Selecting the best AOP for isoxazolyl penicillins degradation as a function of water characteristics: Effects of pH, chemical nature of additives and pollutant concentration

ABSTRACT: To provide new insights toward the selection of the most suitable AOP for isoxazolyl penicillins elimination, the degradation of dicloxacillin, a isoxazolyl penicillin model, was studied using different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs): ultrasound (US), photo-Fenton (UV/H2O2/Fe2þ) and T...

Full description

Autores:
Villegas Guzmán, Paola
Silva Agredo, Javier
Flórez Acosta, Oscar Albeiro
Giraldo Aguirre, Ana Liliana
Pulgarín Gómez, Cesar
Torres Palma, Ricardo Antonio
Tipo de recurso:
Article of investigation
Fecha de publicación:
2017
Institución:
Universidad de Antioquia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UdeA
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/43383
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/10495/43383
Palabra clave:
2-Propanol
Bicarbonatos
Bicarbonates
Biodegradación Ambiental
Biodegradation, Environmental
Catálisis
Catalysis
Glucosa - química
Glucose - chemistry
Peróxido de Hidrógeno
Hydrogen Peroxide
Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Hierro - química
Iron - chemistry
Ácido Oxálico
Oxalic Acid
Oxidación-Reducción
Oxidation-Reduction
Penicilinas
Penicillins
Titanio - química
Titanium - chemistry
Ultrasonido - métodos
Ultrasonics - methods
Rayos Ultravioleta
Ultraviolet Rays
Aguas Residuales
Wastewater
Contaminantes Químicos del Agua
Water Pollutants, Chemical
Purificación del Agua - métodos
Water Purification - methods
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D019840
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001639
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001673
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D002384
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D005947
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D006861
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D006863
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D007501
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D019815
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D010084
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D010406
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014025
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014465
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014466
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D062065
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014874
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D018508
Rights
openAccess
License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/
id UDEA2_f0365459e926a0356a97086c727dd492
oai_identifier_str oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/43383
network_acronym_str UDEA2
network_name_str Repositorio UdeA
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Selecting the best AOP for isoxazolyl penicillins degradation as a function of water characteristics: Effects of pH, chemical nature of additives and pollutant concentration
title Selecting the best AOP for isoxazolyl penicillins degradation as a function of water characteristics: Effects of pH, chemical nature of additives and pollutant concentration
spellingShingle Selecting the best AOP for isoxazolyl penicillins degradation as a function of water characteristics: Effects of pH, chemical nature of additives and pollutant concentration
2-Propanol
Bicarbonatos
Bicarbonates
Biodegradación Ambiental
Biodegradation, Environmental
Catálisis
Catalysis
Glucosa - química
Glucose - chemistry
Peróxido de Hidrógeno
Hydrogen Peroxide
Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Hierro - química
Iron - chemistry
Ácido Oxálico
Oxalic Acid
Oxidación-Reducción
Oxidation-Reduction
Penicilinas
Penicillins
Titanio - química
Titanium - chemistry
Ultrasonido - métodos
Ultrasonics - methods
Rayos Ultravioleta
Ultraviolet Rays
Aguas Residuales
Wastewater
Contaminantes Químicos del Agua
Water Pollutants, Chemical
Purificación del Agua - métodos
Water Purification - methods
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D019840
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001639
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001673
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D002384
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D005947
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D006861
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D006863
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D007501
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D019815
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D010084
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D010406
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014025
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014465
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014466
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D062065
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014874
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D018508
title_short Selecting the best AOP for isoxazolyl penicillins degradation as a function of water characteristics: Effects of pH, chemical nature of additives and pollutant concentration
title_full Selecting the best AOP for isoxazolyl penicillins degradation as a function of water characteristics: Effects of pH, chemical nature of additives and pollutant concentration
title_fullStr Selecting the best AOP for isoxazolyl penicillins degradation as a function of water characteristics: Effects of pH, chemical nature of additives and pollutant concentration
title_full_unstemmed Selecting the best AOP for isoxazolyl penicillins degradation as a function of water characteristics: Effects of pH, chemical nature of additives and pollutant concentration
title_sort Selecting the best AOP for isoxazolyl penicillins degradation as a function of water characteristics: Effects of pH, chemical nature of additives and pollutant concentration
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Villegas Guzmán, Paola
Silva Agredo, Javier
Flórez Acosta, Oscar Albeiro
Giraldo Aguirre, Ana Liliana
Pulgarín Gómez, Cesar
Torres Palma, Ricardo Antonio
