Factores que influyen en la probabilidad de infección de especies de aves por hemosporidios aviares

El estudio de las interacciones bióticas es importante para comprender la ecología evolutiva de las especies. Respecto a estas, el parasitismo por hemosporidios en aves es una interacción que genera presiones evolutivas sobre las comunidades de aves y juega un papel importante en su estructuración....

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Autores:: Pinzón Cárdenas, Paula Alejandra

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Fecha de publicación:: 2023

Institución:: Universidad de Antioquia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UdeA

Idioma:: spa

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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Factores que influyen en la probabilidad de infección de especies de aves por hemosporidios aviares
title	Factores que influyen en la probabilidad de infección de especies de aves por hemosporidios aviares
spellingShingle	Factores que influyen en la probabilidad de infección de especies de aves por hemosporidios aviares Aves - Parásitos Birds - Parasites Aves - Infecciones Birds - Infections Comunidades de aves Bird communities Aves - Ecología Birds - Ecology Aves - Evolución Birds - Evolution Aves - Hábitat Birds - Habitat Haemosporida Prevalencia Prevalence Malaria aviar Avian malaria Parasitismo Parasitism Relación huésped parásito Host parasite relations http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16686 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5577 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_11620 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh86003644 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2003011141 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2004014360 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2005020407 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014316 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2006005918 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016787 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D015995 ODS 15: Vida de ecosistemas terrestres. Proteger, restablecer y promover el uso sostenible de los ecosistemas terrestres, gestionar sosteniblemente los bosques, luchar contra la desertificación, detener e invertir la degradación de las tierras y detener la pérdida de biodiversidad
title_short	Factores que influyen en la probabilidad de infección de especies de aves por hemosporidios aviares
title_full	Factores que influyen en la probabilidad de infección de especies de aves por hemosporidios aviares
title_fullStr	Factores que influyen en la probabilidad de infección de especies de aves por hemosporidios aviares
title_full_unstemmed	Factores que influyen en la probabilidad de infección de especies de aves por hemosporidios aviares
title_sort	Factores que influyen en la probabilidad de infección de especies de aves por hemosporidios aviares
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Pinzón Cárdenas, Paula Alejandra
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Rivera Gutiérrez, Héctor Fabio González Quevedo, Catalina Pérez Tris, Javier Rúa Uribe, Guillermo León
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Pinzón Cárdenas, Paula Alejandra
dc.contributor.researchgroup.none.fl_str_mv	Ecología y Evolución de Vertebrados
dc.subject.lcsh.none.fl_str_mv	Aves - Parásitos Birds - Parasites Aves - Infecciones Birds - Infections Comunidades de aves Bird communities Aves - Ecología Birds - Ecology Aves - Evolución Birds - Evolution Aves - Hábitat Birds - Habitat
topic	Aves - Parásitos Birds - Parasites Aves - Infecciones Birds - Infections Comunidades de aves Bird communities Aves - Ecología Birds - Ecology Aves - Evolución Birds - Evolution Aves - Hábitat Birds - Habitat Haemosporida Prevalencia Prevalence Malaria aviar Avian malaria Parasitismo Parasitism Relación huésped parásito Host parasite relations http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16686 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5577 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_11620 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh86003644 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2003011141 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2004014360 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2005020407 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014316 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2006005918 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016787 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D015995 ODS 15: Vida de ecosistemas terrestres. Proteger, restablecer y promover el uso sostenible de los ecosistemas terrestres, gestionar sosteniblemente los bosques, luchar contra la desertificación, detener e invertir la degradación de las tierras y detener la pérdida de biodiversidad
dc.subject.decs.none.fl_str_mv	Haemosporida Prevalencia Prevalence
dc.subject.agrovoc.none.fl_str_mv	Malaria aviar Avian malaria Parasitismo Parasitism Relación huésped parásito Host parasite relations
dc.subject.agrovocuri.none.fl_str_mv	http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16686 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5577 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_11620
