Medición de perfiles verticales de material particulado en la Sabana de Bogotá

ilustraciones, fotografías, graficas, mapas

Autores:: Jaimes Gonzalez, Daniel Alejandro

Tipo de recurso:

Fecha de publicación:: 2022

Institución:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Repositorio:: Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Idioma:: spa

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repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Medición de perfiles verticales de material particulado en la Sabana de Bogotá
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv	Measurement of vertical profiles of particulate matter in the Bogotá Savanna
title	Medición de perfiles verticales de material particulado en la Sabana de Bogotá
spellingShingle	Medición de perfiles verticales de material particulado en la Sabana de Bogotá 550 - Ciencias de la tierra CALIDAD DEL AIRE CONTAMINACION DEL AIRE-CONTROL INDUSTRIAL CONTROL DE CALIDAD DEL AIRE Air quality Air quality management Sensores de bajo costo Perfiles verticales PM2.5 Drone Low cost sensors Vertical Profiles
title_short	Medición de perfiles verticales de material particulado en la Sabana de Bogotá
title_full	Medición de perfiles verticales de material particulado en la Sabana de Bogotá
title_fullStr	Medición de perfiles verticales de material particulado en la Sabana de Bogotá
title_full_unstemmed	Medición de perfiles verticales de material particulado en la Sabana de Bogotá
title_sort	Medición de perfiles verticales de material particulado en la Sabana de Bogotá
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Jaimes Gonzalez, Daniel Alejandro
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Rojas Roa, Néstor Yezid
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Jaimes Gonzalez, Daniel Alejandro
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv	Calidad del Aire
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv	550 - Ciencias de la tierra
topic	550 - Ciencias de la tierra CALIDAD DEL AIRE CONTAMINACION DEL AIRE-CONTROL INDUSTRIAL CONTROL DE CALIDAD DEL AIRE Air quality Air quality management Sensores de bajo costo Perfiles verticales PM2.5 Drone Low cost sensors Vertical Profiles
dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv	CALIDAD DEL AIRE CONTAMINACION DEL AIRE-CONTROL INDUSTRIAL CONTROL DE CALIDAD DEL AIRE
dc.subject.lemb.enge.fl_str_mv	Air quality
dc.subject.lemb.eng.fl_str_mv	Air quality management
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	Sensores de bajo costo Perfiles verticales
dc.subject.proposal.none.fl_str_mv	PM2.5
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	Drone Low cost sensors Vertical Profiles
description	ilustraciones, fotografías, graficas, mapas
publishDate	2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2022-08-25T19:00:30Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2022-08-25T19:00:30Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2022
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
status_str	acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82110
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
url	https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82110 https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	spa
language	spa
dc.relation.indexed.spa.fl_str_mv	RedCol LaReferencia
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Organizacion Mundial de la Salud, “Actualización mundial 2005,” 2005. [Online]. Available: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/69478/WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_spa.pdf%0Ajsessionid=970454FA25DFB60943EBC3409FF7E87B?sequence=1. J. Schwartz, D. W. Dockery, and L. M. Neas, “Is Daily Mortality Associated Specifically with Fine Particles?,” J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 927–939, 1996, doi: 10.1080/10473289.1996.10467528. World Health Organization, “Ambient air pollution attributable deaths,” 2016. