Efficacy of diagnostic testing for allergen sensitization in canine atopic dermatitis : a systematic review

Introduction: Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is an important cause of quality of life in dogs and their owners. There are different diagnostic tools to evaluate sensitization to allergens in CAD; however, there is little information to evaluate the clinical usefulness of these tests. Methods: A syst...

Full description

Autores:
Morales Romero, Roger Alexis
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2025
Institución:
Universidad de Antioquia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UdeA
Idioma:
eng
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/46311
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/10495/46311
Palabra clave:
Alérgenos
Allergens
Dermatitis atópica
Dermatitis, Atopic
Técnicas y Procedimientos Diagnósticos
Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures
Dermatitis atópica canina
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000485
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D003876
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D019937
ODS 3: Salud y bienestar. Garantizar una vida sana y promover el bienestar de todos a todas las edades
Rights
openAccess
License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
id UDEA2_fce7595e5ee62e980c26aaf6b8d140a6
oai_identifier_str oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/46311
network_acronym_str UDEA2
network_name_str Repositorio UdeA
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Efficacy of diagnostic testing for allergen sensitization in canine atopic dermatitis : a systematic review
title Efficacy of diagnostic testing for allergen sensitization in canine atopic dermatitis : a systematic review
spellingShingle Efficacy of diagnostic testing for allergen sensitization in canine atopic dermatitis : a systematic review
Alérgenos
Allergens
Dermatitis atópica
Dermatitis, Atopic
Técnicas y Procedimientos Diagnósticos
Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures
Dermatitis atópica canina
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000485
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D003876
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D019937
ODS 3: Salud y bienestar. Garantizar una vida sana y promover el bienestar de todos a todas las edades
title_short Efficacy of diagnostic testing for allergen sensitization in canine atopic dermatitis : a systematic review
title_full Efficacy of diagnostic testing for allergen sensitization in canine atopic dermatitis : a systematic review
title_fullStr Efficacy of diagnostic testing for allergen sensitization in canine atopic dermatitis : a systematic review
title_full_unstemmed Efficacy of diagnostic testing for allergen sensitization in canine atopic dermatitis : a systematic review
title_sort Efficacy of diagnostic testing for allergen sensitization in canine atopic dermatitis : a systematic review
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Morales Romero, Roger Alexis
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Maldonado Estrada, Juan Guillermo
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Morales Romero, Roger Alexis
dc.contributor.researchgroup.none.fl_str_mv One Health and Veterinary Innovative Research and Development (OHVRI)
dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv Roldán Villalobos, Wendy
Guzmán Rodríguez, Jorge
dc.subject.decs.none.fl_str_mv Alérgenos
Allergens
Dermatitis atópica
Dermatitis, Atopic
Técnicas y Procedimientos Diagnósticos
Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures
topic Alérgenos
Allergens
Dermatitis atópica
Dermatitis, Atopic
Técnicas y Procedimientos Diagnósticos
Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures
Dermatitis atópica canina
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000485
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D003876
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D019937
ODS 3: Salud y bienestar. Garantizar una vida sana y promover el bienestar de todos a todas las edades
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Dermatitis atópica canina
dc.subject.meshuri.none.fl_str_mv https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000485
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D003876
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D019937
dc.subject.ods.none.fl_str_mv ODS 3: Salud y bienestar. Garantizar una vida sana y promover el bienestar de todos a todas las edades
description Introduction: Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is an important cause of quality of life in dogs and their owners. There are different diagnostic tools to evaluate sensitization to allergens in CAD; however, there is little information to evaluate the clinical usefulness of these tests. Methods: A systematic review aiming to assess the accuracy of allergen sensitization tests in CAD patients was performed. The search was planned, executed, and reported following PRISMA standards. The OVID®/MEDLINE, PubMed®, SciELO, and Redalyc databases were searched to find relevant studies comprising “diagnostic method” (OR test OR diagnosis OR method OR diagnostic OR paraclinic=) AND (atopic = OR hypersensitivity* OR allergen* OR “allergic reaction*” OR atopy) AND (dermatitis OR eczema OR scratching OR prurit = OR erythema OR rash OR edema) AND (canine OR dog* OR bitch* OR pupp*) search. Defined relevant articles were systematized, and content was analyzed via Atlas TI Scientific Software Development Software. Results: The groups of diagnostic tests included the intradermal test (IDT), serologic-specific allergen test (SAT), skin prick test (SPT), and patch test. Combining the results from all the search engines and deduplicate elimination, yielded 928 eligible citations published between 1963 and 2024, and the 72 articles that met the eligibility criteria were included in the qualitative synthesis evaluating SAT (n = 36), IDT (n = 37), SPT (n = 2), and patch tests (n = 1) reporting the use of 136 different allergens. Favrot’s clinical criteria were applied in 41.6% of the studies (30/72), with no previous consensus on the case definition for CAD. Discussion: The results of the review indicate that there is little information available to establish the diagnostic performance of the tests, which makes it difficult to make a recommendation regarding their use. In this systematic review they identified gaps in current knowledge that suggest the need for future research to standardize allergenic extracts, define cutoff points in serological tests, and consider environmental, geographic, and demographic variables. These findings provide a solid basis for improving the diagnosis and management of CAD and guiding future research in this field. Further studies are needed to adequately establish the diagnostic performance of the tests and their actual clinical usefulness.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2025-06-10T20:46:52Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcce
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/draft
status_str draft
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10495/46311
url https://hdl.handle.net/10495/46311
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
spa
language eng
spa
