Effect of Two Peptides Derived from the Venom of the Tarantula Pamphobeteus verdolaga on a Langmuir Membrane Model Representative of S. aureus

La resistencia a los antimicrobianos representa un reto importante para el tratamiento de infecciones en todo el mundo. En la búsqueda de alternativas a los antibióticos convencionales, los péptidos antimicrobianos se han convertido en una opción terapéutica prometedora, ya que pueden actuar de form...

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Autores:: Arbeláez Jiménez, Daniel Felipe
Ceballos Robledo, Jorge Alberto
Giraldo Cadavid, Marco Antonio

Tipo de recurso:: Trabajo de grado de pregrado

Fecha de publicación:: 2025

Institución:: Universidad de Antioquia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UdeA

Idioma:: eng

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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv	Effect of Two Peptides Derived from the Venom of the Tarantula Pamphobeteus verdolaga on a Langmuir Membrane Model Representative of S. aureus
title	Effect of Two Peptides Derived from the Venom of the Tarantula Pamphobeteus verdolaga on a Langmuir Membrane Model Representative of S. aureus
spellingShingle	Effect of Two Peptides Derived from the Venom of the Tarantula Pamphobeteus verdolaga on a Langmuir Membrane Model Representative of S. aureus Péptidos Antimicrobianos Antimicrobial Peptides Venenos animales Venom Monolayers Surface potential Compression modulus Isotherms https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000089882 ODS 3: Salud y bienestar. Garantizar una vida sana y promover el bienestar de todos a todas las edades
title_short	Effect of Two Peptides Derived from the Venom of the Tarantula Pamphobeteus verdolaga on a Langmuir Membrane Model Representative of S. aureus
title_full	Effect of Two Peptides Derived from the Venom of the Tarantula Pamphobeteus verdolaga on a Langmuir Membrane Model Representative of S. aureus
title_fullStr	Effect of Two Peptides Derived from the Venom of the Tarantula Pamphobeteus verdolaga on a Langmuir Membrane Model Representative of S. aureus
title_full_unstemmed	Effect of Two Peptides Derived from the Venom of the Tarantula Pamphobeteus verdolaga on a Langmuir Membrane Model Representative of S. aureus
title_sort	Effect of Two Peptides Derived from the Venom of the Tarantula Pamphobeteus verdolaga on a Langmuir Membrane Model Representative of S. aureus
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Arbeláez Jiménez, Daniel Felipe Ceballos Robledo, Jorge Alberto Giraldo Cadavid, Marco Antonio
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Ceballos Robledo, Jorge Alberto Giraldo Cadavid, Marco Antonio
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Arbeláez Jiménez, Daniel Felipe Ceballos Robledo, Jorge Alberto Giraldo Cadavid, Marco Antonio
dc.contributor.researchgroup.none.fl_str_mv	Grupo de Biofísica - UdeA
dc.subject.decs.none.fl_str_mv	Péptidos Antimicrobianos Antimicrobial Peptides
topic	Péptidos Antimicrobianos Antimicrobial Peptides Venenos animales Venom Monolayers Surface potential Compression modulus Isotherms https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000089882 ODS 3: Salud y bienestar. Garantizar una vida sana y promover el bienestar de todos a todas las edades
dc.subject.lemb.none.fl_str_mv	Venenos animales Venom
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	Monolayers Surface potential Compression modulus Isotherms
dc.subject.meshuri.none.fl_str_mv	https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000089882
dc.subject.ods.none.fl_str_mv	ODS 3: Salud y bienestar. Garantizar una vida sana y promover el bienestar de todos a todas las edades
description	La resistencia a los antimicrobianos representa un reto importante para el tratamiento de infecciones en todo el mundo. En la búsqueda de alternativas a los antibióticos convencionales, los péptidos antimicrobianos se han convertido en una opción terapéutica prometedora, ya que pueden actuar de forma selectiva e interactuar con las membranas microbianas. En este estudio, investigamos los mecanismos de acción de dos péptidos, vrdg66 y vrdg172, derivados de la araña Pamphobeteus verdolaga. Caracterizamos sus interacciones mecánicas y eléctricas con un modelo de membrana de Langmuir de la bacteria Staphylococcus aureus en el que se imitó la composición lipídica de la membrana bacteriana. Monitoreamos los cambios que se produjeron en las monocapas tras la incorporación de los péptidos midiendo la presión superficial, el potencial superficial y el módulo de compresión. Nuestros resultados demuestran que los péptidos afectaron al ordenamiento lipídico del modelo de membrana bacteriana de forma diferencial para vrdg66 y vrdg172. Ambos péptidos redujeron el potencial superficial y fluidizaron la monocapa de S. aureus. Estos hallazgos sugieren que vrdg66 y vrdg172 son agentes terapéuticos potenciales para el tratamiento de infecciones en el contexto de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos.