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/ambient-air-pollution-attributable-deaths INS, “INS: 17,549 muertes en Colombia están asociadas a mala calidad del agua, del aire y a la exposición a combustibles pesados,” pp. 1–3, 2019. C. A. Pope III, R. T. Burnett, M. J. Thun, E. E. Calle, D. Krewski, and G. D. Thurston, “Lung Cancer, Cadiopulmonary Mortality and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution,” J. Am. Med. Assoc., vol. 287, no. 9, pp. 1132–1141, 2002 B. Mundial, “Environmental Health Costs in Colombia: Changes from 2002 to 2010.” Washington DC, 2012, Accessed: Aug. 25, 2021. [Online]. Available: www.worldbank.org J. O. Pinto et al., “The status and future of small uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) in operational meteorology,” Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., vol. 102, no. 11, pp. E2121–E2136, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0138.1 World Meteorological Organization, “Statement of guidance for high-resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP).” WMO, p. 10, 2018 A. L. Houston, L. M. PytlikZillig, and J. C. Walther, “National weather service data needs for short-term forecasts and the role of unmanned aircraft in filling the gap: Results from a nationwide survey,” Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., vol. 102, no. 11, pp. E2106–E2120, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0183.1 University of Wyoming, “University of Wyoming - Radiosonde Data,” 2022. http://weather.uwyo.edu/cgi-bin/sounding?region=samer&TYPE=TEXT%3ALIST&YEAR=2021&MONTH=08&FROM=1212&TO=1012&STNM=80222 Instituto de Hidrología Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales, “RADIOSONDEOS COLOMBIA - IDEAM,” 2022. http://www.meteoaeronautica.gov.co/radiosondeos-colombia S. A. H. Mohsan, M. A. Khan, F. Noor, I. Ullah, and M. H. Alsharif, “Towards the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Comprehensive Review,” Drones, vol. 6, no. 6, p. 147, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.3390/drones6060147 T. Watai, T. Machida, N. Ishizaki, and G. Inoue, “A lightweight observation system for atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration using a small unmanned aerial vehicle,” J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 700–710, 2006, doi: 10.1175/JTECH1866.1 V. Lambey and A. D. Prasad, “A Review on Air Quality Measurement Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol. 232, no. 3. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11270-020-04973-5 R. Cichowicz and M. Dobrzański, “Spatial analysis (Measurements at heights of 10 m and 20 m above ground level) of the concentrations of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0) and gaseous pollutants (H2s) on the university campus: A case study,” Atmosphere (Basel)., vol. 12, no. 1, p. 62, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3390/atmos12010062 L. Jin et al., “Unmanned aerial vehicle observations of the vertical distribution of particulate matter in the surface layer of the Taklimakan Desert in China,” Atmosphere (Basel)., vol. 11, no. 9, p. 980, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.3390/atmos11090980 T. Wang et al., “Unmanned aerial vehicle-borne sensor system for atmosphere-particulate-matter measurements: Design and experiments,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 20, no. 1, 2020, doi: 10.3390/s20010057 C. 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Environ., vol. 173, pp. 62–71, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.009 J. B. Babaan, J. P. Ballori, A. M. Tamondong, R. V. Ramos, and P. M. Ostrea, “Estimation of PM 2.5 vertical distribution using customized UAV and mobile sensors in Brgy. UP Campus, Diliman, Quezon City,” in International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives, Oct. 2018, vol. 42, no. 4/W9, pp. 89–103, doi: 10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W9-89-2018. S. M. Krishna, M. Gangadhar, and C. V. K. Rao, “Ambient air quality monitoring PM2.5 with quadcopter in rajam town of srikakulam district of andhra pradesh,” Int. J. Mech. Eng. Technol., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 780–785, 2018, Accessed: May 30, 2021 T. F. Villa, E. R. Jayaratne, L. F. Gonzalez, and L. Morawska, “Determination of the vertical profile of particle number concentration adjacent to a motorway using an unmanned aerial vehicle,” Environ. Pollut., vol. 230, pp. 134–142, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.033 S. Qiu, B. Chen, R. Wang, Z. Zhu, Y. Wang, and X. Qiu, “Estimating contaminant source in chemical industry park using UAV-based monitoring platform, artificial neural network and atmospheric dispersion simulation,” RSC Adv., vol. 7, no. 63, pp. 39726–39738, Aug. 2017, doi: 10.1039/c7ra05637k. M. Alvarado, F. Gonzalez, P. Erskine, D. Cliff, and D. Heuff, “A methodology to monitor airborne PM10 dust particles using a small unmanned aerial vehicle,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 17, no. 2, p. 343, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.3390/s17020343 J. Aurell, W. Mitchell, V. Chirayath, J. Jonsson, D. Tabor, and B. Gullett, “Field determination of multipollutant, open area combustion source emission factors with a hexacopter unmanned aerial vehicle,” Atmos. Environ., vol. 166, pp. 433–440, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.07.046 K. Weber, G. Heweling, C. Fischer, and M. Lange, “The use of an octocopter UAV for the determination of air pollutants--a case study of the traffic induced pollution plume around a river bridge in Duesseldorf, Germany,” Int. J. Environ. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 63–68, 2017 Y. Yang, Z. Zheng, K. Bian, L. Song, and Z. Han, “Real-Time Profiling of Fine-Grained Air Quality Index Distribution Using UAV Sensing,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 186–198, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2017.2777820 J. M. Brady, M. D. Stokes, J. Bonnardel, and T. H. Bertram, “Characterization of a Quadrotor Unmanned Aircraft System for Aerosol-Particle-Concentration Measurements,” Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 1376–1383, Feb. 2016, doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05320 M. Alvarado, F. Gonzalez, A. Fletcher, and A. Doshi, “Towards the development of a low cost airborne sensing system to monitor dust particles after blasting at open-pit mine sites,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 19667–19687, 2015, doi: 10.3390/s150819667 B. Altstädter et al., “ALADINA - An unmanned research aircraft for observing vertical and horizontal distributions of ultrafine particles within the atmospheric boundary layer,” Atmos. Meas. Tech., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1627–1639, Apr. 2015, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-1627-2015 W. A. Harrison, D. J. Lary, B. J. Nathan, and A. G. Moore, “Using remote control aerial vehicles to study variability of airborne particulates,” Air, Soil Water Res., vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 43–51, Aug. 2015, doi: 10.4137/ASWR.S30774 C. C. Peng and C. Y. Hsu, “Integration of an unmanned vehicle and its application to real-time gas detection and monitoring,” in 2015 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Taiwan, ICCE-TW 2015, Aug. 2015, pp. 320–321, doi: 10.1109/ICCE-TW.2015.7216921. P. Haas, C. Balistreri, P. Pontelandolfo, and G. Triscone, “Development of an unmanned aerial vehicle UAV for air quality measurements in urban areas,” Am. Inst. Aeronaut. Astronaut., no. June, pp. 1–9, 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-2272 T. S. Bates et al., “Measurements of atmospheric aerosol vertical distributions above Svalbard, Norway, using unmanned aerial systems (UAS),” Atmos. Meas. Tech., vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 2115–2120, 2013, doi: 10.5194/amt-6-2115-2013 T. F. Villa, F. Salimi, K. Morton, L. Morawska, and F. Gonzalez, “Development and validation of a UAV based system for air pollution measurements,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 16, no. 12, p. 2202, Dec. 2016, doi: 10.3390/s16122202 L. Barbieri et al., “Intercomparison of small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) measurements for atmospheric science during the LAPSE-RATE campaign,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 19, no. 9, p. 2179, May 2019, doi: 10.3390/s19092179 B. R. Greene, A. R. Segales, T. M. Bell, E. A. Pillar-Little, and P. B. Chilson, “Environmental and sensor integration influences on temperature measurements by rotary-wing unmanned aircraft systems,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 19, no. 6, p. 1470, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.3390/s19061470 A. L. Houston and J. M. Keeler, “The impact of sensor response and airspeed on the representation of the convective boundary layer and airmass boundaries by small unmanned aircraft systems,” J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 1687–1699, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0019.1 DNP, “Calidad del Aire. Una prioridad de Politica Publica en Colombia,” in Calidad del aire una prioridad de politica publica en Colombia, 2018, p. 69, [Online]. Available: https://www.dnp.gov.co/Portals/0/archivos/documentos/Subdireccion/Conpes/3582.pdf. Secretaria Distrital de Ambiente, “INFORME MENSUAL DE LA RED DE MONITOREO DE CALIDAD DEL AIRE DE BOGOTÁ-RMCAB ENERO 2022,” 2022 Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca, “BOLETÍN MENSUAL DE CALIDAD DEL AIRE CAR,” Bogotá, 2022. Accessed: Jul. 10, 2022 R. Duvall et al., Performance Testing Protocols, Metrics, and Target Values