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv 1. Nielsen TD, Dean RS, Robinson NJ, Massey A, Brennan ML. Survey of the UK veterinary profession: common species and conditions nominated by veterinarians in practice. Vet Rec. (2014) 174:324–4. doi: 10.1136/vr.101745
2. Favrot C, Linek M, Mueller R, Zini Efor the International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis. Development of a questionnaire to assess the impact of atopic dermatitis on health-related quality of life of affected dogs and their owners. Vet Dermatol. (2010) 21:64–70. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00781.x
3. Noli C. Assessing quality of life for pets with dermatologic disease and their owners. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract. (2019) 49:83–93. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.08.008
4. Harvey N, Craigon P, Shaw S, Blott S, England G. Behaviooural differences in dogs with atopic dermatitis suggest stress could be a significant problem associated with chronic pruritus. Animals. (2019) 9:813. doi: 10.3390/ani9100813
5. Chermprapai S, Anukkul PC, Kritsadasima T, Kromkhun P, Thengchaisri N. Comparing the results of intradermal skin tests for four dust mite allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis in Thailand. Vet World. (2020) 13:2381–7. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2381-2387
6. Basagaña M, Bartolomé B, Pastor C, Torres F, Alonso R, Vivanco F, et al. Allergy to human seminal fluid: cross-reactivity with dog dander. J Allergy Clin Immunol. (2008) 121:233–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.10.008
7. Agler CS, Friedenberg S, Olivry T, Meurs KM, Olby NJ. Genome-wide association analysis in West Highland White terriers with atopic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (2019) 209:1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.01.004
8. Brownstone ND, Koo J. Is the pathology in atopic dermatitis limited only to the skin? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. (2020) 8:3507. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.07.045
9. Marsella R, Girolomoni G. Canine models of atopic dermatitis: a useful tool with untapped potential. J Invest Dermatol. (2009) 129:2351–7. doi: 10.1038/jid.2009.98
10. Hamed A, Todd I, Tighe PJ, Powell RJ, Harrison T, Fairclough LC. Array-based measurements of aero-allergen-specific IgE correlate with skin-prick test reactivity in asthma regardless of specific IgG4 or total IgE measurements. J Immunol Methods. (2021) 492:112999. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.112999
11. Lockey RF In: FL Richard and DK Ledford, editors. Allergens and allergen immunotherapy. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press (2008)
12. Mueller RS, Chapman PL, Rosychuk REW, Bettenay SV, Fieseler KV. Evaluation of cross-reactivity of allergens by use of intradermal testing in atopic dogs. Am J Vet Res. (2002) 63:874–9. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.874
13. Plant JD, Neradelik MB, Polissar NL, Fadok VA, Scott BA. Agreement between allergen-specific IgE assays and ensuing immunotherapy recommendations from four commercial laboratories in the USA. Vet Dermatol. (2014) 25:15–e6. doi: 10.1111/vde.12104
14. Favrot C, Steffan J, Seewald W, Picco F. A prospective study on the clinical features of chronic canine atopic dermatitis and its diagnosis. Vet Dermatol. (2010) 21:23–31. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00758.x
15. Nuttall TJ, Halliwell REW. Serum antibodies to Malassezia yeasts in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. (2001) 12:327–32. doi: 10.1046/j.0959-4493.2001.00261.x
16. Levy RM, Gelfand JM, Yan AC. The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Clin Dermatol. (2003) 21:109–15. doi: 10.1016/S0738-081X(02)00360-7
17. Hillier A, Griffin CE. The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (I): incidence and prevalence. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (2001) 81:147–51. doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00296-3
18. Wilhem S, Kovalik M, Favrot C. Breed-associated phenotypes in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. (2011) 22:143–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00925.x
19. Cohn L, Coté E. Atopic dermatitis In: Cote’s clinical veterinary advisor dogs and cats. St Luis, Missouri: Elsevier (2020). 91–3.
20. Olivry T, Deangelo KB, Dunston SM, Clarke KB, McCall CA. Patch testing of experimentally sensitized beagle dogs: development of a model for skin lesions of atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. (2006) 17:95–102. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2006.00502.x
21. Olivry T, Mueller RS. Critically appraised topic on adverse food reactions of companion animals (7): signalment and cutaneous manifestations of dogs and cats with adverse food reactions. BMC Vet Res. (2019) 15:140. doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-1880-2
22. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. (2021) 372:n71. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71
23. Chermprapai S, Thengchaisri N. A descriptive study of allergen-specific IgE serological tests for canine atopic dermatitis in Thailand. BMC Vet Res. (2020) 16:475. doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02684-x
24. Frezza APDM, Lourenço MLG, Meira J, Tsukui T, Kageyama M, De Araújo Machado LH. Seroprevalence of Dermatophagoides farinae-specific IgE in dogs with atopic dermatitis in São Paulo, Brazil. Res Vet Sci. (2023) 164:105002. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105002
25. Fleischman DA, Morris DO. Pilot study to determine the concordance between skin prick and intradermal test (IDT) reactivity to environmental allergens in atopic dogs using IDT as the gold standard. Vet Dermatol. (2023) 34:505–13. doi: 10.1111/vde.13187
26. Sævik BK, Ulstein TL, Larsen HJS. Evaluation of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of allergen-specific IgE antibodies in dogs. Res Vet Sci. (2003) 74:37–45. doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(02)00151-0
27. Sasaki Y, Kitagawa H, Fujioka T, Kitoh K, Iwasaki T, Sakaguchi M, et al. Hypersensitivity to Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen in dogs. J Vet Med Sci. (1995) 57:683–5. doi: 10.1292/jvms.57.683
28. Mueller RS, Cannon A, Reubl GH, Ihrke PJ. Serum and skin IgA concentrations in normal and atopic dogs. Aust Vet J. (1997) 75:906–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb11264.x
29. Noli C, Bernadina WE, Willemse T. The significance of reactions to purified fractions of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (1996) 52:147–57. doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(96)05550-x
30. Hämmerling, De Weck. Comparison of two diagnostic tests for canine atopy using monoclonal anti-IgE antibodies. Vet Dermatol. (1998) 9:191–9. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.1998.00110.x
31. Moya R, Carnés J, Sinovas N, Ramió L, Brazis P, Puigdemont A. Immunoproteomic characterization of a Dermatophagoides farinae extract used in the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (2016) 180:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.08.004
32. Willemse A, Noordzij A, Van den Brom WE, Rutten VP. Allergen specific IgGd antibodies in dogs with atopic dermatitis as determined by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clin Exp Immunol. (1985) 59:359–63.
