La formación de individuos biológicos: argumentos para un pluralismo epistémico

La biología divide la naturaleza en una pluralidad de entidades individuales (como ge-nes, células, virus, organismos, especies). El llamado problema de la individualidad bio-lógica puede definirse por dos preguntas centrales. Una pregunta empírica destinada a explicar cómo y por qué una colección d...

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Autores:: Navarro Cárdenas, Francisco Javier

Tipo de recurso:: https://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501

Fecha de publicación:: 2021

Institución:: Universidad El Bosque

Repositorio:: Repositorio U. El Bosque

Idioma:: spa

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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	La formación de individuos biológicos: argumentos para un pluralismo epistémico
dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv	The Formation of Biological Individuals:Arguments for an Epistemic Pluralism
title	La formación de individuos biológicos: argumentos para un pluralismo epistémico
spellingShingle	La formación de individuos biológicos: argumentos para un pluralismo epistémico Individualidad biológica Organismos Pluralismo epistémico Pregunta empírica Monismo Pregunta ontológica Representación científica Biological individuality Organisms Epistemic pluralism Empirical question Monism Ontological question Scientific representation
title_short	La formación de individuos biológicos: argumentos para un pluralismo epistémico
title_full	La formación de individuos biológicos: argumentos para un pluralismo epistémico
title_fullStr	La formación de individuos biológicos: argumentos para un pluralismo epistémico
title_full_unstemmed	La formación de individuos biológicos: argumentos para un pluralismo epistémico
title_sort	La formación de individuos biológicos: argumentos para un pluralismo epistémico
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Navarro Cárdenas, Francisco Javier
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Navarro Cárdenas, Francisco Javier
dc.contributor.orcid.none.fl_str_mv	0000-0001-5789-0380
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Individualidad biológica Organismos Pluralismo epistémico Pregunta empírica Monismo Pregunta ontológica Representación científica
topic	Individualidad biológica Organismos Pluralismo epistémico Pregunta empírica Monismo Pregunta ontológica Representación científica Biological individuality Organisms Epistemic pluralism Empirical question Monism Ontological question Scientific representation
dc.subject.keywords.spa.fl_str_mv	Biological individuality Organisms Epistemic pluralism Empirical question Monism Ontological question Scientific representation
description	La biología divide la naturaleza en una pluralidad de entidades individuales (como ge-nes, células, virus, organismos, especies). El llamado problema de la individualidad bio-lógica puede definirse por dos preguntas centrales. Una pregunta empírica destinada a explicar cómo y por qué una colección de entidades biológicas puede conformar un individuo y una pregunta ontológica que busca responder qué es un individuo biológico en general. En esta investigación abordaré la pregunta empírica desde una aproximación pluralista y epistémica. Argumentaré que la diversidad de criterios y prácticas utilizados por la biología para individuar la naturaleza no es un estado transitorio de la investiga-ción científica y debería conservarse.
publishDate	2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2021-11-03T16:25:51Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2021-11-03T16:25:51Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2021-01-01
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dc.relation.ispartofseries.spa.fl_str_mv	Revista Colombiana de Filosofía de la Ciencia, 0124-4620, Vol. 21 Núm 42, 2021, 149-174.