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Villegas Guzmán, Paola
Silva Agredo, Javier
Flórez Acosta, Oscar Albeiro
Giraldo Aguirre, Ana Liliana
Pulgarín Gómez, Cesar
Torres Palma, Ricardo Antonio
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv Diseño y Formulación de Medicamentos Cosméticos y Afines
Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis
dc.subject.decs.none.fl_str_mv 2-Propanol
Bicarbonatos
Bicarbonates
Biodegradación Ambiental
Biodegradation, Environmental
Catálisis
Catalysis
Glucosa - química
Glucose - chemistry
Peróxido de Hidrógeno
Hydrogen Peroxide
Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Hierro - química
Iron - chemistry
Ácido Oxálico
Oxalic Acid
Oxidación-Reducción
Oxidation-Reduction
Penicilinas
Penicillins
Titanio - química
Titanium - chemistry
Ultrasonido - métodos
Ultrasonics - methods
Rayos Ultravioleta
Ultraviolet Rays
Aguas Residuales
Wastewater
Contaminantes Químicos del Agua
Water Pollutants, Chemical
Purificación del Agua - métodos
Water Purification - methods
topic 2-Propanol
Bicarbonatos
Bicarbonates
Biodegradación Ambiental
Biodegradation, Environmental
Catálisis
Catalysis
Glucosa - química
Glucose - chemistry
Peróxido de Hidrógeno
Hydrogen Peroxide
Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Hierro - química
Iron - chemistry
Ácido Oxálico
Oxalic Acid
Oxidación-Reducción
Oxidation-Reduction
Penicilinas
Penicillins
Titanio - química
Titanium - chemistry
Ultrasonido - métodos
Ultrasonics - methods
Rayos Ultravioleta
Ultraviolet Rays
Aguas Residuales
Wastewater
Contaminantes Químicos del Agua
Water Pollutants, Chemical
Purificación del Agua - métodos
Water Purification - methods
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D019840
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001639
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001673
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D002384
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D005947
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D006861
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D006863
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D007501
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D019815
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D010084
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D010406
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014025
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014465
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014466
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D062065
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014874
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D018508
dc.subject.meshuri.none.fl_str_mv https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D019840
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001639
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001673
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D002384
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D005947
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D006861
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D006863
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D007501
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D019815
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D010084
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D010406
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014025
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014465
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014466
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D062065
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014874
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D018508
description ABSTRACT: To provide new insights toward the selection of the most suitable AOP for isoxazolyl penicillins elimination, the degradation of dicloxacillin, a isoxazolyl penicillin model, was studied using different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs): ultrasound (US), photo-Fenton (UV/H2O2/Fe2þ) and TiO2 photo- catalysis (UV/TiO2). Although all processes achieved total removal of the antibiotic and antimicrobial activity, and increased the biodegradability level of the solutions, significant differences concerning the mineralization extend, the pH of the solution, the pollutant concentration and the chemical nature of additives were found. UV/TiO2 reached almost complete mineralization; while ~10% mineralization was obtained for UV/H2O2/Fe2þ and practically zero for US. Effect of initial pH, mineral natural water and the presence of organic (glucose, 2-propanol and oxalic acid) were then investigated. UV/H2O2/Fe2þ and US processes were improved in acidic media, while natural pH favored UV/TiO2 system. According to both the nature of the added organic compound and the process, inhibition, no effect or enhancement of the degradation rate was observed. The degradation in natural mineral water showed contrasting results according to the antibiotic concentration: US process was enhanced at low concentration of dicloxacillin followed by detrimental effects at high substrate concentrations. A contrary effect was observed during photo-Fenton, while UV/TiO2 was inhibited in all of cases. Finally, a schema illustrating the enhancement or inhibiting effects of water matrix is proposed as a tool for selecting the best process for isoxazolyl penicillins degradation.
publishDate 2017
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2017
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-11-11T19:22:23Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-11-11T19:22:23Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de investigación
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv https://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART
dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv Villegas-Guzman P, Silva-Agredo J, Florez O, Giraldo-Aguirre AL, Pulgarin C, Torres-Palma RA. Selecting the best AOP for isoxazolyl penicillins degradation as a function of water characteristics: Effects of pH, chemical nature of additives and pollutant concentration. J Environ Manage. 2017 Apr 1;190:72-79. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.056.