33. Khantavee N, Chanthick C, Tungtrongchitr A, Techakriengkrai N, Suradhat S, Sookrung N, et al. Immunoglobulin G1 subclass responses can be used to detect specific allergy to the house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in atopic dogs. BMC Vet Res. (2021) 17:71. doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-02768-2
34. Day MJ, Corato A, Shaw SE. Subclass profile of allergen-specific IgG antibodies in atopic dogs. Res Vet Sci. (1996) 61:136–42. doi: 10.1016/s0034-5288(96)90088-0
35. Hammerberg B, Bevier D, DeBoer DJ, Olivry T, Orton SM, Gebhard D, et al. Auto IgG anti-IgE and IgG × IgE immune complex presence and effects on ELISA-based quantitation of IgE in canine atopic dermatitis, demodectic acariasis and helminthiasis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (1997) 60:33–46. doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00119-0
36. Lian TM, Halliwell RE. Allergen-specific IgE and IgGd antibodies in atopic and normal dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (1998) 66:203–23. doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00199-8
37. Jang H-M, Yeo G-S, Kim J-H, Hwang C-Y, Hyun J-E, Kim S-S, et al. Prevalence of serum allergen-specific immunoglobulin E for canine atopic dermatitis in Korea. J Biomed Res. (2014) 15:162–9. doi: 10.12729/jbr.2014.15.4.162
38. Masuda K, Sakaguchi M, Saito S, Deboer DJ, Fujiwara S, Kurata K, et al. In vivo and in vitro tests showing sensitization to Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen allergen in atopic dogs. J Vet Med Sci. (2000) 62:995–1000. doi: 10.1292/jvms.62.995
39. Mueller RS, Bettenay SV, Tideman L. Aero-allergens in canine atopic dermatitis in southeastern Australia based on 1000 intradermal skin tests. Aust Vet J. (2000) 78:392–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb11824.x
40. Song H, Lee J, Jeong KY, Cheon D-S, Park J-W. Comparison of sensitization patterns to dust mite allergens between atopic dermatitis patients and dogs, and non-specific reactivity of canine IgE to the storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Exp Appl Acarol. (2022) 88:41–55. doi: 10.1007/s10493-022-00744-5
41. Buckley L, Schmidt V, McEwan N, Nuttall T. Cross-reaction and co-sensitization among related and unrelated allergens in canine intradermal tests. Vet Dermatol. (2013) 24:422. doi: 10.1111/vde.12044
42. Roussel AJJ, Bruet V, Bourdeau PJ. Characterisation of dog sensitisation to grass pollen in western France from 1999 to 2010. Vet Rec. (2013) 172:686. doi: 10.1136/vr.100710
43. Willemse A, van den Brom WE. Investigations of the symptomatology and the significance of immediate skin test reactivity in canine atopic dermatitis. Res Vet Sci. (1983) 34:261–5. doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)32221-5
44. Ginel PJ, Riaño C, Lucena R. Evaluation of a commercial ELISA test for the detection of allergen-specific IgE antibodies in atopic dogs. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. (1998) 45:421–5. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1998.tb00811.x
45. Zunic. Comparison between IMMUNODOT tests and the intradermal skin test in atopic dogs. Vet Dermatol. (1998) 9:201–5. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.1998.00125.x
46. Mueller RS, Burrows A, Tsohalis J. Comparison of intradermal testing and serum testing for allergen-specific IgE using monoclonal IgE antibodies in 84 atopic dogs. Aust Vet J. (1999) 77:290–4. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb10263.x
47. Masuda K, Tsujimoto H, Fujiwara S, Kurata K, Hasegawa A, Yasueda H, et al. IgE sensitivity and cross-reactivity to crude and purified mite allergens (Der f 1, Der f 2, Der p 1, Der p 2) in atopic dogs sensitive to Dermatophagoides mite allergens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (1999) 72:303–13. doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00142-7
48. Nuttall TJ, Lamb JR, Hill PB. Characterisation of major and minor Dermatophagoides allergens in canine atopic dermatitis. Res Vet Sci. (2001) 71:51–7. doi: 10.1053/rvsc.2001.0485
49. Foster AP, Littlewood JD, Webb P, Wood JLN, Rogers K, Shaw SE. Comparison of intradermal and serum testing for allergen-specific IgE using a FcεRIα-based assay in atopic dogs in the UK. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (2003) 93:51–60. doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(03)00052-7
50. Arlian LG, Schumann RJ, Morgan MS, Glass RL. Serum immunoglobulin E against storage mite allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Am J Vet Res. (2003) 64:32–6. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.32
51. Goicoa A, Espino L, Rodríguez I, Puigdemont A, Brazis P, Rejas J. Importance of house dust and storage mites in canine atopic dermatitis in the geographic region of Galicia, Spain. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. (2008) 56:163–71. doi: 10.1556/avet.56.2008.2.3
52. Thom N, Favrot C, Failing K, Mueller RS, Neiger R, Linek M. Intra- and interlaboratory variability of allergen-specific IgE levels in atopic dogs in three different laboratories using the fc-ɛ receptor testing. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (2010) 133:183–9. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.07.019
53. Cunha VES, Silva MH, Faccini JLH. Serological identification of house dust mite allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Pesq Vet Bras. (2012) 32:917–21. doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2012000900016
54. Bjelland AA, Dolva FL, Nødtvedt A, Sævik BK. Prevalence of and risk factors for increased serum levels of allergen-specific IgE in a population of Norwegian dogs. Acta Vet Scand. (2014) 56:81. doi: 10.1186/s13028-014-0081-z
55. Kang M-H, Kim H-J, Jang H-J, Park H-M. Sensitization rates of causative allergens for dogs with atopic dermatitis: detection of canine allergen-specific IgE. J Vet Sci. (2014) 15:545–50. doi: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.4.545
56. Popiel J, Cekiera A. Comparison of IgE test results with intradermal skin tests for dust mites and storage mites in atopic dogs. Pol J Vet Sci. (2015) 18:351–6. doi:10.1515/pjvs-2015-0045
57. Pereira DT, Cunha VES, Schmidt C, Magnus T, Krause A. Sensitization study of dogs with atopic dermatitis in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec. (2015) 67:1533–8. doi: 10.1590/1678-4162-8224
58. Patel A, Curtis CF, Cerundolo R. Incidence of anti-Der f 2 and anti-Zen 1-specific immunoglobulin E antibodies in atopic dogs from south-East England. Vet Rec. (2019) 184:317–7. doi: 10.1136/vr.104810
59. Zhou Z, Pieper JB, Campbell K. Intralaboratory reliability and variability for allergen-specific immunoglobulin type E serology testing. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. (2019) 55:124–9. doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6761