publishDate	2025
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2025-10-31T12:45:06Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2025
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2027-08
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/10495/48048
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dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv	Aguilar, G. R., Swetschinski, L. R., Weaver, N. D., Ikuta, K. S., Mestrovic, T., Gray, A. P., Chung, E., Wool, E. E., Han, C., Hayoon, A. G., Araki, D. T., Abdollahi, A., Abu-Zaid, A., Adnan, M., Agarwal, R., Dehkordi, J. A., Aravkin, A. Y., Areda, D., Azzam, A. Y., Stergachis, A. (2023). The burden of antimicrobial resistance in the Americas in 2019: a cross-country systematic analysis. The Lancet Regional Health. Americas, 25, 100561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2023.100561 Alvares, D. S., Fanani, M. L., Neto, J. R., & Wilke, N. (2015). The interfacial properties of the peptide Polybia-MP1 and its interaction with DPPC are modulated by lateral electrostatic attractions. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, 1858(2), 393-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.12.010 Aslam, B., Wang, W., Arshad, M. I., Khurshid, M., Muzammil, S., Rasool, M. H., Nisar, M. A., Alvi, R. F., Aslam, M. A., Qamar, M. U., Salamat, M. K. F., & Baloch, Z. (2018). Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis. Infection And Drug Resistance, Volume 11, 1645-1658. https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s173867 Barbosa, S. C., Nobre, T. M., Volpati, D., Cilli, E. M., Correa, D. S., & Oliveira, O. N. (2019). The cyclic peptide labaditin does not alter the outer membrane integrity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Scientific Reports, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38551-5 Barbosa, S. C., Nobre, T. M., Volpati, D., Ciancaglini, P., Cilli, E. M., Lorenzón, E. N., & Oliveira, O. N. (2016). The importance of cyclic structure for Labaditin on its antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Colloids And Surfaces B Biointerfaces, 148, 453-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.09.017 Barnes, G., & Gentle, I. (2011). Interfacial science: an introduction. Oxford university press. Bertrand, B., & Munoz-Garay, C. (2025). Unlocking the power of membrane biophysics: enhancing the study of antimicrobial peptides activity and selectivity. Biophysical Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12551-025-01312-y Brogden, K. A. (2005). Antimicrobial peptides: pore formers or metabolic inhibitors in bacteria? Nature Reviews Microbiology, 3(3), 238-250. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1098 Cifuentes, Y., Estrada-Gomez, S., Vargas-Muñoz, L. J., & Perafán, C. (2016). Description and molecular characterization of a new species of tarantula, Pamphobeteus verdolaga, from Colombia (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae). Zoologia, 33(6). https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689zool-20160113 Casper, C. B., Verreault, D., Adams, E. M., Hua, W., & Allen, H. C. (2016). Surface Potential of DPPC Monolayers on Concentrated Aqueous Salt Solutions. The Journal Of Physical Chemistry B, 120(8), 2043-2052. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b10483 Da Silva, J. B., Jr, Espinal, M., & Ramón-Pardo, P. (2020). Antimicrobial resistance: time for action. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 44, 1. https://doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2020.131 Da Silva, G. H. O., Santos, K. F. D., Barcellos, A. F., De Sousa, R. M. F., Tempone, A. G., Lago, J. H. G., & Caseli, L. (2024). Exploring the selective incorporation of 15β-senecioyloxi-ent-kaurenoic acid methyl ester in Langmuir monolayers mimicking cell membranes. Bioorganic Chemistry, 153, 107941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107941 El-Tarabily, K. A., El-Saadony, M. T., Alagawany, M., Arif, M., Batiha, G. E., Khafaga, A. F., Elwan, H. A., & Elnesr, S. S. (2021). Using essential oils to overcome bacterial biofilm formation and their antimicrobial resistance. Al-Mi’galaẗ Al-sa’udiyaẗ Lī-ulum Al-ḥayaẗ, 28(9), 5145-5156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.033 Elderdfi, M., & Sikorski, A. F. (2018). Langmuir-monolayer methodologies for characterizing protein lipid interactions. Chemistry And Physics Of Lipids, 212, 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.01.008 Epand, R. F., Savage, P. B., & Epand, R. M. (2007). Bacterial lipid composition and the antimicrobial efficacy of cationic steroid compounds (Ceragenins). Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, 1768(10), 2500-2509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.05.023 Estrada-Gomez, S., Muñoz, L. J. V., & Castillo, J. C. Q. (2013). Extraction and partial characterization of venom from the Colombian spider Pamphobeteus aff. nigricolor (Aranae:Theraphosidae). Toxicon, 76, 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.10.014 Estrada-Gómez, S., Vargas-Muñoz, L. J., Saldarriaga-Córdoba, M., Cifuentes, Y., & Perafan, C. (2017). Identifying different transcribed proteins in the newly described Theraphosidae Pamphobeteus verdolaga. Toxicon, 129, 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.02.004 Estrada-Gomez, S., Cardoso, F. C., Vargas-Muñoz, L. J., Quintana-Castillo, J. C., Gómez, C. M. A., Pineda, S. S., & Saldarriaga-Cordoba, M. M. (2019). Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity Analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Reveal Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides That Modulate Calcium Channels. Toxins, 11(9), 496. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11090496 Gnanasambandam, R., Ghatak, C., Yasmann, A., Nishizawa, K., Sachs, F., Ladokhin, A. S., Sukharev, S. I., & Suchyna, T. M. (2017). GsMTx4: Mechanism of Inhibiting Mechanosensitive Ion Channels. Biophysical Journal, 112(1), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.013 Huang, X., & Li, G. (2023). Antimicrobial Peptides and Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Non-Antibiotic Membrane-Targeting Strategies Against Bacterial Infections. Infection And Drug Resistance, Volume 16, 1203-1219. https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s396566 Huan, Y., Kong, Q., Mou, H., & Yi, H. (2020). Antimicrobial Peptides: Classification, Design, Application and Research Progress in Multiple Fields. Frontiers In Microbiology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.582779 Hollmann, A., Martinez, M., Maturana, P., Semorile, L. C., & Maffia, P. C. (2018). Antimicrobial Peptides: Interaction With Model and Biological Membranes and Synergism With Chemical Antibiotics. Frontiers In Chemistry, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00204 Instituto Nacional de Salud. (s.f.). Policy Brief: Resistencia antimicrobiana, un problema invisible [PDF]. Taken from https://www.ins.gov.co/Direcciones/ONS/publicaciones%20alternas/Policy%20Brief%20Resiste ncia%20antimicrobiana%20un%20problema%20invisible.pdf Juhaniewicz-Dębińska, J., Lasek, R., Tymecka, D., Burdach, K., Bartosik, D., & Sęk, S. (2020). Physicochemical and Biological Characterization of Novel Membrane-Active Cationic Lipopeptides with Antimicrobial Properties. Langmuir, 36(43), 12900-12910. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02135 Marsh, D. (2006). Comment on Interpretation of Mechanochemical Properties of Lipid Bilayer Vesicles from the Equation of State or Pressure−Area Measurement of the Monolayer at the Air−Water or Oil−Water Interface. Langmuir, 22(6), 2916-2919. https://doi.org/10.1021/la051216n Mach, M., Kowalska, M., Olechowska, K., Płachta, Ł., & Wydro, P. (2021). The studies on the membrane activity of triester of phosphatidylcholine in artificial membrane systems. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, 1863(11), 183711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183711 Mohaideen, N.S.M.H., Vaani, S. & Hemalatha, S. Antimicrobial Peptides. Curr. Pharmacol. Rep. 9, 433–454 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40495-023-00342-y Moretta, A., Scieuzo, C., Petrone, A. M., Salvia, R., Manniello, M. D., Franco, A., Lucchetti, D., Vassallo, A., Vogel, H., Sgambato, A., & Falabella, P. (2021). Antimicrobial Peptides: A New Hope in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Fields. 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Angewandte Chemie, 77(6), 276. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.19650770625 Ventola, C. L. (2015). The Antibiotic Resistance Crisis: Part 1: Causes and threats. PubMed, 40(4), 277-283. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25859123 Wang, X., & Wang, G. (2016). Insights into Antimicrobial Peptides from Spiders and Scorpions. Protein & Peptide Letters/Protein And Peptide Letters, 23(8), 707-721. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929866523666160511151320 Węder, K., Mach, M., Hąc-Wydro, K., & Wydro, P. (2018). Studies on the interactions of anticancer drug - Minerval - with membrane lipids in binary and ternary Langmuir monolayers. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, 1860(11), 2329-2336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.05.019 World Health Organization: WHO. (2023, 21 noviembre). Antimicrobial resistance. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance Yacoub, T., Rima, M., Karam, M., Sabatier, J., & Fajloun, Z. (2020). Antimicrobials from Venomous Animals: An Overview. Molecules/Molecules Online/Molecules Annual, 25(10), 2402. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102402
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spelling	Ceballos Robledo, Jorge AlbertoGiraldo Cadavid, Marco AntonioArbeláez Jiménez, Daniel FelipeCeballos Robledo, Jorge AlbertoGiraldo Cadavid, Marco AntonioGrupo de Biofísica - UdeA2025-10-31T12:45:06Z2027-082025https://hdl.handle.net/10495/48048La resistencia a los antimicrobianos representa un reto importante para el tratamiento de infecciones en todo el mundo. En la búsqueda de alternativas a los antibióticos convencionales, los péptidos antimicrobianos se han convertido en una opción terapéutica prometedora, ya que pueden actuar de forma selectiva e interactuar con las membranas microbianas. En este estudio, investigamos los mecanismos de acción de dos péptidos, vrdg66 y vrdg172, derivados de la araña Pamphobeteus verdolaga. Caracterizamos sus interacciones mecánicas y eléctricas con un modelo de membrana de Langmuir de la bacteria Staphylococcus aureus en el que se imitó la composición lipídica de la membrana bacteriana. Monitoreamos los cambios que se produjeron en las monocapas tras la incorporación de los péptidos midiendo la presión superficial, el potencial superficial y el módulo de compresión. Nuestros resultados demuestran que los péptidos afectaron al ordenamiento lipídico del modelo de membrana bacteriana de forma diferencial para vrdg66 y vrdg172. Ambos péptidos redujeron el potencial superficial y fluidizaron la monocapa de S. aureus. Estos hallazgos sugieren que vrdg66 y vrdg172 son agentes terapéuticos potenciales para el tratamiento de infecciones en el contexto de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos.Antimicrobial resistance represents a significant challenge to the treatment of infections worldwide. In the search for alternatives to conventional antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides have emerged as a promising therapeutic option for they can selectively target and interact with microbial membranes. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of action of two peptides, vrdg66 and vrdg172, derived from the spider Pamphobeteus verdolaga. We characterized their mechanical and electrical interactions with a Langmuir membrane model of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus in which the lipid composition of the bacterial membrane was simulated. We monitored the changes that occurred in the monolayers after the incorporation of the peptides by measuring surface pressure, surface potential, and compression modulus. Our results demonstrate that the peptides affected the lipid ordering of the bacterial membrane model differently for vrdg66 and vrdg172, although both peptides reduced surface potential and fluidized the S. aureus monolayer. These findings suggest that vrdg66 and vrdg172 are potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of infections in the context of antimicrobial resistance.BiomembranasCOL0076414PregradoBiólogo26 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad de AntioquiaBiologíaEl Carmen de Viboral, ColombiaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesCampus El Carmen de Viboralhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Effect of Two Peptides Derived from the Venom of the Tarantula Pamphobeteus verdolaga on a Langmuir Membrane Model Representative of S. aureusTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TPTexthttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcceinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/draftAguilar, G. R., Swetschinski, L. R., Weaver, N. D., Ikuta, K. S., Mestrovic, T., Gray, A. 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

Effect of Two Peptides Derived from the Venom of the Tarantula Pamphobeteus verdolaga on a Langmuir Membrane Model Representative of S. aureus

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