Characterization of the Culturable Gut Microbiota of Two Colombian Main Malaria Vectors
ABSTRACT: Bacteria inhabiting the gut of malaria vectors can strongly influence their biology and competence to transmit Plasmodium parasites and other pathogens. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the culturable gut bacterial microbiota in two main Colombian malaria vectors. Anopheles (Di...
- Autores:
-
Piedrahita Hernández, Estefani Andrea
Bascunan García, Ana Priscila
Urrea Aguirre, Paula Andrea
Correa Ochoa, Margarita María
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad de Antioquia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UdeA
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/41684
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/10495/41684
- Palabra clave:
- Colombia
Malaria
Microbioma Gastrointestinal
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Mosquitos Vectores
Mosquito Vectors
Culicidae
Anopheles
ARN Ribosómico 16S
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D003105
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D008288
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000069196
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000072138
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D009033
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000852
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D012336
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
| id |
UDEA2_b602fdace0f0a7ea2a3659484ce12cc2 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/41684 |
| network_acronym_str |
UDEA2 |
| network_name_str |
Repositorio UdeA |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Characterization of the Culturable Gut Microbiota of Two Colombian Main Malaria Vectors |
| dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv |
Caracterización de la microbiota intestinal cultivable de dos vectores principales de malaria de Colombia |
| title |
Characterization of the Culturable Gut Microbiota of Two Colombian Main Malaria Vectors |
| spellingShingle |
Characterization of the Culturable Gut Microbiota of Two Colombian Main Malaria Vectors Colombia Malaria Microbioma Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Microbiome Mosquitos Vectores Mosquito Vectors Culicidae Anopheles ARN Ribosómico 16S RNA, Ribosomal, 16S https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D003105 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D008288 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000069196 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000072138 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D009033 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000852 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D012336 |
| title_short |
Characterization of the Culturable Gut Microbiota of Two Colombian Main Malaria Vectors |
| title_full |
Characterization of the Culturable Gut Microbiota of Two Colombian Main Malaria Vectors |
| title_fullStr |
Characterization of the Culturable Gut Microbiota of Two Colombian Main Malaria Vectors |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Characterization of the Culturable Gut Microbiota of Two Colombian Main Malaria Vectors |
| title_sort |
Characterization of the Culturable Gut Microbiota of Two Colombian Main Malaria Vectors |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Piedrahita Hernández, Estefani Andrea Bascunan García, Ana Priscila Urrea Aguirre, Paula Andrea Correa Ochoa, Margarita María |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Piedrahita Hernández, Estefani Andrea Bascunan García, Ana Priscila Urrea Aguirre, Paula Andrea Correa Ochoa, Margarita María |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv |
Microbiología Molecular |
| dc.subject.decs.none.fl_str_mv |
Colombia Malaria Microbioma Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Microbiome Mosquitos Vectores Mosquito Vectors Culicidae Anopheles ARN Ribosómico 16S RNA, Ribosomal, 16S |
| topic |
Colombia Malaria Microbioma Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Microbiome Mosquitos Vectores Mosquito Vectors Culicidae Anopheles ARN Ribosómico 16S RNA, Ribosomal, 16S https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D003105 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D008288 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000069196 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000072138 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D009033 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000852 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D012336 |
| dc.subject.meshuri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D003105 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D008288 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000069196 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000072138 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D009033 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000852 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D012336 |
| description |
