of Payments for Environmental Services in Tropical Conservation. Conservation Biology, 21, 48–58.
Zeng, J., Chen, T., Yao, X., & Chen, W. (2020). Do protected areas improve ecosystem services? A case study of Hoh Xil nature reserve in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sensing, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030471
dc.rights.en.fl_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.uri.none.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
dc.rights.local.spa.fl_str_mv Acceso abierto
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv https://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Acceso abierto
https://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.format.mimetype.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Maestría Gobernanza en Áreas Protegidas y Gestión del Recurso Biológico
dc.publisher.grantor.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad El Bosque
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv Facultad de Ciencias
institution Universidad El Bosque
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co/bitstreams/ef04c0e7-9dc7-4b57-886d-29a5ead836e5/download
https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co/bitstreams/5e2aa420-c203-421a-90a0-45dc3c24e9da/download
https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co/bitstreams/263c20dd-b3d1-49c8-92f7-60c519983115/download
https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co/bitstreams/da88f3df-22b4-4533-8c55-380c00f1933a/download
https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co/bitstreams/c07c22ae-7fea-4be3-8910-97f13ed58873/download
https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co/bitstreams/60fd3dc1-cad5-4516-a4c6-d9792cfdbdf8/download
https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co/bitstreams/70de4e31-d7fc-4acb-afe6-c34aa5f53003/download
https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co/bitstreams/df112648-2ad6-4513-be70-fc95e7f62946/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 5643bfd9bcf29d560eeec56d584edaa9
98d5a3bc00d8c7212252a7e7d2282ab2
f1c1078518b3079a8bb99e33067f9b44
a19ce12dc963619a779c34d05eef6453
17cc15b951e7cc6b3728a574117320f9
426ab7b632c31130e5a9e0996636198d
57b11f3715ec4209fe3ef1f68ca872f5
d8baa25a5e79ebfcbc7bbfbd23c1bea9
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad El Bosque
repository.mail.fl_str_mv bibliotecas@biteca.com
_version_ 1828164386878914560
spelling Vásquez Aguilera, YeseniaVargas Oliveros, Paula Andrea2025-02-20T18:24:24Z2025-02-20T18:24:24Z2024-11https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12495/14006instname:Universidad El Bosquereponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad El Bosquerepourl:https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.coLas áreas protegidas gestionadas de manera eficaz y gobernadas de manera justa pueden salvaguardar la naturaleza y los recursos culturales, proteger la salud y el bienestar humano, proporcionar medios de subsistencia sostenibles y apoyar así un desarrollo sostenible, teniendo en cuenta los desafíos que enfrenta Colombia como la escases de recursos y la dependencia de fondos externos para llevar a cabo esta tarea. En línea con los objetivos de conservación del país, Parques Nacionales Naturales ha estado en la búsqueda de estrategias de gestión alrededor de los instrumentos que puedan fortalecer la consolidación de dichas áreas. En ese contexto, se han identificado los titulares de licencias ambientales como actores de interés para apalancar los procesos de gobernanza, a través de la implementación de las medidas de compensación. Es por ello que esta investigación analiza el impacto de la implementación de dichas medidas como estrategia integral para el manejo efectivo de áreas protegidas, contemplando componentes de gestión técnica y financiera, así como la participación de los actores involucrados y por ende el cumplimiento de objetivos de conservación. Si bien en Colombia se han implementado medidas en diversas áreas protegidas para el caso particular se analizará el impacto en el Santuario de Flora y Fauna Los Colorados, área que conserva uno de los últimos bosques nativos que aún permanecen en pie de la serranía conocida como Bosques de María.Magíster en Gobernanza en áreas protegidas y gestión del recurso biológicoMaestríaEffectively managed and fairly governed protected areas can safeguard nature and cultural resources, protect human health and well-being, provide sustainable livelihoods and thus support sustainable development, taking into account the challenges Colombia faces such as scarce resources and dependence on external funds to carry out this task. In line with the country's conservation objectives, Parques Nacionales