dc.subject.lcshuri.none.fl_str_mv	http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh86003644 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2003011141 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2004014360 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2005020407 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014316 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2006005918
dc.subject.meshuri.none.fl_str_mv	https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016787 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D015995
dc.subject.ods.none.fl_str_mv	ODS 15: Vida de ecosistemas terrestres. Proteger, restablecer y promover el uso sostenible de los ecosistemas terrestres, gestionar sosteniblemente los bosques, luchar contra la desertificación, detener e invertir la degradación de las tierras y detener la pérdida de biodiversidad
description	El estudio de las interacciones bióticas es importante para comprender la ecología evolutiva de las especies. Respecto a estas, el parasitismo por hemosporidios en aves es una interacción que genera presiones evolutivas sobre las comunidades de aves y juega un papel importante en su estructuración. Los factores que tienen influencia sobre la probabilidad de infección por Hemosporidios de las especies de hospederos en estos sistemas han sido de interés en las últimas décadas; se sabe que algunas características que describen la historia de vida o morfología de las especies hospederas pueden influir en su probabilidad de infección por hemosporidios aviares, además, que las variables ambientales y climáticas suelen ser factores clave en que se desarrolle esta interacción. Este estudio se realizó para determinar los factores que influyen en la probabilidad de infección de las especies por hemosporidios aviares. Se dividió en dos capítulos, en el primero se buscó determinar los factores ecológicos y morfológicos de las especies que influyen en la probabilidad de infección de éstas por hemosporidios aviares. En el segundo se buscó conocer si las características externas a las especies, como los factores ambientales y climáticos y la especificidad de los linajes de hemosporidios, tienen influencia en esta probabilidad de infección. Para determinar esto, se usaron diagnósticos de hemosporidios aviares de cuatro áreas de influencia de embalses de Antioquia (Playas, Porce II, Porce III y el proyecto hidroeléctrico Ituango en el Cañón del Rio Cauca). Por otra parte, para las especies de aves presentes se realizó recopilación de información de variables Ecológicas (Migración y Estrato), Morfológicas (Longitud del tarso, Peso, Dimorfismo sexual) y de coloración (Colorido y dicromatismo sexual), además se calculó un índice de generalización del tipo de hábitat utilizado por cada una de las especies. Posteriormente, se determinaron localidades dadas por los tipos de bosque en el Cañón del río Cauca y se realizó una caracterización ambiental para cada localidad a partir de 18 variables ambientales, también se calculó un índice de especificidad para los linajes de hemosporidios encontrados. Se abordó la probabilidad de infección de las especies usando las métricas de prevalencia y la presencia de la infección. A partir de esto, se usó un novedoso análisis comparativo filogenéticamente a partir de un phylo-glm que integró todas las características de las especies para la búsqueda del mejor modelo. También se usó un enfoque de modelo lineal generalizado mixto con la especie como factor aleatorio, para integrar todos los factores ambientales en la búsqueda del modelo que mejor se ajusta a la probabilidad de infección de las especies. Y se usó una regresión lineal para determinar si la especificidad de los linajes tiene relación con la prevalencia de las especies. Los resultados obtenidos en el primer capítulo confirman que algunas características de las especies de aves tienen un efecto sobre su probabilidad de infección. Especies que son generalistas, tienen migración boreal y mayor longitud del tarso, tienen mayor probabilidad de ser infectadas por hemosporidios. Esto se debe posiblemente a que son características que aumentan la exposición a mayor cantidad de hemosporidios y vectores de la infección. Además, características como el dicromatismo y el colorido tienen una tendencia no significativa en esta probabilidad. Adicionalmente, los resultados del segundo capítulo muestran que para este modelo de estudio no existe influencia significativa de la variación ambiental y climática, ni de la especialización de los linajes de hemosporidios que infectan a las especies en estos sitios, sobre la probabilidad de infección de las especies, confirmando que el efecto principal de la variación en la prevalencia está dado por los hospederos. Estos resultados aportan información valiosa para conocer la dinámica de las interacciones entre hemosporidios y sus hospederos aviares en el trópico, así como para predecir los factores que hacen a las especies más susceptibles a estas infecciones, teniendo en cuenta que pueden tener consecuencias negativas para las comunidades de aves.
publishDate	2023
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2025-05-15T15:39:47Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv	Text
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcce
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/draft
status_str	draft
dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv	Pinzón-Cárdenas, P.A. (2023). Factores que influyen en la probabilidad de infección de las especies de aves por Hemosporidios aviares [Tesis de maestría]. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/10495/45933
identifier_str_mv	Pinzón-Cárdenas, P.A. (2023). Factores que influyen en la probabilidad de infección de las especies de aves por Hemosporidios aviares [Tesis de maestría]. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
url	https://hdl.handle.net/10495/45933
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv	spa
language	spa
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spelling	Rivera Gutiérrez, Héctor FabioGonzález Quevedo, CatalinaPérez Tris, JavierRúa Uribe, Guillermo LeónPinzón Cárdenas, Paula AlejandraEcología y Evolución de Vertebrados2025-05-15T15:39:47Z2023Pinzón-Cárdenas, P.A. (2023). Factores que influyen en la probabilidad de infección de las especies de aves por Hemosporidios aviares [Tesis de maestría]. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.https://hdl.handle.net/10495/45933El estudio de las interacciones bióticas es importante para comprender la ecología evolutiva de las especies. Respecto a estas, el parasitismo por hemosporidios en aves es una interacción que genera presiones evolutivas sobre las comunidades de aves y juega un papel importante en su estructuración. Los factores que tienen influencia sobre la probabilidad de infección por Hemosporidios de las especies de hospederos en estos sistemas han sido de interés en las últimas décadas; se sabe que algunas características que describen la historia de vida o morfología de las especies hospederas pueden influir en su probabilidad de infección por hemosporidios aviares, además, que las variables ambientales y climáticas suelen ser factores clave en que se desarrolle esta interacción. Este estudio se realizó para determinar los factores que influyen en la probabilidad de infección de las especies por hemosporidios aviares. Se dividió en dos capítulos, en el primero se buscó determinar los factores ecológicos y morfológicos de las especies que influyen en la probabilidad de infección de éstas por hemosporidios aviares. En el segundo se buscó conocer si las características externas a las especies, como los factores ambientales y climáticos y la especificidad de los linajes de hemosporidios, tienen influencia en esta probabilidad de infección. Para determinar esto, se usaron diagnósticos de hemosporidios aviares de cuatro áreas de influencia de embalses de Antioquia (Playas, Porce II, Porce III y el proyecto hidroeléctrico Ituango en el Cañón del Rio Cauca). Por otra parte, para las especies de aves presentes se realizó recopilación de información de variables Ecológicas (Migración y Estrato), Morfológicas (Longitud del tarso, Peso, Dimorfismo sexual) y de coloración (Colorido y dicromatismo sexual), además se calculó un índice de generalización del tipo de hábitat utilizado por cada una de las especies. Posteriormente, se determinaron localidades dadas por los tipos de bosque en el Cañón del río Cauca y se realizó una caracterización ambiental para cada localidad a partir de 18 variables ambientales, también se calculó un índice de especificidad para los linajes de hemosporidios encontrados. Se abordó la probabilidad de infección de las especies usando las métricas de prevalencia y la presencia de la infección. A partir de esto, se usó un novedoso análisis comparativo filogenéticamente a partir de un phylo-glm que integró todas las características de las especies para la búsqueda del mejor modelo. También se usó un enfoque de modelo lineal generalizado mixto con la especie como factor aleatorio, para integrar todos los factores ambientales en la búsqueda del modelo que mejor se ajusta a la probabilidad de infección de las especies. Y se usó una regresión lineal para determinar si la especificidad de los linajes tiene relación con la prevalencia de las especies. Los resultados obtenidos en el primer capítulo confirman que algunas características de las especies de aves tienen un efecto sobre su probabilidad de infección. Especies que son generalistas, tienen migración boreal y mayor longitud del tarso, tienen mayor probabilidad de ser infectadas por hemosporidios. Esto se debe posiblemente a que son características que aumentan la exposición a mayor cantidad de hemosporidios y vectores de la infección. Además, características como el dicromatismo y el colorido tienen una tendencia no significativa en esta probabilidad. Adicionalmente, los resultados del segundo capítulo muestran que para este modelo de estudio no existe influencia significativa de la variación ambiental y climática, ni de la especialización de los linajes de hemosporidios que infectan a las especies en estos sitios, sobre la probabilidad de infección de las especies, confirmando que el efecto principal de la variación en la prevalencia está dado por los hospederos. Estos resultados aportan información valiosa para conocer la dinámica de las interacciones entre hemosporidios y sus hospederos aviares en el trópico, así como para predecir los factores que hacen a las especies más susceptibles a estas infecciones, teniendo en cuenta que pueden tener consecuencias negativas para las comunidades de aves.The study of biotic interactions is important to understand the evolutionary ecology of species. Regarding these, parasitism by hemosporidia