for Fine Particulate Matter Air Sensors: Use in Ambient, Outdoor, Fixed Sites, Non-Regulatory Supplemental and Informational Monitoring Applications. EPA, 2021 R. Williams et al., “Peer Review and Supporting Literature Review of Air Sensor Technology Performance Targets,” no. September, p. 33, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-10/documents/peer_review_and_supporting_literature_review_of_air_sensor_technology_performance_targets.pdf Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca, “Histórico de series hidrometeorológicas \| CAR,” 2018 DJI, “Matrice 600 Pro - User Manual,” 2022. Matrice 600 Pro, “Matrice 600 Pro - Product Information - DJI,” 2021. https://www.dji.com/matrice600/info#downloads W. S. Cleveland, E. Grosse, and W. M. Shyu, “Local Regression Models,” in Statistical Models in S, 1st Editio., T. J. H. John M. Chambers, Ed. New York: Routledge, 1992 “Numerical Differentiation Introduction in R.” https://rstudio-pubs-static.s3.amazonaws.com/295650_406b32cdd2d34ca3a150bbe95010d665.html US EPA, “List of designated reference and equivalent methods. United State Environmental Protection Agency, available at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/files/ambient/criteria/reference-equivalent-methods-list.pdf,” 2014 L. Wang, M. Xu, Q. Hou, Z. Wang, Y. Lan, and S. Wang, “Numerical verification on influence of multi-feature parameters to the downwash airflow field and operation effect of a six-rotor agricultural UAV in flight,” Comput. Electron. Agric., vol. 190, p. 106425, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2021.106425 Q. Guo et al., “CFD simulation and experimental verification of the spatial and temporal distributions of the downwash airflow of a quad-rotor agricultural UAV in hover,” Comput. Electron. Agric., vol. 172, May 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2020.105343 P. P. Neumann and M. Bartholmai, “Real-time wind estimation on a micro unmanned aerial vehicle using its inertial measurement unit,” Sensors Actuators, A Phys., vol. 235, pp. 300–310, Nov. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2015.09.036 L. N. C. Sikkel, G. C. H. E. De Croon, C. De Wagter, and Q. P. Chu, “A novel online model-based wind estimation approach for quadrotor micro air vehicles using low cost MEMS IMUs,” in IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Nov. 2016, vol. 2016-Novem, pp. 2141–2146, doi: 10.1109/IROS.2016.7759336 Y. Qu, Z. Xing, Y. Zhang, and Z. Yu, “Real-time wind vector estimation for a micro UAV,” in 2017 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems, ICUAS 2017, Jul. 2017, pp. 1716–1721, doi: 10.1109/ICUAS.2017.7991356 M. Simma, H. Mjøen, and T. Boström, “Measuring wind speed using the internal stabilization system of a quadrotor drone,” Drones, vol. 4, no. 2. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, pp. 1–10, Jun. 16, 2020, doi: 10.3390/drones4020023
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dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv	xx, 94 páginas
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv	Bogotá - Ingeniería - Maestría en Ingeniería - Ingeniería Ambiental
dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv	Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv	Facultad de Ingeniería
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv	Bogotá, Colombia
dc.publisher.branch.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
institution	Universidad Nacional de Colombia
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spelling	Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Rojas Roa, Néstor Yezidc2f49720722eb02ba712745809147c3eJaimes Gonzalez, Daniel Alejandro2558ea8cbe1248614977a9b7e0022db1Calidad del Aire2022-08-25T19:00:30Z2022-08-25T19:00:30Z2022https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82110Universidad Nacional de ColombiaRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiahttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ilustraciones, fotografías, graficas, mapasLa calidad del aire es una de las mayores preocupaciones para la ciudadanía. En los últimos años se han emitido estados de prevención por la mala calidad del aire en la ciudad de Bogotá y los alrededores. Un componente clave en la declaración de alertas ha sido el pronóstico de la calidad del aire con modelos de transporte químico de la atmósfera. Este tipo de herramientas se alimenta de datos satelitales y de superficie para su ajuste y verificación. Sin embargo, para el caso de material particulado, solo existen mediciones a nivel