Naturales has been searching for management strategies around instruments that can strengthen the consolidation of these areas. In this context, environmental license holders have been identified as actors of interest to leverage governance processes through the implementation of compensation measures. For this reason, this research analyzes the impact of the implementation of such measures as an integral strategy for the effective management of protected areas, contemplating technical and financial management components, as well as the participation of the stakeholders involved and, therefore, the fulfillment of conservation objectives. Although measures have been implemented in several protected areas in Colombia, in this particular case we will analyze the impact on the Los Colorados Flora and Fauna Sanctuary, an area that preserves one of the last remaining native forests in the mountain range known as Bosques de María.application/pdfAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Acceso abiertohttps://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2GobernanzaAcuerdos de conservaciónSaneamiento predialCompensaciones bióticasSostenibilidadGovernanceConservation agreementsLand reclamationBiotic offsetsSustainabilityW 20Análisis del impacto en la conservación del santuario de flora y fauna los colorados mediante la implementación de acciones de compensación bióticaConservation Impact Analysis of Los Colorados Flora and Fauna Sanctuary Through the Implementation of Biotic Compensation ActionsMaestría Gobernanza en Áreas Protegidas y Gestión del Recurso BiológicoUniversidad El BosqueFacultad de CienciasTesis/Trabajo de grado - Monografía - Maestríahttps://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesishttps://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aaAldana-Domínguez, J., Montes, C., Martínez, M., Medina, N., Hahn, J., & Duque, M. (2017). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Knowledge in the Colombian Caribbean: Progress and Challenges. In Tropical Conservation Science (Vol. 10). SAGE Publications Inc. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082917714229Andrade, H. J., Segura, M. A., & Canal-Daza, D. S. (2022). Conservation of Soil Organic Carbon in the National Park Santuario de Fauna y Flora Iguaque, Boyacá-Colombia. Forests, 13(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/f13081275Annechino, R., Antin, T. M. J., & Lee, J. P. (2010). Bridging the qualitative-quantitative software divide. Field Methods, 22(2), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X09360760Aparecida Rosa de Queiroz, D., Pannunzio Ribeiro, M., André Tavares, P., & de Mello, K. (2024). The role of forest plantations for the native vegetation conservation in the protected areas surroundings. Journal for Nature Conservation, 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2023.126551Armenteras, D., Rodríguez, N., & Retana, J. (2015). National and regional relationships of carbon storage and tropical biodiversity. Biological Conservation, 192, 378–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.10.014Baral, N., & Dhungana, A. (2014). Diversifying finance mechanisms for protected areas capitalizing on untapped revenues. Forest Policy and Economics, 41, 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2014.01.002Barlow, J., Gardner, T. A., Araujo, I. S., Bonaldo, A. B., Costa, J. E., Esposito, M. C., Ferreira, L. V, Hawes, J., M Hernandez, M. I., Hoogmoed, M. S., Leite, R. N., Lo-Man-Hung, N. F., Malcolm, J. R., Martins, M. B., M Mestre, L. A., Miranda-Santos, R., Nunes-Gutjahr, A. L., Overal, W. L., Parry, L., … Peres, C. A. (2007). Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/Bohorquez, J. J., Dvarskas, A., Jacquet, J., Sumaila, U. R., Nye, J., & Pikitch, E. K. (2022). A New Tool to Evaluate, Improve, and Sustain Marine Protected Area Financing Built on a Comprehensive Review of Finance Sources and Instruments. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.742846Bonilla-Mejía, L., & Higuera-Mendieta, I. (2019). Protected Areas under Weak Institutions: Evidence from Colombia. World Development, 122, 585–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.06.019Braun, V., Clarke, V., Boulton, E., Davey, L., & McEvoy, C. (2021). The online survey as a qualitative research tool. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 24(6), 641–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2020.1805550Bunker, D. E., DeClerck, F., Bradford, J. C., Colwell, R. K., Perfecto, I., Phillips, O. L., Sankaran, M., & Naeem, S. (2005). Ecology: Species loss and aboveground carbon storage in a tropical. Science, 310(5750), 1029–1031. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1117682Busetto, L., Wick, W., & Gumbinger, C. (2020). How to use and assess qualitative research methods. In Neurological Research and Practice (Vol. 2, Issue 1). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-020-00059-zBush, G., Taye, F. A., Fleming, C., & Samndong, R. A. (2024). Evaluating the costs of primary forest conservation in the Democratic Republic of Congo, implications for policy and practice. Journal of Environmental Management, 352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119975Camargo, C., Maldonado, J. H., Alvarado, E., Moreno-Sánchez, R., Mendoza, S., Manrique, N., Mogollón, A., Osorio, J. D., Grajales, A., & Sánchez, J. A. (2009). Community involvement in management for maintaining coral reef resilience and biodiversity in southern Caribbean marine protected areas. Biodiversity and Conservation, 18(4), 935–956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9555-5Castro-Nunez, A., Mertz, O., Buritica, A., Sosa, C. C., & Lee, S. T. (2017). Land related grievances shape tropical forest-cover in areas affected by armed-conflict. Applied Geography, 85, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.05.007Cebrián-Piqueras, M. A., Filyushkina, A., Johnson, D. N., Lo, V. B., López-Rodríguez, M. D., March, H., Oteros-Rozas, E., Peppler-Lisbach, C., Quintas-Soriano, C., Raymond, C. M., Ruiz-Mallén, I., van Riper, C. J., Zinngrebe, Y., & Plieninger, T. (2020). Scientific and local ecological knowledge, shaping perceptions towards protected areas and related ecosystem services. Landscape Ecology, 35(11), 2549–2567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01107-4Clerici, N., Armenteras, D., Kareiva, P., Botero, R., Ramírez-Delgado, J. P., Forero-Medina, G., Ochoa, J., Pedraza, C., Schneider, L., Lora, C., Gómez, C., Linares, M., Hirashiki, C., & Biggs, D. (2020). Deforestation in Colombian protected areas increased during post-conflict periods. Scientific Reports, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61861-yCole, S., Moksnes, P. O., Söderqvist, T., Wikström, S. A., Sundblad, G., Hasselström, L., Bergström, U., Kraufvelin, P., & Bergström, L. (2021). Environmental compensation for biodiversity and ecosystem services: A flexible framework that addresses human wellbeing. Ecosystem Services, 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101319Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CBD). (2022). Conferencia de las partes en el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica- Decimoquinta reunión-Parte II.Corredor Gil, L. P., Cárdenas Quiroga, E. A., & Ordóñez López, J. C. (2011). APLICACIÓN DE LA METODOLOGÍA CORINE LAND COVER EN LA DETERMINACIÓN DE LOS CAMBIOS DE COBERTURA EN EL PARQUE NATURAL LOS FLAMENCOS. CIENCIA E INGENIERÍA NEOGRANADINA, 21–2, 153–167.Corzo Mora, G., Silva, L. M., Herrera Santos, C. M., Moncada Rasmussen, D. M., Puyana, J., Bejarano, J., Pinzón Téllez, J., Arias, J., & Vieira, M. I. (2018). COMPENSACIONES BIÓTICAS EN PROYECTOS LINEALES lineamientos para su gestión efectiva. www.puntoaparte.com.coCumming, G. S. (2016). The relevance and resilience of protected areas in the Anthropocene. In Anthropocene (Vol. 13, pp. 46–56). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2016.03.003Cumming, G. S., Allen, C. R., Ban, N. C., Biggs, D., Biggs, H. C., M.Cumming, D. H., De Vos, A., Epstein, G., Etienne, M., Maciejewski, K., Mathevet, R., Moore, C., Nenadovic, M., & Schoon, M. (2015). Understanding protected area resilience: a multi-scale, social-ecological approach (Vol. 25). https://doi.org/10.1890/13-2113.1Currit, N. (2005). Development of a remotely sensed, historical land-cover change database for rural Chihuahua, Mexico. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 7(3), 232–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2005.05.001De Pourcq, K., Thomas, E., Arts, B., Vranckx, A., Léon-Sicard, T., & Van Damme, P. (2017). Understanding and Resolving Conflict Between Local Communities and Conservation Authorities in Colombia. World Development, 93, 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.026Dharani, M., & Sreenivasulu, G. (2021). Land use and land cover change detection by using principal component analysis and morphological operations in remote sensing applications. International Journal of Computers and Applications, 43(5), 462–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/1206212X.2019.1578068Diaz-Campos, C. A., & Vilés-Lopez, K. (2020). Financial structuring of protected areas according to the conservation measures partnership classification system of actions. Parks, 26(1), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.PARKS-26-1CDC.enDixit, S., Poudyal, N. C., Silwal, T., Joshi, O., Bhandari, A. R., Pant, G., & Hodges, D. G. (2024). Effectiveness of protected area