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 0301-4797
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10495/43383
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.056
dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv 1095-8630
identifier_str_mv Villegas-Guzman P, Silva-Agredo J, Florez O, Giraldo-Aguirre AL, Pulgarin C, Torres-Palma RA. Selecting the best AOP for isoxazolyl penicillins degradation as a function of water characteristics: Effects of pH, chemical nature of additives and pollutant concentration. J Environ Manage. 2017 Apr 1;190:72-79. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.056.
0301-4797
10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.056
1095-8630
url https://hdl.handle.net/10495/43383
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.ispartofjournalabbrev.spa.fl_str_mv J. Environ. Manage.
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 79
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 70
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 190
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Journal of Environmental Management
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 8 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Londres, Inglaterra
institution Universidad de Antioquia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/1864d03a-23f0-4032-8801-1967facaa7fa/download
https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/86e2c9d2-3076-42e4-aa2a-c911cd1a780f/download
https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/a1217e49-925a-472e-b333-82ccc50c4724/download
https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/5418933e-0e8d-4e74-8543-359c90fb4b72/download
https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/732a8773-3e1c-49b1-bd4d-8d828d7927ab/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 2f8c18b98fc21d9bd7089800e8442d94
b88b088d9957e670ce3b3fbe2eedbc13
8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33
3d707ce12327af7ede536a83fb242136
744d98a96f711973166e279fdd74a9da
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Antioquia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv aplicacionbibliotecadigitalbiblioteca@udea.edu.co
_version_ 1851052499032604672
spelling Villegas Guzmán, PaolaSilva Agredo, JavierFlórez Acosta, Oscar AlbeiroGiraldo Aguirre, Ana LilianaPulgarín Gómez, CesarTorres Palma, Ricardo AntonioDiseño y Formulación de Medicamentos Cosméticos y AfinesGrupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis2024-11-11T19:22:23Z2024-11-11T19:22:23Z2017Villegas-Guzman P, Silva-Agredo J, Florez O, Giraldo-Aguirre AL, Pulgarin C, Torres-Palma RA. Selecting the best AOP for isoxazolyl penicillins degradation as a function of water characteristics: Effects of pH, chemical nature of additives and pollutant concentration. J Environ Manage. 2017 Apr 1;190:72-79. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.056.0301-4797https://hdl.handle.net/10495/4338310.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.0561095-8630ABSTRACT: To provide new insights toward the selection of the most suitable AOP for isoxazolyl penicillins elimination, the degradation of dicloxacillin, a isoxazolyl penicillin model, was studied using different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs): ultrasound (US), photo-Fenton (UV/H2O2/Fe2þ) and TiO2 photo- catalysis (UV/TiO2). Although all processes achieved total removal of the antibiotic and antimicrobial activity, and increased the biodegradability level of the solutions, significant differences concerning the mineralization extend, the pH of the solution, the pollutant concentration and the chemical nature of additives were found. UV/TiO2 reached almost complete mineralization; while ~10% mineralization was obtained for UV/H2O2/Fe2þ and practically zero for US. Effect of initial pH, mineral