del suelo o mediciones remotas. Contar con herramientas para la medición de material particulado en la vertical puede fortalecer el desempeño de estos modelos. En este trabajo, se evalúa el uso de sensores de bajo costo y su uso en equipos drone para la medición de material particulado a diferentes alturas, en los primeros 500 metros de la atmósfera. Esto permite la obtención de perfiles de concentración, los cuales muestran que la atmósfera presenta al menos dos capas bien diferenciadas desde la madrugada, antes de alcanzar una concentración uniforme por mezclado vertical. (Texto tomado de la fuente)Air quality is a major concern for citizens. In the last few years, air pollution alerts have been declared in the city of Bogota and its surrounding areas. These alerts have been known in advance of their occurrence thanks to the city's air quality forecasting and modeling tools. This type of tool relies on satellite and surface data for adjustment and verification. However, for particulate matter, only ground level or remote measurements are available. Having tools for measuring particulate matter vertically can strengthen the performance of these models. In this work, we evaluate the use of low-cost sensors and their use in drone equipment for the measurement of particulate matter at different altitudes, in the first 500 meters of the atmosphere. This allows obtaining concentration profiles, which show that the atmosphere presents at least two well differentiated layers from early morning, before reaching a uniform concentration by vertical mixing.MaestríaMagíster en Ingeniería - Ingeniería AmbientalPara evaluar los sensores a usar, se usará la metodología recomendada por la EPA. La cual tiene como objeto comparar el rendimiento de los sensores de calidad del aire para aplicaciones que no requieren comprar con la normatividad. Como lo puede ser caracterizaciones o análisis de tendencias. Para ello la EPA recomienda dos procedimientos, uno que consiste en instalar los sensores en un ambiente donde se conoce completamente las condiciones, como la temperatura y la humedad el aire. La segunda metodología consiste en la comparación con monitoreos de referencia o FRM/FEM, los cuales cumplen estándares de la EPA para la emisión de información ambiental que puede ser usada para tomar decisiones de carácter legal. Esto implica el uso de estándares trazables, mantenimientos preventivos, verificaciones y demás herramientas de control establecidas por el fabricante. Es esta segunda metodología la usada para determinar la aptitud de los sensores de calidad del aire.Contaminación del aire por material particulado: caracterizaciónxx, 94 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá - Ingeniería - Maestría en Ingeniería - Ingeniería AmbientalDepartamento de Ingeniería Química y AmbientalFacultad de IngenieríaBogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá550 - Ciencias de la tierraCALIDAD DEL AIRECONTAMINACION DEL AIRE-CONTROL INDUSTRIALCONTROL DE CALIDAD DEL AIREAir qualityAir quality managementSensores de bajo costoPerfiles verticalesPM2.5DroneLow cost sensorsVertical ProfilesMedición de perfiles verticales de material particulado en la Sabana de BogotáMeasurement of vertical profiles of particulate matter in the Bogotá SavannaTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMRedColLaReferenciaOrganizacion Mundial de la Salud, “Actualización mundial 2005,” 2005. 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Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, pp. 1–10, Jun. 16, 2020, doi: 10.3390/drones4020023EstudiantesInvestigadoresMaestrosLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82110/1/license.txt8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD51ORIGINAL1030598762.2022.pdf1030598762.2022.pdfTesis de Maestría en Ingeniería - Ingeniería Ambientalapplication/pdf4655446https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82110/2/1030598762.2022.pdf1d60cace542500d61595a618297b111cMD52THUMBNAIL1030598762.2022.pdf.jpg1030598762.2022.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4597https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/unal/82110/3/1030598762.2022.pdf.jpg21b2b416a7e4bfbf1aa1e25ce19afbd3MD53unal/82110oai:repositorio.unal.edu.co:unal/821102024-08-09 23:21:46.964Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiarepositorio_nal@unal.edu.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

Medición de perfiles verticales de material particulado en la Sabana de Bogotá

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