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dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Allendorf, Fred y Gordon Luikart. Conservation and the Genetics of Populations. Ho-boken: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. Bedau, Mark A. y Carol E. Cleland. The Nature of Life: Classical and Contemporary Perspectives from Philosophy and Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Bouchard, Frédéric y Philippe Huneman. From Groups to Individuals: Evolution and Emerging Individuality. Cambridge: mit Press, 2013. Brigandt, Ingo. “Beyond Reduction and Pluralism: Toward an Epistemology of Ex-planatory Integration in Biology”. Erkenntnis 73.3 (2010): 295-311. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-010-9233-3> Buss, Leo W. The Evolution of Individuality. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987. Carthey, Alexandra J. R. et ál. “Conserving the Holobiont”. Functional Ecology 34.4 (2020): 764-776. <https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13504> Chang, Hasok. Is Water H2O? Evidence, Realism and Pluralism. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, 2012. Cheung, Tobias. “What Is an ‘Organism’? On the Occurrence of a New Term and its Conceptual Transformations 1680-1850”. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 32.2-3 (2010): 155-194. Coates, David J. et ál. “Genetic Diversity and Conservation Units: Dealing with the Species-Population Continuum in the Age of Genomics”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 6.165 (2018). <https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2018.00165> Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976. Ereshefsky, Mark. “Eliminative Pluralism”. Philosophy of Science 59.4 (1992): 671-690. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/289701> Ghiselin, Michael T. “A Radical Solution to the Species Problem”. Systematic Zoology23.4 (1974): 536-544. <https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2412471> Gould, Stephen Jay. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1989. Hacking, Ian. “The Disunities of the Sciences”. The Disunity of Science. Bounda-ries, Contexts, and Power. Eds. Peter Galison y David J. Stump. California: Stanford University Press, 1996. 37-74. Hempel, Carl y Paul Oppenheim. “Studies in the Logic of Explanation”. Philosophy of Science 15.2 (1948): 135-175. Hölldobler, Bert y Edward O. Wilson. The Superorganism: The Beauty, Elegance, and Strangeness of Insect Societies. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009. Hughes, Kevin A. et ál. “Protection of Antarctic Microbial Communities – ‘out of Sight, out of Mind’ ”. Frontiers in Microbiology 6.151 (2015). <https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00151> Kitcher, Philip. “Gene: Current Usages”. Keywords in Evolutionary Biology. Eds. Evelyn Fox Keller y Elisabeth A. Lloyd. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992. 128-131. Krakauer, David et ál. “The Information Theory of Individuality”. Theory in Bioscien-ces 139.2 (2020): 209-223. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-020-00313-7> Küppers, Bernd-Olaf. Information and the Origin of Life. Cambridge: mit Press, 1990.Lahav, Noam. Biogenesis: Theories of Life's Origin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Lidgard, Scott y Lynn K. Nyhart. “The Work of Biological Individuality: Concepts and Contexts”. Biological Individuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. 17-62. Losos, Jonathan B. Improbable Destinies: Fate, Chance, and the Future of Evolution. New York: Riverhead Books, 2017. Love, Alan C. y Ingo Brigandt. “Philosophical Dimensions of Individuality”. Biolo-gical Individuality. Eds. Scott Lidgard y Lynn K. Nyhart. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. 318-348. Mora, Camilo et ál. “How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?” plosBiology 9.8 (2011): e1001127. <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127> National Research Council Committee on Metagenomics: Challenges and Func-tional, Applications. “The National Academies Collection: Reports Funded by National Institutes of Health”. The New Science of Metagenomics: Revealing the Secrets of Our Microbial Planet, National Academies Press (us). National Academy of Sciences, 2007. Niklas, Karl J. y Stuart A. Newman. Multicellularity. Origins and Evolution. Cambri-dge: mit Press, 2016. Pepper, John W. y Matthew D. Herron. “Does Biology Need an Organism Con-cept?” Biological Reviews 83 (2008): 621-627. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00057.x> Pradeu, Thomas et ál. “Understanding Viruses: Philosophical Investigations”. Stu-dies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philo-sophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 59.1 (2016): 57-63. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.02.008> Queller, David C. y Joan E. Strassmann. “Beyond Society: The Evolution of Orga-nismality”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences364.1533 (2009): 3143-55. <https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0095> Redford, Kent H., et ál. “Conservation and the Microbiome”. Conservation Biology: the Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology 26.2 (2012): 195-197. <ht-tps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01829.x> Robert, Jason Scott. “Evo-devo”. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Biology. Ed. Michael Ruse. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. 291-309. Secretaría del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica. Protocolo de Cartagena sobre seguridad de la biotecnología del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica. Mon-treal: Secretaría del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica, 2000. Shannon, Claude E. “A Mathematical Theory of Communication”. The Bell System Technical Journal 27.3 (1948): 379-423. Smith, John y Eors Szathmary. The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Strassmann, Joan E. y David C. Queller. “The Social Organism: Congresses, Parties, and Committees”. Evolution 64.3 (2010): 605-16. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00929.x> Trevelline, Brian K. et ál. “Conservation Biology Needs a Microbial Renaissance: a Call for the Consideration of Host-Associated Microbiota in Wildlife Ma-nagement Practices”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286, 1895 (2019): 20182448. <https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2448> Umen, James G. “Green Algae and the Origins of Multicellularity in the Plant King-dom”. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in Biology 6.11 (2014): a016170. <ht-tps://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a016170> Waters, C. Kenneth. “Ask not ‘What Is an Individual?’ ” Individuation, Process, and Scientific Practices. Eds. Otavio Bueno, Ruey-Lin Chen y Melinda Bonnie Fagan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. 91-113. Wilson, David Sloan y Elliott Sober. “Reviving the Superorganism”. Journal of Theoretical Biology 136.3 (1989): 337-356. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(89)80169-9>
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spelling	Navarro Cárdenas, Francisco Javier0000-0001-5789-03802021-11-03T16:25:51Z2021-11-03T16:25:51Z2021-01-010124-4620https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12495/6307https://doi.org/10.18270/rcfc.v21i42.3502instname:Universidad El Bosquereponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad El Bosquerepourl:https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.coLa biología divide la naturaleza en una pluralidad de entidades individuales (como ge-nes, células, virus, organismos, especies). El llamado problema de la individualidad bio-lógica puede definirse por dos preguntas centrales. Una pregunta empírica destinada a explicar cómo y por qué una colección de entidades biológicas puede conformar un individuo y una pregunta ontológica que busca responder qué es un individuo biológico en general. En esta investigación abordaré la pregunta empírica desde una aproximación pluralista y epistémica. Argumentaré que la diversidad de criterios y prácticas utilizados por la biología para individuar la naturaleza no es un estado transitorio de la investiga-ción científica y debería conservarse.Biology divides nature into a