revenue-sharing program: Lessons from the key informants of Nepal’s buffer zone program. Journal of Environmental Management, 367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121980Duran, C. A. (2009). Gobernanza en los Parques Nacionales Naturales colombianos: reflexiones a partir del caso de la comunidad Orika y su participación en la conservación del Parque Nacional Natural Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo. Revista de Estudios Sociales, 32, 60–73.Echeverri, J., Cely‐gómez, A., Zafra‐calvo, N., González, J., Matallana‐tobón, C., Santamaría, M., & Galán, S. (2021). Short communication: Application of site‐level assessment of governance and equity (sage) methodology to a candidate oecm: AndakÍ municipal natural park, caqueta, colombia. Parks, 27(1), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-1JE.enEspírito-Santo, M. M., Sevilha, A. C., Anaya, F. C., Barbosa, R., Fernandes, G. W., Sanchez-Azofeifa, G. A., Scariot, A., Noronha, S. E. de, & Sampaio, C. A. (2009). Sustainability of tropical dry forests: Two case studies in southeastern and central Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management, 258(6), 922–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.022Farooq, M. B., & de Villiers, C. (2017). Telephonic qualitative research interviews: when to consider them and how to do them. Meditari Accountancy Research, 25, 291–316. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-10-2016-0083Fernández-Labbé, J. (2020). El territorio como espacio contradictorio: promesas y conflictos en torno a la actividad extractiva en Ecuador, Colombia, Perú y Chile. EURE, 46, 225–246.Gandhi, G. M., Parthiban, S., Thummalu, N., & Christy, A. (2015). Ndvi: Vegetation Change Detection Using Remote Sensing and Gis - A Case Study of Vellore District. Procedia Computer Science, 57, 1199–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.07.415Geldmann, J., Barnes, M., Coad, L., Craigie, I. D., Hockings, M., & Burgess, N. D. (2013). Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas in reducing habitat loss and population declines. In Biological Conservation (Vol. 161, pp. 230–238). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.02.018Gillespie, J. (2020). Protected areas: A legal geography approach. In Protected Areas: A Legal Geography Approach. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40502-1Gorricho, J., & Schultze-Kraft, M. (2021). Wartime protected area governance: the case of Colombia’s Alto Fragua Indiwasi National Park. Third World Quarterly, 42(6), 1365–1383. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2021.1892482Hanauer, M., & Canavire Bacarreza, G. (2018). Civil Conflict Reduced the Impact of Colombia’s Protected Areas. http://www.iadb.orgHarrison, R., Sreekar, R., Brodie, J., Brook, S., Luskin, M., O’Kelly, H., Rao, M., Scheffers, B., & Velho, N. (2016). Impacts of hunting on tropical forests in Southeast Asia. Conservation Biology, 30. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12785.He, S., & Jiao, W. (2023). Conservation-compatible livelihoods: An approach to rural development in protected areas of developing countries. Environmental Development, 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2022.100797Jepson, P. R., Caldecott, B., Schmitt, S. F., Carvalho, S. H. C., Correia, R. A., Gamarra, N., Bragagnolo, C., Malhado, A. C. M., & Ladle, R. J. (2017). Protected area asset stewardship. In Biological Conservation (Vol. 212, pp. 183–190). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.03.032Jimenez, M., De la Rosa, N., Naranjo, D., Bustillo, R., Parra, J., Villaba Ivan, Buelvas, C., Pacheco, E., Arrieta, J., Castro, C., Buelvas, V., & Díaz, J. (2018). PLAN DE MANEJO SANTUARIO DE FLORA Y FAUNA LOS COLORADOS 2018-2023.Jones, N., Malesios, C., Kantartzis, A., & Dimitrakopoulos, P. G. (2020). The role of location and social impacts of protected areas on subjective wellbeing. Environmental Research Letters, 15(11). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abb96eJung, M., & Chang, E. (2015). NDVI-based land-cover change detection using harmonic analysis. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 36(4), 1097–1113. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2015.1007252Kaplowitz, M. D., Hadlock, T. D., & Levine, R. (2004). A comparison of web and mail survey response rates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 68(1), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfh006Laurance, W. F., Carolina Useche, D., Rendeiro, J., Kalka, M., Bradshaw, C. J. A., Sloan, S. P., Laurance, S. G., Campbell, M., Abernethy, K., Alvarez, P., Arroyo-Rodriguez, V., Ashton, P., Benítez-Malvido, J., Blom, A., Bobo, K. S., Cannon, C. H., Cao, M., Carroll, R., Chapman, C., … Zamzani, F. (2012). Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas. Nature, 489(7415), 290–293. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11318Leal, C. (2019). National Parks in Colombia. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.337.León-Parra, A., Cortés Gómez, Á. M., Gutierrez Chacón, C., Solano Gutiérrez, C., Fagua González, G., López Franco, M., & Franco, O. (2023). Parques Nacionales Cómo Vamos- PNVC: Los Parques Nacionales Naturales colombianos: amenazas y oportunidades para su gestión. https://parquescomovamos.comLiévano-Latorre, L. F., Brum, F. T., & Loyola, R. (2021). How effective have been guerrilla occupation and protected areas in avoiding deforestation in Colombia? Biological Conservation, 253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108916Macqueen, P. (2012). Opinion Article Last chance to see: the role of phylogeography in the preservation of tropical biodiversity. In Mongabay.com Open Access Journal-Tropical Conservation Science (Vol. 5, Issue 4).http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/-The425.Availableonline:www.tropicalconservationscience.orgMedan, D., Torretta, J. P., Hodara, K., de la Fuente, E. B., & Montaldo, N. H. (2011). Effects of agriculture expansion and intensification on the vertebrate and invertebrate diversity in the Pampas of Argentina. In Biodiversity and Conservation (Vol. 20, Issue 13, pp. 3077–3100). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0118-9Meißner, N. (2013). The incentives of private companies to invest in protected area certificates: How coalitions can improve ecosystem sustainability. Ecological Economics, 95, 148–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.08.015Ministerio de Ambiente, V. y D. T. (2010). Decreto 2372 del 2010.Ministerio de Ambiente, V. y D. T. (2015). Decreto 1076 del 2015.Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. (2015). Plan Nacional de Restauración: restauración ecológica, rehabilitación y recuperación de áreas disturbadas.Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MADS), & Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD). (2014). QUINTO INFORME NACIONAL DE BIODIVERSIDAD DE COLOMBIA ANTE EL CONVENIO DE DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA.Ministerio de Ciencias Tecnología e Innovación (Minciencias). (2016). Colombia, el segundo país más biodiverso del mundo. https://minciencias.gov.co/sala_de_prensa/colombia-el-segundo-pais-mas-biodiverso-del-mundoMitra, A., & Zaman, S. (2016). Basics of marine and estuarine ecology. In Basics of Marine and Estuarine Ecology. Springer India. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2707-6Mora, M., Palacios, E., & Niesten, E. (2018). Assessing the impact of conservation agreements on threatened fish species: A case study in the Colombian Amazon. ORYX, 52(4), 687–696. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605317000953Moreno-Sánchez, R., & Higinio Maldonado, J. (2011). Enfoques alternativos en la valoración de ecosistemas: explorando la participación de los usuarios locales. AMBIENTEYDESARROLLO, XV.Múnera-Roldán, C., & Ocampo-Peñuela, N. (2022). The value of standing forests for birds and people in a biodiversity hotspot. PLOS Climate, 1(11), e0000093. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000093Munévar-Quintero, C., Valencia-Hernández, J. G., Hernández-Gómez, N., Aguirre-Fajardo, A. M., & Ramírez-Ríos, M. (2023). Participatory governance in the design of the National System of Protected Areas in the coffee triangle ecoregion, Colombia. Juridicas, 20(1), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.17151/jurid.2023.20.1.8Muñoz Brenes, C. L., Jones, K. W., Schlesinger, P., Robalino, J., & Vierling, L. (2018). The impact of protected area governance and management capacity on ecosystem function in Central America. PLoS ONE, 13(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205964Negret, P. J. (2020). Development, armed conflict, and conservation: improving the effectiveness of conservation decisions in conflict hotspots using Colombia as a case study. https://doi.org/10.14264/4cfbe2dNegret, P. J., Maron, M., Fuller, R. A., Possingham, H. P., Watson, J. E. M., & Simmonds, J. S. (2020). Deforestation and bird habitat loss in Colombia. BioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.30.125849Nevedal, A. L., Reardon, C. M., Opra Widerquist, M. A., Jackson, G. L., Cutrona, S. L., White, B. S., & Damschroder, L. J. (2021). Rapid versus traditional qualitative analysis using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Implementation Science, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-021-01111-5Nolte, C. (2016). Identifying challenges to enforcement in protected areas: Empirical insights from 15 Colombian parks. ORYX, 50(2), 317–322. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605314000891Oldekop, J. A., Holmes, G., Harris, W. E., & Evans, K. L. (2016). A global assessment of the social and conservation outcomes of protected areas. Conservation Biology, 30(1), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12568Ospina Rodríguez, G. A., Vera-Lugo, J. P., & Cairo-Silva, C. L. (2023). Legibilidad selectiva y categorías poblacionales en el Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia. Journal of Political Ecology, 30.Paredes-Leguizamón, G. (2018). Integrando las áreas protegidas al ordenamiento territorial: Caso Colombia.Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia (PNN). (n.d.). Compensaciones ambientales e inversión forzosa del 1%. Retrieved August 14, 2024, from https://old.parquesnacionales.gov.co/portal/es/sistema-nacional-de-areas-protegidas-sinap/compensaciones-ambientales-e-inversion-forzosa-del-1/.Persson, J. (2013). Perceptions of environmental compensation in different scientific fields. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 70(4), 611–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2013.835526Pettorelli, N., Chauvenet, A. L. M., Duffy, J. P., Cornforth, W. A., Meillere, A., & Baillie, J. E. M. (2012). Tracking the effect of climate change on ecosystem functioning using protected areas: Africa as a case study. Ecological Indicators, 20, 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.02.014Pettorelli, N., Vik, J. O., Mysterud, A., Gaillard, J. M., Tucker, C. J., & Stenseth, N. C. (2005). Using the satellite-derived NDVI to assess ecological responses to environmental change. In Trends in Ecology and Evolution (Vol. 20, Issue 9, pp. 503–510). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.05.011Portocarrero-Aya, M., Corzo, G., Diaz-Pulido, A., González, M. F., Longo, M., Mesa, L., Paz, A., Ramírez, W., & Hernández-Manrique, O. L. (2014). Systematic Conservation Assessment for Most of the Colombian Territory as a Strategy for Effective Biodiversity Conservation. Natural Resources, 05(16), 981–1006. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2014.516084Prem, M., Saavedra, S., & Vargas, J. F. (2020). End-of-conflict deforestation: Evidence from Colombia’s peace agreement. World Development, 129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104852Pringle, R. M. (2017). Upgrading protected areas to conserve wild biodiversity. In Nature (Vol. 546, Issue 7656, pp. 91–99). Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22902Ramirez, L. F. (2016). Marine protected areas in Colombia: Advances in conservation and barriers for effective governance. Ocean and Coastal Management, 125, 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.03.005Ramírez Martínez, N. M., Hincapié Posada, J. E., Fernández, M. A., Ruíz Hernández, J. A., & Lozano Rodríguez, L. A. (2018). MANUAL DE COMPENSACIONES del componente biótico. www.puntoaparte.com.coRamirez-Villegas, J., Jarvis, A., & Touval, J. (2012). Analysis of threats to South American flora and its implications for conservation. Journal for Nature Conservation, 20(6), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2012.07.006Renza, D., Martinez, E., Molina, I., & Ballesteros L., D. M. (2017). Unsupervised change detection in a particular vegetation land cover type using spectral angle mapper. Advances in Space Research, 59(8), 2019–2031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.01.027Restrepo, C. C. (2020). GUÍA PRÁCTICA DE CONTEXTUALIZACIÓN DE LAS COMPENSACIONES AMBIENTALES EN COLOMBIA.Robinson, B. E., Masuda, Y. J., Kelly, A., Holland, M. B., Bedford, C., Childress, M., Fletschner, D., Game, E. T., Ginsburg, C., Hilhorst, T., Lawry, S., Miteva, D. A., Musengezi, J., Naughton-Treves, L., Nolte, C., Sunderlin, W. D., & Veit, P. (2018). Incorporating Land Tenure Security into Conservation. In Conservation Letters (Vol. 11, Issue 2). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12383Rodríguez, N., Armenteras, D., & Retana, J. (2013). Effectiveness of protected areas in the Colombian Andes: Deforestation, fire and land-use changes. Regional Environmental Change, 13(2), 423–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-012-0356-8Rodríguez-Díaz, R., Colino-Rabanal, V. J., Gutierrez-López, A., & Blanco-Villegas, M. J. (2021). Effect of protected areas on human populations in the context of colombian armed conflict, 2005–2018. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010146RUNAP. (2024). RUNAP en cifras. https://runap.parquesnacionales.gov.co/cifrasRutakumwa, R., Mugisha, J. O., Bernays, S., Kabunga, E., Tumwekwase, G., Mbonye, M., & Seeley, J. (2020). Conducting in-depth interviews with and without voice recorders: a comparative analysis. Qualitative Research, 20(5), 565–581. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794119884806Salas-Zapata, W. A., & Ortiz Muñoz, S. M. (2018). Analysis of meanings of the concept of sustainability. Sustainable Development, 27. https://doi.org/10.1002/SD.1885.Sanchez-Cuervo, A. M., & Aide, T. M. (2013). Identifying hotspots of deforestation and reforestation in Colombia (2001-2010): Implications for protected areas. Ecosphere, 4(11). https://doi.org/10.1890/ES13-00207.1Sandbrook, C. (2015). What is conservation? In ORYX (Vol. 49, Issue 4, pp. 565–566). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000952Schleicher, J. (2018). The environmental and social impacts of protected areas and conservation concessions in South America. In Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability (Vol. 32, pp. 1–8). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.01.001Tang, Z., Fang, J., Sun, J., & Gaston, K. J. (2011). Effectiveness of protected areas in maintaining plant production. PLoS ONE, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019116Thyagharajan, K. K., & Vignesh, T. (2019). Soft Computing Techniques for Land Use and Land Cover Monitoring with Multispectral Remote Sensing Images: A Review. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 26(2), 275–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-017-9239-yTrier-Bieniek, A. (2012). Framing the telephone interview as a participant-centred tool for qualitative research: A methodological discussion. Qualitative Research, 12(6), 630–644. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794112439005Verburg, P. H., Neumann, K., & Nol, L. (2011). Challenges in using land use and land cover data for global change studies. In Global Change Biology (Vol. 17, Issue 2, pp. 974–989). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02307.xVieira, I., Toledo, P. M., Silva, J., & Higuchi. (2008). Deforestation and threats to the biodiversity of Amazonia. In Braz. J. Biol (Vol. 68, Issue 4). www.geoma.lncc.brWard, K., Gott, M., & Hoare, K. (2015). Participants’ views of telephone interviews within a grounded theory study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(12), 2775–2785. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12748Wunder, S. (2007). The Efficiency of Payments for Environmental Services in Tropical Conservation. Conservation Biology, 21, 48–58.Zeng, J., Chen, T., Yao, X., & Chen, W. (2020). Do protected areas improve ecosystem services? A case study of Hoh Xil nature reserve in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sensing, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030471spaCC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-81160https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co/bitstreams/ef04c0e7-9dc7-4b57-886d-29a5ead836e5/download5643bfd9bcf29d560eeec56d584edaa9MD57TEXTTrabajo de grado.pdf.txtTrabajo de grado.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain101804https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co/bitstreams/5e2aa420-c203-421a-90a0-45dc3c24e9da/download98d5a3bc00d8c7212252a7e7d2282ab2MD511THUMBNAILTrabajo de grado.pdf.jpgTrabajo de grado.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg3361https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co/bitstreams/263c20dd-b3d1-49c8-92f7-60c519983115/downloadf1c1078518b3079a8bb99e33067f9b44MD512ORIGINALTrabajo de grado.pdfTrabajo de grado.pdfapplication/pdf2601604https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co/bitstreams/da88f3df-22b4-4533-8c55-380c00f1933a/downloada19ce12dc963619a779c34d05eef6453MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-82000https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co/bitstreams/c07c22ae-7fea-4be3-8910-97f13ed58873/download17cc15b951e7cc6b3728a574117320f9MD56Carta de autorizacion.pdfapplication/pdf174910https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co/bitstreams/60fd3dc1-cad5-4516-a4c6-d9792cfdbdf8/download426ab7b632c31130e5a9e0996636198dMD58Anexo 1 acta de aprobacion.pdfapplication/pdf118456https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co/bitstreams/70de4e31-d7fc-4acb-afe6-c34aa5f53003/download57b11f3715ec4209fe3ef1f68ca872f5MD59Anexos 2.pdfapplication/pdf13723610https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co/bitstreams/df112648-2ad6-4513-be70-fc95e7f62946/downloadd8baa25a5e79ebfcbc7bbfbd23c1bea9MD51020.500.12495/14006oai:repositorio.unbosque.edu.co:20.500.12495/140062025-02-21 05:01:49.767http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalopen.accesshttps://repositorio.unbosque.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad El Bosquebibliotecas@biteca.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