in birds is an interaction that generates evolutionary pressures on bird communities and plays an important role in their structuring. The factors that influence the probability of infection by Hemosporidia of the host species in these systems have been of interest in recent decades; It is known that some characteristics that describe the life history or morphology of the host species can influence their probability of infection by avian hemosporidia, in addition, that environmental and climatic variables are usually key factors in which this interaction develops. This study was carried out to determine the factors that influence the probability of infection of the species by avian hemosporidia. It was divided into two chapters, the first sought to determine the ecological and morphological factors of the species that influence the probability of infection by avian hemosporidia. In the second, we sought to find out if the characteristics external to the species, such as environmental and climatic factors and the specificity of the hemosporidial lineages, have an influence on this probability of infection. To determine this, diagnoses of avian hemosporidia from four areas of influence of Antioquia reservoirs (Playas, Porce II, Porce III and the Ituango hydroelectric project in the Cañón del Rio Cauca) were used. On the other hand, for the bird species present, information was collected on Ecological variables (Migration and Stratum), Morphological (Tarsus length, Weight, Sexual dimorphism) and coloration (Color and sexual dichromatism), in addition a generalization of the type of habitat index was calculated and used by each of the species. Subsequently, localities given by the forest types in the Cauca River Canyon were determined and an environmental characterization was carried out for each locality from 18 environmental variables, a specificity index was also calculated for the lineages of hemosporidia found. The probability of infection of the species was approached using the metrics of prevalence and the presence of infection. From this, a novel phylogenetically comparative analysis was used from a phylo-glm that integrated all the characteristics of the species for the search of the best model. A mixed generalized linear model approach was also used with species as a random factor, to integrate all environmental factors in the search for the model that best fits the probability of infection of the species. And a 11 linear regression was used to determine if the specificity of the lineages is related to the prevalence of the species. The results obtained in the first chapter confirm that some characteristics of bird species influence their probability of infection. Species that are generalists, have boreal migration and greater tarsus length, are more likely to be infected by hemosporidia. This is possibly since they are characteristics that increase exposure to a greater number of hemosporidia and vectors of infection. In addition, features such as dichromatism and colorfulness have a non-significant trend in this probability. Additionally, the results of the second chapter show that for this study model there is no significant influence of environmental and climatic variation, nor of the specialization of the lineages of hemosporidia that infect the species in these sites, on the probability of infection of the species, confirming that the main effect of the variation in prevalence is given by the hosts. These results provide valuable information to understand the dynamics of the interactions between hemosporidia and their avian hosts in the tropics, as well as to predict the factors that make the species more susceptible to these infections, considering that they can have negative consequences for the bird’s communities.Malaria aviarCOL0147267MaestríaMagíster en Biología105 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad de AntioquiaMaestría en BiologíaInstituto de BiologíaMedellín, ColombiaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesCampus Medellín - Ciudad Universitariahttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Aves - ParásitosBirds - ParasitesAves - InfeccionesBirds - InfectionsComunidades de avesBird communitiesAves - EcologíaBirds - EcologyAves - EvoluciónBirds - EvolutionAves - HábitatBirds - HabitatHaemosporidaPrevalenciaPrevalenceMalaria aviarAvian malariaParasitismoParasitismRelación huésped parásitoHost parasite relationshttp://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16686http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5577http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_11620http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh86003644http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2003011141http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2004014360http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2005020407http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014316http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2006005918https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016787https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D015995ODS 15: Vida de ecosistemas terrestres. 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

Factores que influyen en la probabilidad de infección de especies de aves por hemosporidios aviares

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