plurality of individual entities (e.g., genes, cells, viruses, organisms, species). The so-called problem of biological individuality can be defined by two central questions. An empirical question that asks how and why a set of biological entities can constitute an individual, and an ontological question that asks what a bi-ological individual is in general. In this research I will focus on the empirical question from a pluralistic and epistemic approach. I will argue that the diversity of criteria and practices used by biology to individuate nature is not a transitory state of scientific research, and should be preserved.application/pdfspaRevista Colombiana de Filosofía de la Ciencia, 0124-4620, Vol. 21 Núm 42, 2021, 149-174.https://revistas.unbosque.edu.co/index.php/rcfc/article/view/3502Allendorf, Fred y Gordon Luikart. Conservation and the Genetics of Populations. Ho-boken: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.Bedau, Mark A. y Carol E. Cleland. The Nature of Life: Classical and Contemporary Perspectives from Philosophy and Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Bouchard, Frédéric y Philippe Huneman. From Groups to Individuals: Evolution and Emerging Individuality. Cambridge: mit Press, 2013.Brigandt, Ingo. “Beyond Reduction and Pluralism: Toward an Epistemology of Ex-planatory Integration in Biology”. Erkenntnis 73.3 (2010): 295-311. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-010-9233-3>Buss, Leo W. The Evolution of Individuality. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.Carthey, Alexandra J. R. et ál. “Conserving the Holobiont”. Functional Ecology 34.4 (2020): 764-776. <https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13504>Chang, Hasok. Is Water H2O? Evidence, Realism and Pluralism. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.Cheung, Tobias. “What Is an ‘Organism’? On the Occurrence of a New Term and its Conceptual Transformations 1680-1850”. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 32.2-3 (2010): 155-194.Coates, David J. et ál. “Genetic Diversity and Conservation Units: Dealing with the Species-Population Continuum in the Age of Genomics”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 6.165 (2018). <https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2018.00165>Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.Ereshefsky, Mark. “Eliminative Pluralism”. Philosophy of Science 59.4 (1992): 671-690. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/289701>Ghiselin, Michael T. “A Radical Solution to the Species Problem”. Systematic Zoology23.4 (1974): 536-544. <https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2412471>Gould, Stephen Jay. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1989.Hacking, Ian. “The Disunities of the Sciences”. The Disunity of Science. Bounda-ries, Contexts, and Power. Eds. Peter Galison y David J. Stump. California: Stanford University Press, 1996. 37-74.Hempel, Carl y Paul Oppenheim. “Studies in the Logic of Explanation”. Philosophy of Science 15.2 (1948): 135-175.Hölldobler, Bert y Edward O. Wilson. The Superorganism: The Beauty, Elegance, and Strangeness of Insect Societies. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009.Hughes, Kevin A. et ál. “Protection of Antarctic Microbial Communities – ‘out of Sight, out of Mind’ ”. Frontiers in Microbiology 6.151 (2015). <https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00151>Kitcher, Philip. “Gene: Current Usages”. Keywords in Evolutionary Biology. Eds. Evelyn Fox Keller y Elisabeth A. Lloyd. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992. 128-131.Krakauer, David et ál. “The Information Theory of Individuality”. Theory in Bioscien-ces 139.2 (2020): 209-223. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-020-00313-7>Küppers, Bernd-Olaf. Information and the Origin of Life. Cambridge: mit Press, 1990.Lahav, Noam. Biogenesis: Theories of Life's Origin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.Lidgard, Scott y Lynn K. Nyhart. “The Work of Biological Individuality: Concepts and Contexts”. Biological Individuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. 