ABSTRACT: Bacteria inhabiting the gut of malaria vectors can strongly influence their biology and competence to transmit Plasmodium parasites and other pathogens. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the culturable gut bacterial microbiota in two main Colombian malaria vectors. Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) darlingi Root, 1926 and Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) nuneztovari Gabaldón, 1940, specimens were collected in two malaria-endemic regions and under two feedings status. The bacterial composition was compared according to mosquito species, geography, and feeding status. Bacterial isolates from homogenized mosquito guts were morphologically and biochemically characterized, and their taxonomy was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. Results showed that Gram-negative bacilli, particularly of the Proteobacteria phylum, are predominant in the gut of the two-vector species regardless of geography and feeding status. At the genus level, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, and Bacillus were common among the two-vector species and geographic sites; and some genera were locality or vector-specific. In addition, the presence of blood in the mosquito gut negatively impacted bacterial richness at the genus level. These results advanced the knowledge of mosquito-microbe interactions for these malaria vectors. In addition, the generation of a bacterial culture repertoire may allow us to investigate the potential role of some bacteria as biocontrol agents. |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-09-02T19:56:11Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-09-02T19:56:11Z |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de investigación |
| dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
| dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Piedrahita S, Bascuñan P, Urrea-Aguirre PA, Correa MM. Characterization of the culturable gut microbiota of two colombian main malaria vectors. Acta biol. Colomb. [Internet]. 5 de septiembre de 2023 [citado 24 de agosto de 2024];28(3):528-39. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/actabiol/article/view/105865 |
| dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv |
0120-548X |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/10495/41684 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.15446/abc.v28n3.105865 |
| dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv |
1900-1649 |
| identifier_str_mv |
Piedrahita S, Bascuñan P, Urrea-Aguirre PA, Correa MM. Characterization of the culturable gut microbiota of two colombian main malaria vectors. Acta biol. Colomb. [Internet]. 5 de septiembre de 2023 [citado 24 de agosto de 2024];28(3):528-39. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/actabiol/article/view/105865 0120-548X 10.15446/abc.v28n3.105865 1900-1649 |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/10495/41684 |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournalabbrev.spa.fl_str_mv |
Acta Biolo. Colomb. |
| dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
539 |
| dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv |
3 |
| dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
528 |
| dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv |
28 |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Acta Biológica Colombiana |
| dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/co/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/co/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
12 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología |
| dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bogotá, Colombia |
| institution |
Universidad de Antioquia |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/a8c1cc4c-9f81-4dfe-94bf-6ebee72dd45d/download https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/323654af-eb84-4817-b438-97705ebebe29/download https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/dea4cb39-8043-45a6-8190-c8533ac17dff/download https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/eb4755cd-62fd-49bf-a1d7-5e0864af121b/download https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/9db89143-6422-4deb-96c6-5765b9666f07/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
b3388166071597ef688d17c63cc309ad e2060682c9c70d4d30c83c51448f4eed 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 4293ea9250b4b311bec4d6936660b342 fc148f5c726b54a7cf052fe97e44a360 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Antioquia |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
aplicacionbibliotecadigitalbiblioteca@udea.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1851052520448720896 |
| spelling |
Piedrahita Hernández, Estefani AndreaBascunan García, Ana PriscilaUrrea Aguirre, Paula AndreaCorrea Ochoa, Margarita MaríaMicrobiología Molecular2024-09-02T19:56:11Z2024-09-02T19:56:11Z2023Piedrahita S, Bascuñan P, Urrea-Aguirre PA, Correa MM. Characterization of the culturable gut microbiota of two colombian main malaria vectors. Acta biol. Colomb. [Internet]. 5 de septiembre de 2023 [citado 24 de agosto de 2024];28(3):528-39. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/actabiol/article/view/1058650120-548Xhttps://hdl.handle.net/10495/4168410.15446/abc.v28n3.1058651900-1649ABSTRACT: Bacteria inhabiting the gut of malaria vectors can strongly influence their biology and competence to transmit Plasmodium parasites and other pathogens. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the culturable gut bacterial microbiota in two main Colombian malaria vectors. Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) darlingi Root, 1926 and Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) nuneztovari Gabaldón, 1940, specimens were collected in two malaria-endemic regions and under two feedings status. The bacterial composition was compared according to mosquito species, geography, and feeding status. Bacterial isolates from homogenized mosquito guts were morphologically and biochemically characterized, and their taxonomy was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. Results showed that Gram-negative bacilli, particularly of the Proteobacteria phylum, are predominant in the gut of the two-vector species regardless of geography and feeding status. At the genus level, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, and Bacillus were common among the two-vector species and geographic sites; and some genera were locality or vector-specific. In addition, the presence of blood in the mosquito gut negatively impacted bacterial richness at the genus level. These results advanced the knowledge of mosquito-microbe interactions for these malaria vectors. In addition, the generation of a bacterial culture repertoire may allow us to investigate the potential role of some bacteria as biocontrol agents.RESUMEN: Las bacterias que habitan en el intestino de los vectores de la malaria pueden influir en su biología y competencia para transmitir parásitos Plasmodium y otros patógenos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo aislar y caracterizar la microbiota bacteriana intestinal cultivable en dos vectores principales de malaria de Colombia. Los especímenes de Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) darlingi Root, 1926 y Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) nuneztovari Gabaldon, 1940, fueron colectados en dos regiones endémicas para malaria y bajo dos estados de alimentación. La composición bacteriana se comparó según la especie de mosquito, la geografía y el estado de alimentación. Las bacterias aisladas de intestinos de mosquitos homogeneizados se caracterizaron morfológica y bioquímicamente y se determinó su taxonomía mediante secuenciación de ARNr 16S. Los resultados mostraron que los bacilos Gram-negativos, particularmente del filo Proteobacteria, predominan en el intestino de las dos especies de vectores, independientemente de la geografía y el estado de alimentación. A nivel de género, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter y Bacillus fueron comunes entre las dos especies de vectores y sitios geográficos; y algunos géneros fueron específicos de la localidad o del vector. Además, la presencia de sangre en el intestino del mosquito afecto negativamente la riqueza bacteriana a nivel de género. Estos resultados aportan al avance del conocimiento sobre las interacciones mosquito-microbio para estos vectores de la malaria; sumado a esto, la generación de un repertorio de cultivos bacterianos podrá permitir investigar el papel potencial de algunas bacterias como agentes de biocontrol.Universidad de Antioquia. Escuela de MicrobiologíaCOL001374612 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de BiologíaBogotá, Colombiahttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/co/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Characterization of the Culturable Gut Microbiota of Two Colombian Main Malaria VectorsCaracterización de la microbiota intestinal cultivable de dos vectores principales de malaria de ColombiaArtículo de investigaciónhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1https://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionColombiaMalariaMicrobioma GastrointestinalGastrointestinal MicrobiomeMosquitos VectoresMosquito VectorsCulicidaeAnophelesARN Ribosómico 16SRNA, Ribosomal, 16Shttps://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D003105https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D008288https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000069196https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000072138https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D009033https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000852https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D012336Acta Biolo. Colomb.539352828Acta Biológica ColombianaUdeA 2021-41851RoR:03bp5hc83PublicationORIGINALPiedrahitaStefani_2023_Characterization_Culturable_Gut_Microbiota.pdfPiedrahitaStefani_2023_Characterization_Culturable_Gut_Microbiota.pdfArtículo de investigaciónapplication/pdf1309574https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/a8c1cc4c-9f81-4dfe-94bf-6ebee72dd45d/downloadb3388166071597ef688d17c63cc309adMD51trueAnonymousREADCC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-81051https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/323654af-eb84-4817-b438-97705ebebe29/downloade2060682c9c70d4d30c83c51448f4eedMD52falseAnonymousREADLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/dea4cb39-8043-45a6-8190-c8533ac17dff/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53falseAnonymousREADTEXTPiedrahitaStefani_2023_Characterization_Culturable_Gut_Microbiota.pdf.txtPiedrahitaStefani_2023_Characterization_Culturable_Gut_Microbiota.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain58769https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/eb4755cd-62fd-49bf-a1d7-5e0864af121b/download4293ea9250b4b311bec4d6936660b342MD54falseAnonymousREADTHUMBNAILPiedrahitaStefani_2023_Characterization_Culturable_Gut_Microbiota.pdf.jpgPiedrahitaStefani_2023_Characterization_Culturable_Gut_Microbiota.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg16351https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/9db89143-6422-4deb-96c6-5765b9666f07/downloadfc148f5c726b54a7cf052fe97e44a360MD55falseAnonymousREAD10495/41684oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/416842025-03-26 23:42:31.679https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/open.accesshttps://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.coRepositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Antioquiaaplicacionbibliotecadigitalbiblioteca@udea.edu.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 |