60. Lee KW, McKinney BH, Blankenship KD, Morris DO. Detection and inhibition of IgE for cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants evident in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of allergen-specific IgE in the sera of dogs and cats. Vet Dermatol. (2020) 31:439–e116. doi: 10.1111/vde.12904
61. Di Tommaso M, Luciani A, Crisi PE, Beschi M, Rosi P, Rocconi F, et al. Detection of serum allergen-specific IgE in atopic dogs tested in northern Italy: preliminary study. Animals. (2021) 11:358. doi: 10.3390/ani11020358
62. Ludwig L, Tsukui T, Kageyama M, Farias M. Evaluation of sensitization to the crude extract of Dermatophagoides farinae and its derived allergens, Der f 2 and Zen 1, in dogs with atopic dermatitis in southern Brazil. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (2021) 234:110199. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110199
63. Chan WY, Selvarajah GT, Ajat M, Suzuki R, Tsukui T. The detection of house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae, Der f 2 and Zen-1 allergen-specific immunoglobulin E antibodies in dogs with atopic dermatitis in Malaysia. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (2019) 212:43–9. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.05.002
64. Adam GO, Park Y-G, Cho J-H, Choi J, Oh H-G. Detecting common allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis in south Korean provinces using a serological immunoglobulin E-specific allergen test. Vet World. (2022) 15:1996–2003. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1996-2003
65. Martins LML. Survey of sensitization to common Fungi in an allergic dog population: the need for further focus on sensitization and allergy to Fungi in veterinary medicine. JoF. (2023) 9:1075. doi: 10.3390/jof9111075
66. Willemse A, van den Brom WE. Evaluation of the intradermal allergy test in normal dogs. Res Vet Sci. (1982) 32:57–61. doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)32438-X
67. Sture GH, Halliwell REW, Thoday KL, Van Den Broek AHM, Henfrey JI, Lloyd DH, et al. Canine atopic disease: the prevalence of positive intradermal skin tests at two sites in the north and south of Great Britain. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (1995) 44:293–308. doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)05306-D
68. Halliwell REW, Gorman NT eds. Veterinary clinical immunology. Philadelphia:Saunders (1989). 548 p.
69. Yasueda H, Saito A, Akiyama K, Maeda Y, Shida T, Sakaguchi M, et al. Estimation of Der p and Der f I quantities in the reference preparations of Dermatophagoides mite extracts. Clin Exp Allergy. (1994) 24:1030–5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb02739.x
70. Yasueda H, Mita H, Yui Y, Shida T. Isolation and characterization of two allergens from Dermatophagoides farinae. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. (1986) 81:214–23. doi: 10.1159/000234137
71. Yasueda H, Mita H, Yui YS, Shida T. Measurement of allergens associated with dust mite allergy. I. Development of sensitive radioimmunoassays for the two groups of Dermatophagoides mite allergens, Der I and Der II. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. (1989) 90:182–9. doi: 10.1159/000235021
72. Saridomichelakis MN, Koutinas AF, Gioulekas D, Leontidis L. Canine atopic dermatitis in Greece: clinical observations and the prevalence of positive intradermal test reactions in 91 spontaneous cases. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (1999) 69:61–73. doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00040-9
73. Reedy LM, Miller WH, Willemse T. Allergic skin diseases of dogs and cats. 2nd ed. London Philadelphia Toronto [etc.]: W. B. Saunders (1997).
74. Park S, Ohya F, Yamashita K, Nishifuji K, Iwasaki T. Comparison of response to immunotherapy by intradermal skin test and antigen-specific IgE in canine atopy. J Vet Med Sci. (2000) 62:983–8. doi: 10.1292/jvms.62.983
75. Hillier A, Kwochka KW, Pinchbeck LR. Reactivity to intradermal injection of extracts of Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, house dust mite mix, and house dust in dogs suspected to have atopic dermatitis: 115 cases (1996-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc. (2000) 217:536–40. doi: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.536
76. Hensel P, Austel M, Medleau L, Zhao Y, Vidyashankar A. Determination of threshold concentrations of allergens and evaluation of two different histamine concentrations in canine intradermal testing. Vet Dermatol. (2004) 15:304–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2004.00400x
77. Kim H-J, Kang M-H, Park H-M. Common allergens of atopic dermatitis in dogs: comparative findings based on intradermal tests. J Vet Sci. (2011) 12:287–90. doi: 10.4142/jvs.2011.12.3.287
78. Cunha VES, Hahnstadt RL, Soares AMB, Faccini JLH. Evaluation of skin sensitivity in dogs bearing allergic dermatitis to standardized allergenic extract of house dust and storage mites. Pesq Vet Bras. (2007) 27:341–4. doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2007000800004
79. Hubbard TL, White PD. Comparison of subjective and objective intradermal allergy test scoring methods in dogs with atopic dermatitis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. (2011) 47:399–405. doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-5638
80. Carmona-Gil AM, Sánchez J, Maldonado-Estrada J. Evaluation of skin prick-test reactions for allergic sensitization in dogs with clinical symptoms compatible with atopic dermatitis. A pilot study. Front Vet Sci. (2019) 6:448. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00448
81. Olivry T, Linder KE, Paps JS, Bizikova P, Dunston S, Donne N, et al. Validation of a novel epicutaneous delivery system for patch testing of house dust mite-hypersensitive dogs. Vet Dermatol. (2012) 23:525–e106. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01111.x
82. Mueller RS, Fieseler KV, Rosychuk RAW, Greenwalt T. Intradermal testing with the storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae in normal dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis in Colorado. Vet Dermatol. (2005) 16:27–31. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00415.x
83. Chanthick C, Anaman S, Buathet K. The prevalence of positive intradermal allergy tests in 114 dogs with atopic dermatitis in the Bangkok metropolis, Thailand. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (2008) 126:256–62. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.07.010
84. Yang S, Huang P. The incidence of positive intradermal skin test reactions in dogs with atopic dermatitis. JVCS. (2009) 2:30–6.