natural water and the presence of organic (glucose, 2-propanol and oxalic acid) were then investigated. UV/H2O2/Fe2þ and US processes were improved in acidic media, while natural pH favored UV/TiO2 system. According to both the nature of the added organic compound and the process, inhibition, no effect or enhancement of the degradation rate was observed. The degradation in natural mineral water showed contrasting results according to the antibiotic concentration: US process was enhanced at low concentration of dicloxacillin followed by detrimental effects at high substrate concentrations. A contrary effect was observed during photo-Fenton, while UV/TiO2 was inhibited in all of cases. Finally, a schema illustrating the enhancement or inhibiting effects of water matrix is proposed as a tool for selecting the best process for isoxazolyl penicillins degradation.COL0125116COL00036238 páginasapplication/pdfengElsevierLondres, Inglaterrahttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Selecting the best AOP for isoxazolyl penicillins degradation as a function of water characteristics: Effects of pH, chemical nature of additives and pollutant concentrationArtículo de investigaciónhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1https://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion2-PropanolBicarbonatosBicarbonatesBiodegradación AmbientalBiodegradation, EnvironmentalCatálisisCatalysisGlucosa - químicaGlucose - chemistryPeróxido de HidrógenoHydrogen PeroxideConcentración de Iones de HidrógenoHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationHierro - químicaIron - chemistryÁcido OxálicoOxalic AcidOxidación-ReducciónOxidation-ReductionPenicilinasPenicillinsTitanio - químicaTitanium - chemistryUltrasonido - métodosUltrasonics - methodsRayos UltravioletaUltraviolet RaysAguas ResidualesWastewaterContaminantes Químicos del AguaWater Pollutants, ChemicalPurificación del Agua - métodosWater Purification - methodshttps://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D019840https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001639https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001673https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D002384https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D005947https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D006861https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D006863https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D007501https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D019815https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D010084https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D010406https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014025https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014465https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014466https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D062065https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014874https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D018508J. Environ. Manage.7970190Journal of Environmental ManagementImplementación de metodologías eficientes y confiables para degradar residuos de antimicrobianos en el hogar y en efluentes industrialesTreatment of the hospital wastewaters in Cote d'Ivore and in Colombia by advanced oxidation processesPublicationORIGINALVillegasPaola_2017_SelectingBestAOPIsoxazolylPenicillins.pdfVillegasPaola_2017_SelectingBestAOPIsoxazolylPenicillins.pdfArtículo de investigaciónapplication/pdf737043https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/1864d03a-23f0-4032-8801-1967facaa7fa/download2f8c18b98fc21d9bd7089800e8442d94MD51trueAnonymousREADCC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8823https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/86e2c9d2-3076-42e4-aa2a-c911cd1a780f/downloadb88b088d9957e670ce3b3fbe2eedbc13MD52falseAnonymousREADLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/a1217e49-925a-472e-b333-82ccc50c4724/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53falseAnonymousREADTEXTVillegasPaola_2017_SelectingBestAOPIsoxazolylPenicillins.pdf.txtVillegasPaola_2017_SelectingBestAOPIsoxazolylPenicillins.