17-62.Losos, Jonathan B. Improbable Destinies: Fate, Chance, and the Future of Evolution. New York: Riverhead Books, 2017.Love, Alan C. y Ingo Brigandt. “Philosophical Dimensions of Individuality”. Biolo-gical Individuality. Eds. Scott Lidgard y Lynn K. Nyhart. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. 318-348.Mora, Camilo et ál. “How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?” plosBiology 9.8 (2011): e1001127. <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127>National Research Council Committee on Metagenomics: Challenges and Func-tional, Applications. “The National Academies Collection: Reports Funded by National Institutes of Health”. The New Science of Metagenomics: Revealing the Secrets of Our Microbial Planet, National Academies Press (us). National Academy of Sciences, 2007.Niklas, Karl J. y Stuart A. Newman. Multicellularity. Origins and Evolution. Cambri-dge: mit Press, 2016.Pepper, John W. y Matthew D. Herron. “Does Biology Need an Organism Con-cept?” Biological Reviews 83 (2008): 621-627. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00057.x>Pradeu, Thomas et ál. “Understanding Viruses: Philosophical Investigations”. Stu-dies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philo-sophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 59.1 (2016): 57-63. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.02.008>Queller, David C. y Joan E. Strassmann. “Beyond Society: The Evolution of Orga-nismality”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences364.1533 (2009): 3143-55. <https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0095>Redford, Kent H., et ál. “Conservation and the Microbiome”. Conservation Biology: the Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology 26.2 (2012): 195-197. <ht-tps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01829.x>Robert, Jason Scott. “Evo-devo”. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Biology. Ed. Michael Ruse. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. 291-309.Secretaría del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica. Protocolo de Cartagena sobre seguridad de la biotecnología del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica. Mon-treal: Secretaría del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica, 2000.Shannon, Claude E. “A Mathematical Theory of Communication”. The Bell System Technical Journal 27.3 (1948): 379-423.Smith, John y Eors Szathmary. The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.Strassmann, Joan E. y David C. Queller. “The Social Organism: Congresses, Parties, and Committees”. Evolution 64.3 (2010): 605-16. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00929.x>Trevelline, Brian K. et ál. “Conservation Biology Needs a Microbial Renaissance: a Call for the Consideration of Host-Associated Microbiota in Wildlife Ma-nagement Practices”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286, 1895 (2019): 20182448. <https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2448>Umen, James G. “Green Algae and the Origins of Multicellularity in the Plant King-dom”. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in Biology 6.11 (2014): a016170. <ht-tps://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a016170>Waters, C. Kenneth. “Ask not ‘What Is an Individual?’ ” Individuation, Process, and Scientific Practices. Eds. Otavio Bueno, Ruey-Lin Chen y Melinda Bonnie Fagan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. 91-113.Wilson, David Sloan y Elliott Sober. “Reviving the Superorganism”. Journal of Theoretical Biology 136.3 (1989): 337-356. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(89)80169-9>Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacionalhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Acceso abiertohttps://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Individualidad biológicaOrganismosPluralismo epistémicoPregunta empíricaMonismoPregunta ontológicaRepresentación científicaBiological individualityOrganismsEpistemic pluralismEmpirical questionMonismOntological questionScientific representationLa formación de individuos biológicos: argumentos para un pluralismo epistémicoThe Formation of Biological Individuals:Arguments for