85. Taszkun I. The results of intradermal skin tests (IDST) in dogs with atopic dermatitis from the Lublin voivodeship. Pol J Vet Sci. (2011) 14:95–101. doi: 10.2478/v10181-011-0014-y
86. Khantavee N, Reamtong O, Sookrung N, Suradhat S, Prapasarakul N. Allergen components of Dermatophagoides farinae recognised by serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E in Thai dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. (2021) 32:338–e94. doi: 10.1111/vde.12967
dc.rights.uri.none.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.license.en.fl_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv 48 paginas
dc.format.mimetype.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidad de Antioquia
dc.publisher.program.none.fl_str_mv Maestría en Ciencias Veterinarias
dc.publisher.place.none.fl_str_mv Medellín, Colombia
dc.publisher.faculty.none.fl_str_mv Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias
dc.publisher.branch.none.fl_str_mv Campus Medellín - Ciudadela Robledo
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidad de Antioquia
institution Universidad de Antioquia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/be627361-eb56-436d-a1e3-1a09da2bdec6/download
https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/61f4b237-fd14-421b-8e33-b78fe9acc831/download
https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/0fd84c54-c243-4d4c-9c2d-b980ab1b0625/download
https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/ce9fcf9e-e554-451b-a8e3-a808a5b632cf/download
https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/1b03bd63-3a57-475f-aa69-5e0ecc872005/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv e3a51ca5d1b077bd7e3aac9e80acd613
b76e7a76e24cf2f94b3ce0ae5ed275d0
5643bfd9bcf29d560eeec56d584edaa9
2b2511a1c41902058620f75b6922ab3e
745fe5ce00444060d99ef30f8248de0c
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Antioquia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv aplicacionbibliotecadigitalbiblioteca@udea.edu.co
_version_ 1851052596278591488
spelling Maldonado Estrada, Juan GuillermoMorales Romero, Roger AlexisOne Health and Veterinary Innovative Research and Development (OHVRI)Roldán Villalobos, WendyGuzmán Rodríguez, Jorge2025-06-10T20:46:52Z2025https://hdl.handle.net/10495/46311Introduction: Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is an important cause of quality of life in dogs and their owners. There are different diagnostic tools to evaluate sensitization to allergens in CAD; however, there is little information to evaluate the clinical usefulness of these tests. Methods: A systematic review aiming to assess the accuracy of allergen sensitization tests in CAD patients was performed. The search was planned, executed, and reported following PRISMA standards. The OVID®/MEDLINE, PubMed®, SciELO, and Redalyc databases were searched to find relevant studies comprising “diagnostic method” (OR test OR diagnosis OR method OR diagnostic OR paraclinic=) AND (atopic = OR hypersensitivity* OR allergen* OR “allergic reaction*” OR atopy) AND (dermatitis OR eczema OR scratching OR prurit = OR erythema OR rash OR edema) AND (canine OR dog* OR bitch* OR pupp*) search. Defined relevant articles were systematized, and content was analyzed via Atlas TI Scientific Software Development Software. Results: The groups of diagnostic tests included the intradermal test (IDT), serologic-specific allergen test (SAT), skin prick test (SPT), and patch test. Combining the results from all the search engines and deduplicate elimination, yielded 928 eligible citations published between 1963 and 2024, and the 72 articles that met the eligibility criteria were included in the qualitative synthesis evaluating SAT (n = 36), IDT (n = 37), SPT (n = 2), and patch tests (n = 1) reporting the use of 136 different allergens. Favrot’s clinical criteria were applied in 41.6% of the studies (30/72), with no previous consensus on the case definition for CAD. Discussion: The results of the review indicate that there is little information available to establish the diagnostic performance of the tests, which makes it difficult to make a recommendation regarding their use. In this systematic review they identified gaps in current knowledge that suggest the need for future research to standardize allergenic extracts, define cutoff points in serological tests, and consider environmental, geographic, and demographic variables. These findings provide a solid basis for improving the diagnosis and management of CAD and guiding future research in this field. Further studies are needed to adequately establish the diagnostic performance of the tests and their actual clinical usefulness.dermatologíaCOL0183245MaestríaMagíster en Ciencias Veterinarias48 paginasapplication/pdfengspaUniversidad de AntioquiaMaestría en Ciencias VeterinariasMedellín, ColombiaFacultad de Ciencias AgrariasCampus Medellín - Ciudadela Robledohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Efficacy of diagnostic testing for allergen sensitization in canine atopic dermatitis : a systematic reviewTrabajo de grado - Maestríahttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMTexthttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcceinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/draft1. Nielsen TD, Dean RS, Robinson NJ, Massey A, Brennan ML. Survey of the UK veterinary profession: common species and conditions nominated by veterinarians in practice. Vet Rec. (2014) 174:324–4. doi: 10.1136/vr.1017452. Favrot C, Linek M, Mueller R, Zini Efor the International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis. Development of a questionnaire to assess the impact of atopic dermatitis on health-related quality of life of affected dogs and their owners. Vet Dermatol. (2010) 21:64–70. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00781.x3. Noli C. Assessing quality of life for pets with dermatologic disease and their owners. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract. (2019) 49:83–93. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.08.0084. Harvey N, Craigon P, Shaw S, Blott S, England G. Behaviooural differences in dogs with atopic dermatitis suggest stress could be a significant problem associated with chronic pruritus. Animals. (2019) 9:813. doi: 10.3390/ani91008135. Chermprapai S, Anukkul PC, Kritsadasima T, Kromkhun P, Thengchaisri N. Comparing the results of intradermal skin tests for four dust mite allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis in Thailand. Vet World. (2020) 13:2381–7. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2381-23876. Basagaña M, Bartolomé B, Pastor C, Torres F, Alonso R, Vivanco F, et al. Allergy to human seminal fluid: cross-reactivity with dog dander. J Allergy Clin Immunol. (2008) 121:233–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.10.0087. Agler CS, Friedenberg S, Olivry T, Meurs KM, Olby NJ. Genome-wide association analysis in West Highland White terriers with atopic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (2019) 209:1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.01.0048. Brownstone ND, Koo J. Is the pathology in atopic dermatitis limited only to the skin? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. (2020) 8:3507. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.07.0459. Marsella R, Girolomoni G. Canine models of atopic dermatitis: a useful tool with untapped potential. J Invest Dermatol. (2009) 129:2351–7. doi: 10.1038/jid.2009.9810. Hamed A, Todd I, Tighe PJ, Powell RJ, Harrison T, Fairclough LC. Array-based measurements of aero-allergen-specific IgE correlate with skin-prick test reactivity in asthma regardless of specific IgG4 or total IgE measurements. J Immunol Methods. (2021) 492:112999. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.11299911. Lockey RF In: FL Richard and DK Ledford, editors. Allergens and allergen immunotherapy. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press (2008)12. Mueller RS, Chapman PL, Rosychuk REW, Bettenay SV, Fieseler KV. Evaluation of cross-reactivity of allergens by use of intradermal testing in atopic dogs. Am J Vet Res. (2002) 63:874–9. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.87413. Plant JD, Neradelik MB, Polissar NL, Fadok VA, Scott BA. Agreement between allergen-specific IgE assays and ensuing immunotherapy recommendations from four commercial laboratories in the USA. Vet Dermatol. (2014) 25:15–e6. doi: 10.1111/vde.1210414. Favrot C, Steffan J, Seewald W, Picco F. A prospective study on the clinical features of chronic canine atopic dermatitis and its diagnosis. Vet Dermatol. (2010) 21:23–31. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00758.x15. Nuttall TJ, Halliwell REW. Serum antibodies to Malassezia yeasts in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. (2001) 12:327–32. doi: 10.1046/j.0959-4493.2001.00261.x16. Levy RM, Gelfand JM, Yan AC. The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Clin Dermatol. (2003) 21:109–15. doi: 10.1016/S0738-081X(02)00360-717. Hillier A, Griffin CE. The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (I): incidence and prevalence. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (2001) 81:147–51. doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00296-318. Wilhem S, Kovalik M, Favrot C. Breed-associated phenotypes in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. (2011) 22:143–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00925.x19. Cohn L, Coté E. Atopic dermatitis In: Cote’s clinical veterinary advisor dogs and cats. St Luis, Missouri: Elsevier (2020). 91–3.20. Olivry T, Deangelo KB, Dunston SM, Clarke KB, McCall CA. Patch testing of experimentally sensitized beagle dogs: development of a model for skin lesions of atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. (2006) 17:95–102. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2006.00502.x21. Olivry T, Mueller RS. Critically appraised topic on adverse food reactions of companion animals (7): signalment and cutaneous manifestations of dogs and cats with adverse food reactions. BMC Vet Res. (2019) 15:140. doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-1880-222. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. (2021) 372:n71. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n7123. Chermprapai S, Thengchaisri N. A descriptive study of allergen-specific IgE serological tests for canine atopic dermatitis in Thailand. BMC Vet Res. (2020) 16:475. doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02684-x24. Frezza APDM, Lourenço MLG, Meira J, Tsukui T, Kageyama M, De Araújo Machado LH. Seroprevalence of Dermatophagoides farinae-specific IgE in dogs with atopic dermatitis in São Paulo, Brazil. Res Vet Sci. (2023) 164:105002. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.10500225. Fleischman DA, Morris DO. Pilot study to determine the concordance between skin prick and intradermal test (IDT) reactivity to environmental allergens in atopic dogs using IDT as the gold standard. Vet Dermatol. (2023) 34:505–13. doi: 10.1111/vde.1318726. Sævik BK, Ulstein TL, Larsen HJS. Evaluation of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of allergen-specific IgE antibodies in dogs. Res Vet Sci. (2003) 74:37–45. doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(02)00151-027. Sasaki Y, Kitagawa H, Fujioka T, Kitoh K, Iwasaki T, Sakaguchi M, et al. Hypersensitivity to Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen in dogs. J Vet Med Sci. (1995) 57:683–5. doi: 10.1292/jvms.57.68328. Mueller RS, Cannon A, Reubl GH, Ihrke PJ. Serum and skin IgA concentrations in normal and atopic dogs. Aust Vet J. (1997) 75:906–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb11264.x29. Noli C, Bernadina WE, Willemse T. The significance of reactions to purified fractions of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (1996) 52:147–57. doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(96)05550-x30. Hämmerling, De Weck. Comparison of two diagnostic tests for canine atopy using monoclonal anti-IgE antibodies. Vet Dermatol. (1998) 9:191–9. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.1998.00110.x31. Moya R, Carnés J, Sinovas N, Ramió L, Brazis P, Puigdemont A. Immunoproteomic characterization of a Dermatophagoides farinae extract used in the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (2016) 180:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.08.00432. Willemse A, Noordzij A, Van den Brom WE, Rutten VP. Allergen specific IgGd antibodies in dogs with atopic dermatitis as determined by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clin Exp Immunol. (1985) 59:359–63.33. Khantavee N, Chanthick C, Tungtrongchitr A, Techakriengkrai N, Suradhat S, Sookrung N, et al. Immunoglobulin G1 subclass responses can be used to detect specific allergy to the house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in atopic dogs. BMC Vet Res. (2021) 17:71. doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-02768-234. Day MJ, Corato A, Shaw SE. Subclass profile of allergen-specific IgG antibodies in atopic dogs. Res Vet Sci. (1996) 61:136–42. doi: 10.1016/s0034-5288(96)90088-035. Hammerberg B, Bevier D, DeBoer DJ, Olivry T, Orton SM, Gebhard D, et al. Auto IgG anti-IgE and IgG × IgE immune complex presence and effects on ELISA-based quantitation of IgE in canine atopic dermatitis, demodectic acariasis and helminthiasis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (1997) 60:33–46. doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00119-036. Lian TM, Halliwell RE. Allergen-specific IgE and IgGd antibodies in atopic and normal dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (1998) 66:203–23. doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00199-837. Jang H-M, Yeo G-S, Kim J-H, Hwang C-Y, Hyun J-E, Kim S-S, et al. Prevalence of serum allergen-specific immunoglobulin E for canine atopic dermatitis in Korea. J Biomed Res. (2014) 15:162–9. doi: 10.12729/jbr.2014.15.4.16238. Masuda K, Sakaguchi M, Saito S, Deboer DJ, Fujiwara S, Kurata K, et al. In vivo and in vitro tests showing sensitization to Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen allergen in atopic dogs. J Vet Med Sci. (2000) 62:995–1000. doi: 10.1292/jvms.62.99539. Mueller RS, Bettenay SV, Tideman L. Aero-allergens in canine atopic dermatitis in southeastern Australia based on 1000 intradermal skin tests. Aust Vet J. (2000) 