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain57944https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/5418933e-0e8d-4e74-8543-359c90fb4b72/download3d707ce12327af7ede536a83fb242136MD54falseAnonymousREADTHUMBNAILVillegasPaola_2017_SelectingBestAOPIsoxazolylPenicillins.pdf.jpgVillegasPaola_2017_SelectingBestAOPIsoxazolylPenicillins.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg15829https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/732a8773-3e1c-49b1-bd4d-8d828d7927ab/download744d98a96f711973166e279fdd74a9daMD55falseAnonymousREAD10495/43383oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/433832025-03-26 23:22:23.185http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/open.accesshttps://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.coRepositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Antioquiaaplicacionbibliotecadigitalbiblioteca@udea.edu.coTk9URTogUExBQ0UgWU9VUiBPV04gTElDRU5TRSBIRVJFClRoaXMgc2FtcGxlIGxpY2Vuc2UgaXMgcHJvdmlkZWQgZm9yIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uYWwgcHVycG9zZXMgb25seS4KCk5PTi1FWENMVVNJVkUgRElTVFJJQlVUSU9OIExJQ0VOU0UKCkJ5IHNpZ25pbmcgYW5kIHN1Ym1pdHRpbmcgdGhpcyBsaWNlbnNlLCB5b3UgKHRoZSBhdXRob3Iocykgb3IgY29weXJpZ2h0Cm93bmVyKSBncmFudHMgdG8gRFNwYWNlIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgKERTVSkgdGhlIG5vbi1leGNsdXNpdmUgcmlnaHQgdG8gcmVwcm9kdWNlLAp0cmFuc2xhdGUgKGFzIGRlZmluZWQgYmVsb3cpLCBhbmQvb3IgZGlzdHJpYnV0ZSB5b3VyIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gKGluY2x1ZGluZwp0aGUgYWJzdHJhY3QpIHdvcmxkd2lkZSBpbiBwcmludCBhbmQgZWxlY3Ryb25pYyBmb3JtYXQgYW5kIGluIGFueSBtZWRpdW0sCmluY2x1ZGluZyBidXQgbm90IGxpbWl0ZWQgdG8gYXVkaW8gb3IgdmlkZW8uCgpZb3UgYWdyZWUgdGhhdCBEU1UgbWF5LCB3aXRob3V0IGNoYW5naW5nIHRoZSBjb250ZW50LCB0cmFuc2xhdGUgdGhlCnN1Ym1pc3Npb24gdG8gYW55IG1lZGl1bSBvciBmb3JtYXQgZm9yIHRoZSBwdXJwb3NlIG9mIHByZXNlcnZhdGlvbi4KCllvdSBhbHNvIGFncmVlIHRoYXQgRFNVIG1heSBrZWVwIG1vcmUgdGhhbiBvbmUgY29weSBvZiB0aGlzIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gZm9yCnB1cnBvc2VzIG9mIHNlY3VyaXR5LCBiYWNrLXVwIGFuZCBwcmVzZXJ2YXRpb24uCgpZb3UgcmVwcmVzZW50IHRoYXQgdGhlIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gaXMgeW91ciBvcmlnaW5hbCB3b3JrLCBhbmQgdGhhdCB5b3UgaGF2ZQp0aGUgcmlnaHQgdG8gZ3JhbnQgdGhlIHJpZ2h0cyBjb250YWluZWQgaW4gdGhpcyBsaWNlbnNlLiBZb3UgYWxzbyByZXByZXNlbnQKdGhhdCB5b3VyIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gZG9lcyBub3QsIHRvIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHlvdXIga25vd2xlZGdlLCBpbmZyaW5nZSB1cG9uCmFueW9uZSdzIGNvcHlyaWdodC4KCklmIHRoZSBzdWJtaXNzaW9uIGNvbnRhaW5zIG1hdGVyaWFsIGZvciB3aGljaCB5b3UgZG8gbm90IGhvbGQgY29weXJpZ2h0LAp5b3UgcmVwcmVzZW50IHRoYXQgeW91IGhhdmUgb2J0YWluZWQgdGhlIHVucmVzdHJpY3RlZCBwZXJtaXNzaW9uIG9mIHRoZQpjb3B5cmlnaHQgb3duZXIgdG8gZ3JhbnQgRFNVIHRoZSByaWdodHMgcmVxdWlyZWQgYnkgdGhpcyBsaWNlbnNlLCBhbmQgdGhhdApzdWNoIHRoaXJkLXBhcnR5IG93bmVkIG1hdGVyaWFsIGlzIGNsZWFybHkgaWRlbnRpZmllZCBhbmQgYWNrbm93bGVkZ2VkCndpdGhpbiB0aGUgdGV4dCBvciBjb250ZW50IG9mIHRoZSBzdWJtaXNzaW9uLgoKSUYgVEhFIFNVQk1JU1NJT04gSVMgQkFTRUQgVVBPTiBXT1JLIFRIQVQgSEFTIEJFRU4gU1BPTlNPUkVEIE9SIFNVUFBPUlRFRApCWSBBTiBBR0VOQ1kgT1IgT1JHQU5JWkFUSU9OIE9USEVSIFRIQU4gRFNVLCBZT1UgUkVQUkVTRU5UIFRIQVQgWU9VIEhBVkUKRlVMRklMTEVEIEFOWSBSSUdIVCBPRiBSRVZJRVcgT1IgT1RIRVIgT0JMSUdBVElPTlMgUkVRVUlSRUQgQlkgU1VDSApDT05UUkFDVCBPUiBBR1JFRU1FTlQuCgpEU1Ugd2lsbCBjbGVhcmx5IGlkZW50aWZ5IHlvdXIgbmFtZShzKSBhcyB0aGUgYXV0aG9yKHMpIG9yIG93bmVyKHMpIG9mIHRoZQpzdWJtaXNzaW9uLCBhbmQgd2lsbCBub3QgbWFrZSBhbnkgYWx0ZXJhdGlvbiwgb3RoZXIgdGhhbiBhcyBhbGxvd2VkIGJ5IHRoaXMKbGljZW5zZSwgdG8geW91ciBzdWJtaXNzaW9uLgo=