an Epistemic PluralismArtículo de revistahttps://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttps://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Revista Colombiana de Filosofía de la CienciaORIGINALRCFC2021.jpgRCFC2021.jpgimage/jpeg51866https://pruebas-update-repositorio-unbosque.cloudbiteca.com/bitstreams/36f9598b-7966-4970-a138-8a52fd3ef85c/download88370780bde08d6ed8e83771d201ef96MD51trueAnonymousREADCC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-81031https://pruebas-update-repositorio-unbosque.cloudbiteca.com/bitstreams/9ffb8203-57e4-4247-bfbb-20e4a2e3bac5/download934f4ca17e109e0a05eaeaba504d7ce4MD52falseAnonymousREADLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://pruebas-update-repositorio-unbosque.cloudbiteca.com/bitstreams/fe3342e7-90bb-4808-b4b9-603d216f26cf/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53falseAnonymousREADTHUMBNAILRCFC2021.jpg.jpgRCFC2021.jpg.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg2930https://pruebas-update-repositorio-unbosque.cloudbiteca.com/bitstreams/99140935-9cdd-45cc-aacb-2619ae1a725d/download7c734de781832308fe51743ba4b55015MD54falseAnonymousREAD20.500.12495/6307oai:pruebas-update-repositorio-unbosque.cloudbiteca.com:20.500.12495/63072021-11-04T03:02:59.219Zhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacionalopen.accesshttps://pruebas-update-repositorio-unbosque.cloudbiteca.comRepositorio Institucional Universidad El Bosquebibliotecas@biteca.comTk9URTogUExBQ0UgWU9VUiBPV04gTElDRU5TRSBIRVJFClRoaXMgc2FtcGxlIGxpY2Vuc2UgaXMgcHJvdmlkZWQgZm9yIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uYWwgcHVycG9zZXMgb25seS4KCk5PTi1FWENMVVNJVkUgRElTVFJJQlVUSU9OIExJQ0VOU0UKCkJ5IHNpZ25pbmcgYW5kIHN1Ym1pdHRpbmcgdGhpcyBsaWNlbnNlLCB5b3UgKHRoZSBhdXRob3Iocykgb3IgY29weXJpZ2h0Cm93bmVyKSBncmFudHMgdG8gRFNwYWNlIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgKERTVSkgdGhlIG5vbi1leGNsdXNpdmUgcmlnaHQgdG8gcmVwcm9kdWNlLAp0cmFuc2xhdGUgKGFzIGRlZmluZWQgYmVsb3cpLCBhbmQvb3IgZGlzdHJpYnV0ZSB5b3VyIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gKGluY2x1ZGluZwp0aGUgYWJzdHJhY3QpIHdvcmxkd2lkZSBpbiBwcmludCBhbmQgZWxlY3Ryb25pYyBmb3JtYXQgYW5kIGluIGFueSBtZWRpdW0sCmluY2x1ZGluZyBidXQgbm90IGxpbWl0ZWQgdG8gYXVkaW8gb3IgdmlkZW8uCgpZb3UgYWdyZWUgdGhhdCBEU1UgbWF5LCB3aXRob3V0IGNoYW5naW5nIHRoZSBjb250ZW50LCB0cmFuc2xhdGUgdGhlCnN1Ym1pc3Npb24gdG8gYW55IG1lZGl1bSBvciBmb3JtYXQgZm9yIHRoZSBwdXJwb3NlIG9mIHByZXNlcnZhdGlvbi4KCllvdSBhbHNvIGFncmVlIHRoYXQgRFNVIG1heSBrZWVwIG1vcmUgdGhhbiBvbmUgY29weSBvZiB0aGlzIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gZm9yCnB1cnBvc2VzIG9mIHNlY3VyaXR5LCBiYWNrLXVwIGFuZCBwcmVzZXJ2YXRpb24uCgpZb3UgcmVwcmVzZW50IHRoYXQgdGhlIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gaXMgeW91ciBvcmlnaW5hbCB3b3JrLCBhbmQgdGhhdCB5b3UgaGF2ZQp0aGUgcmlnaHQgdG8gZ3JhbnQgdGhlIHJpZ2h0cyBjb250YWluZWQgaW4gdGhpcyBsaWNlbnNlLiBZb3UgYWxzbyByZXByZXNlbnQKdGhhdCB5b3VyIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gZG9lcyBub3QsIHRvIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHlvdXIga25vd2xlZGdlLCBpbmZyaW5nZSB1cG9uCmFueW9uZSdzIGNvcHlyaWdodC4KCklmIHRoZSBzdWJtaXNzaW9uIGNvbnRhaW5zIG1hdGVyaWFsIGZvciB3aGljaCB5b3UgZG8gbm90IGhvbGQgY29weXJpZ2h0LAp5b3UgcmVwcmVzZW50IHRoYXQgeW91IGhhdmUgb2J0YWluZWQgdGhlIHVucmVzdHJpY3RlZCBwZXJtaXNzaW9uIG9mIHRoZQpjb3B5cmlnaHQgb3duZXIgdG8gZ3JhbnQgRFNVIHRoZSByaWdodHMgcmVxdWlyZWQgYnkgdGhpcyBsaWNlbnNlLCBhbmQgdGhhdApzdWNoIHRoaXJkLXBhcnR5IG93bmVkIG1hdGVyaWFsIGlzIGNsZWFybHkgaWRlbnRpZmllZCBhbmQgYWNrbm93bGVkZ2VkCndpdGhpbiB0aGUgdGV4dCBvciBjb250ZW50IG9mIHRoZSBzdWJtaXNzaW9uLgoKSUYgVEhFIFNVQk1JU1NJT04gSVMgQkFTRUQgVVBPTiBXT1JLIFRIQVQgSEFTIEJFRU4gU1BPTlNPUkVEIE9SIFNVUFBPUlRFRApCWSBBTiBBR0VOQ1kgT1IgT1JHQU5JWkFUSU9OIE9USEVSIFRIQU4gRFNVLCBZT1UgUkVQUkVTRU5UIFRIQVQgWU9VIEhBVkUKRlVMRklMTEVEIEFOWSBSSUdIVCBPRiBSRVZJRVcgT1IgT1RIRVIgT0JMSUdBVElPTlMgUkVRVUlSRUQgQlkgU1VDSApDT05UUkFDVCBPUiBBR1JFRU1FTlQuCgpEU1Ugd2lsbCBjbGVhcmx5IGlkZW50aWZ5IHlvdXIgbmFtZShzKSBhcyB0aGUgYXV0aG9yKHMpIG9yIG93bmVyKHMpIG9mIHRoZQpzdWJtaXNzaW9uLCBhbmQgd2lsbCBub3QgbWFrZSBhbnkgYWx0ZXJhdGlvbiwgb3RoZXIgdGhhbiBhcyBhbGxvd2VkIGJ5IHRoaXMKbGljZW5zZSwgdG8geW91ciBzdWJtaXNzaW9uLgo=

La formación de individuos biológicos: argumentos para un pluralismo epistémico

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