78:392–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb11824.x40. Song H, Lee J, Jeong KY, Cheon D-S, Park J-W. Comparison of sensitization patterns to dust mite allergens between atopic dermatitis patients and dogs, and non-specific reactivity of canine IgE to the storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Exp Appl Acarol. (2022) 88:41–55. doi: 10.1007/s10493-022-00744-541. Buckley L, Schmidt V, McEwan N, Nuttall T. Cross-reaction and co-sensitization among related and unrelated allergens in canine intradermal tests. Vet Dermatol. (2013) 24:422. doi: 10.1111/vde.1204442. Roussel AJJ, Bruet V, Bourdeau PJ. Characterisation of dog sensitisation to grass pollen in western France from 1999 to 2010. Vet Rec. (2013) 172:686. doi: 10.1136/vr.10071043. Willemse A, van den Brom WE. Investigations of the symptomatology and the significance of immediate skin test reactivity in canine atopic dermatitis. Res Vet Sci. (1983) 34:261–5. doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)32221-544. Ginel PJ, Riaño C, Lucena R. Evaluation of a commercial ELISA test for the detection of allergen-specific IgE antibodies in atopic dogs. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. (1998) 45:421–5. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1998.tb00811.x45. Zunic. Comparison between IMMUNODOT tests and the intradermal skin test in atopic dogs. Vet Dermatol. (1998) 9:201–5. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.1998.00125.x46. Mueller RS, Burrows A, Tsohalis J. Comparison of intradermal testing and serum testing for allergen-specific IgE using monoclonal IgE antibodies in 84 atopic dogs. Aust Vet J. (1999) 77:290–4. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb10263.x47. Masuda K, Tsujimoto H, Fujiwara S, Kurata K, Hasegawa A, Yasueda H, et al. IgE sensitivity and cross-reactivity to crude and purified mite allergens (Der f 1, Der f 2, Der p 1, Der p 2) in atopic dogs sensitive to Dermatophagoides mite allergens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (1999) 72:303–13. doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00142-748. Nuttall TJ, Lamb JR, Hill PB. Characterisation of major and minor Dermatophagoides allergens in canine atopic dermatitis. Res Vet Sci. (2001) 71:51–7. doi: 10.1053/rvsc.2001.048549. Foster AP, Littlewood JD, Webb P, Wood JLN, Rogers K, Shaw SE. Comparison of intradermal and serum testing for allergen-specific IgE using a FcεRIα-based assay in atopic dogs in the UK. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (2003) 93:51–60. doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(03)00052-750. Arlian LG, Schumann RJ, Morgan MS, Glass RL. Serum immunoglobulin E against storage mite allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Am J Vet Res. (2003) 64:32–6. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.3251. Goicoa A, Espino L, Rodríguez I, Puigdemont A, Brazis P, Rejas J. Importance of house dust and storage mites in canine atopic dermatitis in the geographic region of Galicia, Spain. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. (2008) 56:163–71. doi: 10.1556/avet.56.2008.2.352. Thom N, Favrot C, Failing K, Mueller RS, Neiger R, Linek M. Intra- and interlaboratory variability of allergen-specific IgE levels in atopic dogs in three different laboratories using the fc-ɛ receptor testing. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (2010) 133:183–9. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.07.01953. Cunha VES, Silva MH, Faccini JLH. Serological identification of house dust mite allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Pesq Vet Bras. (2012) 32:917–21. doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X201200090001654. Bjelland AA, Dolva FL, Nødtvedt A, Sævik BK. Prevalence of and risk factors for increased serum levels of allergen-specific IgE in a population of Norwegian dogs. Acta Vet Scand. (2014) 56:81. doi: 10.1186/s13028-014-0081-z55. Kang M-H, Kim H-J, Jang H-J, Park H-M. Sensitization rates of causative allergens for dogs with atopic dermatitis: detection of canine allergen-specific IgE. J Vet Sci. (2014) 15:545–50. doi: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.4.54556. Popiel J, Cekiera A. Comparison of IgE test results with intradermal skin tests for dust mites and storage mites in atopic dogs. Pol J Vet Sci. (2015) 18:351–6. doi:10.1515/pjvs-2015-004557. Pereira DT, Cunha VES, Schmidt C, Magnus T, Krause A. Sensitization study of dogs with atopic dermatitis in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec. (2015) 67:1533–8. doi: 10.1590/1678-4162-822458. Patel A, Curtis CF, Cerundolo R. Incidence of anti-Der f 2 and anti-Zen 1-specific immunoglobulin E antibodies in atopic dogs from south-East England. Vet Rec. (2019) 184:317–7. doi: 10.1136/vr.10481059. Zhou Z, Pieper JB, Campbell K. Intralaboratory reliability and variability for allergen-specific immunoglobulin type E serology testing. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. (2019) 55:124–9. doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-676160. Lee KW, McKinney BH, Blankenship KD, Morris DO. Detection and inhibition of IgE for cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants evident in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of allergen-specific IgE in the sera of dogs and cats. Vet Dermatol. (2020) 31:439–e116. doi: 10.1111/vde.1290461. Di Tommaso M, Luciani A, Crisi PE, Beschi M, Rosi P, Rocconi F, et al. Detection of serum allergen-specific IgE in atopic dogs tested in northern Italy: preliminary study. Animals. (2021) 11:358. doi: 10.3390/ani1102035862. Ludwig L, Tsukui T, Kageyama M, Farias M. Evaluation of sensitization to the crude extract of Dermatophagoides farinae and its derived allergens, Der f 2 and Zen 1, in dogs with atopic dermatitis in southern Brazil. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (2021) 234:110199. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.11019963. Chan WY, Selvarajah GT, Ajat M, Suzuki R, Tsukui T. The detection of house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae, Der f 2 and Zen-1 allergen-specific immunoglobulin E antibodies in dogs with atopic dermatitis in Malaysia. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (2019) 212:43–9. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.05.00264. Adam GO, Park Y-G, Cho J-H, Choi J, Oh H-G. Detecting common allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis in south Korean provinces using a serological immunoglobulin E-specific allergen test. Vet World. (2022) 15:1996–2003. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1996-200365. Martins LML. Survey of sensitization to common Fungi in an allergic dog population: the need for further focus on sensitization and allergy to Fungi in veterinary medicine. JoF. (2023) 9:1075. doi: 10.3390/jof911107566. Willemse A, van den Brom WE. Evaluation of the intradermal allergy test in normal dogs. Res Vet Sci. (1982) 32:57–61. doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)32438-X67. Sture GH, Halliwell REW, Thoday KL, Van Den Broek AHM, Henfrey JI, Lloyd DH, et al. Canine atopic disease: the prevalence of positive intradermal skin tests at two sites in the north and south of Great Britain. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (1995) 44:293–308. doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)05306-D68. Halliwell REW, Gorman NT eds. Veterinary clinical immunology. Philadelphia:Saunders (1989). 548 p.69. Yasueda H, Saito A, Akiyama K, Maeda Y, Shida T, Sakaguchi M, et al. Estimation of Der p and Der f I quantities in the reference preparations of Dermatophagoides mite extracts. Clin Exp Allergy. (1994) 24:1030–5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb02739.x70. Yasueda H, Mita H, Yui Y, Shida T. Isolation and characterization of two allergens from Dermatophagoides farinae. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. (1986) 81:214–23. doi: 10.1159/00023413771. Yasueda H, Mita H, Yui YS, Shida T. Measurement of allergens associated with dust mite allergy. I. Development of sensitive radioimmunoassays for the two groups of Dermatophagoides mite allergens, Der I and Der II. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. (1989) 90:182–9. doi: 10.1159/00023502172. Saridomichelakis MN, Koutinas AF, Gioulekas D, Leontidis L. Canine atopic dermatitis in Greece: clinical observations and the prevalence of positive intradermal test reactions in 91 spontaneous cases. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (1999) 69:61–73. doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00040-973. Reedy LM, Miller WH, Willemse T. Allergic skin diseases of dogs and cats. 2nd ed. London Philadelphia Toronto [etc.]: W. B. Saunders (1997).74. Park S, Ohya F, Yamashita K, Nishifuji K, Iwasaki T. Comparison of response to immunotherapy by intradermal skin test and antigen-specific IgE in canine atopy. J Vet Med Sci. (2000) 62:983–8. doi: 10.1292/jvms.62.98375. Hillier A, Kwochka KW, Pinchbeck LR. Reactivity to intradermal injection of extracts of Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, house dust mite mix, and house dust in dogs suspected to have atopic dermatitis: 115 cases (1996-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc. (2000) 217:536–40. doi: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.53676. Hensel P, Austel M, Medleau L, Zhao Y, Vidyashankar A. Determination of threshold concentrations of allergens and evaluation of two different histamine concentrations in canine intradermal testing. Vet Dermatol. (2004) 15:304–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2004.00400x77. Kim H-J, Kang M-H, Park H-M. Common allergens of atopic dermatitis in dogs: comparative findings based on intradermal tests. J Vet Sci. (2011) 12:287–90. doi: 10.4142/jvs.2011.12.3.28778. Cunha VES, Hahnstadt RL, Soares AMB, Faccini JLH. Evaluation of skin sensitivity in dogs bearing allergic dermatitis to standardized allergenic extract of house dust and storage mites. Pesq Vet Bras. (2007) 27:341–4. doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X200700080000479. Hubbard TL, White PD. Comparison of subjective and objective intradermal allergy test scoring methods in dogs with atopic dermatitis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. (2011) 47:399–405. doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-563880. Carmona-Gil AM, Sánchez J, Maldonado-Estrada J. Evaluation of skin prick-test reactions for allergic sensitization in dogs with clinical symptoms compatible with atopic dermatitis. A pilot study. Front Vet Sci. (2019) 6:448. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.0044881. Olivry T, Linder KE, Paps JS, Bizikova P, Dunston S, Donne N, et al. Validation of a novel epicutaneous delivery system for patch testing of house dust mite-hypersensitive dogs. Vet Dermatol. (2012) 23:525–e106. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01111.x82. Mueller RS, Fieseler KV, Rosychuk RAW, Greenwalt T. Intradermal testing with the storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae in normal dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis in Colorado. Vet Dermatol. (2005) 16:27–31. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00415.x83. Chanthick C, Anaman S, Buathet K. The prevalence of positive intradermal allergy tests in 114 dogs with atopic dermatitis in the Bangkok metropolis, Thailand. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. (2008) 126:256–62. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.07.01084. Yang S, Huang P. The incidence of positive intradermal skin test reactions in dogs with atopic dermatitis. JVCS. (2009) 2:30–6.85. Taszkun I. The results of intradermal skin tests (IDST) in dogs with atopic dermatitis from the Lublin voivodeship. Pol J Vet Sci. (2011) 14:95–101. doi: 10.2478/v10181-011-0014-y86. Khantavee N, Reamtong O, Sookrung N, Suradhat S, Prapasarakul N. Allergen components of Dermatophagoides farinae recognised by serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E in Thai dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. (2021) 32:338–e94. doi: 10.1111/vde.12967AlérgenosAllergensDermatitis atópicaDermatitis, AtopicTécnicas y Procedimientos DiagnósticosDiagnostic Techniques and ProceduresDermatitis atópica caninahttps://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000485https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D003876https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D019937ODS 3: Salud y bienestar. Garantizar una vida sana y promover el bienestar de todos a todas las edadesPublicationORIGINALMoralesRoger_2025_EfficacyDiagnosticTesting.pdfMoralesRoger_2025_EfficacyDiagnosticTesting.pdfTesis de maestríaapplication/pdf725630https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/be627361-eb56-436d-a1e3-1a09da2bdec6/downloade3a51ca5d1b077bd7e3aac9e80acd613MD52trueAnonymousREADLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814837https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/61f4b237-fd14-421b-8e33-b78fe9acc831/downloadb76e7a76e24cf2f94b3ce0ae5ed275d0MD54falseAnonymousREADCC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-81160https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/0fd84c54-c243-4d4c-9c2d-b980ab1b0625/download5643bfd9bcf29d560eeec56d584edaa9MD55falseAnonymousREADTEXTMoralesRoger_2025_EfficacyDiagnosticTesting.pdf.txtMoralesRoger_2025_EfficacyDiagnosticTesting.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain69211https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/ce9fcf9e-e554-451b-a8e3-a808a5b632cf/download2b2511a1c41902058620f75b6922ab3eMD56falseAnonymousREADTHUMBNAILMoralesRoger_2025_EfficacyDiagnosticTesting.pdf.jpgMoralesRoger_2025_EfficacyDiagnosticTesting.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg6446https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/1b03bd63-3a57-475f-aa69-5e0ecc872005/download745fe5ce00444060d99ef30f8248de0cMD57falseAnonymousREAD10495/46311oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/463112025-06-11 04:10:39.967http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalopen.accesshttps://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.coRepositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Antioquiaaplicacionbibliotecadigitalbiblioteca@udea.edu.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

Publicaciones similares