Exploring the Nature of New Radio Sources Identified in the ODIN Survey in the Vicinity of M42
Recently, large radio surveys that search to map the neutral hydrogen distribution in our galaxy have led to the discovery and identification of new radio sources. This was the case of the THOR (The HI/OH/Recombination line survey of the Milky Way) survey, which produced a catalog of approx. 4400 so...
- Autores:
-
Giraldo Tabares, Jimena
- Tipo de recurso:
- Trabajo de grado de pregrado
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2025
- Institución:
- Universidad de Antioquia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UdeA
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/47410
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/10495/47410
- Palabra clave:
- Radioastronomía
Radio astronomy
Núcleos galácticos activos
Active Galactic Nuclei
Radio galaxy
Astronomical surveys
Synchrotron radiation
Active Galactic Nuclei
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
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| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Exploring the Nature of New Radio Sources Identified in the ODIN Survey in the Vicinity of M42 |
| dc.title.translated.none.fl_str_mv |
Explorando la naturaleza de nuevas radio fuentes identificadas en el survey ODIN en el entorno de M42 |
| title |
Exploring the Nature of New Radio Sources Identified in the ODIN Survey in the Vicinity of M42 |
| spellingShingle |
Exploring the Nature of New Radio Sources Identified in the ODIN Survey in the Vicinity of M42 Radioastronomía Radio astronomy Núcleos galácticos activos Active Galactic Nuclei Radio galaxy Astronomical surveys Synchrotron radiation Active Galactic Nuclei |
| title_short |
Exploring the Nature of New Radio Sources Identified in the ODIN Survey in the Vicinity of M42 |
| title_full |
Exploring the Nature of New Radio Sources Identified in the ODIN Survey in the Vicinity of M42 |
| title_fullStr |
Exploring the Nature of New Radio Sources Identified in the ODIN Survey in the Vicinity of M42 |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Exploring the Nature of New Radio Sources Identified in the ODIN Survey in the Vicinity of M42 |
| title_sort |
Exploring the Nature of New Radio Sources Identified in the ODIN Survey in the Vicinity of M42 |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Giraldo Tabares, Jimena |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Chaparro Molano, Germán |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Giraldo Tabares, Jimena |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup.none.fl_str_mv |
Grupo de Física y Astrofísica Computacional (FACOM) |
| dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv |
Silva Villa, Esteban Flor Torres, Lauren Melissa |
| dc.subject.lemb.none.fl_str_mv |
Radioastronomía Radio astronomy Núcleos galácticos activos Active Galactic Nuclei |
| topic |
Radioastronomía Radio astronomy Núcleos galácticos activos Active Galactic Nuclei Radio galaxy Astronomical surveys Synchrotron radiation Active Galactic Nuclei |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Radio galaxy Astronomical surveys Synchrotron radiation Active Galactic Nuclei |
| description |
Recently, large radio surveys that search to map the neutral hydrogen distribution in our galaxy have led to the discovery and identification of new radio sources. This was the case of the THOR (The HI/OH/Recombination line survey of the Milky Way) survey, which produced a catalog of approx. 4400 sources between 1-2 GHz, and a reliable spectral index for approx. 1800 sources (Bihr et al., 2016). The follow-up to this survey was the ODIN (Orion Dynamics of Ionized and neutral gas) survey, this time studying M42 (Soler et al., 2019). ODIN then produced deep images of this region, allowing the identification and analysis of radio sources, most of which had not been catalogued and characterized. The present work is focused on the construction of a catalog that allows the study of radio sources located in the eastern region of M42, providing detailed information about their physical and morphological characteristics. For this, we used mapping and cross-matching techniques, where, through centralization and analysis of ODIN data, we were able to detect, collect, and classify these objects in a systematic way. In this specific case, we are dealing with sources that, although they emit strongly at radio wavelengths, may be invisible at other wavelengths. This catalog contains a total of 81 identified radio sources, of which 40 are sources that have never been catalogued and 41 have already been reported at least once. The findings indicate that for a subset of the identified radio sources, the main emission mechanism is synchrotron, with spectral indices ranging from α=-0.9 to α=-0.2. In terms of morphology, we rule out the possibility of them being supernova remnants (SNRs) since their angular sizes are very small. Of the 81 radio sources, six were particularly striking because they had two lobes, and in all cases, one of the lobes was more intense than the other, suggesting a possible relativistic beaming effect. This fact was later confirmed by calculating the inclination angle of the radio sources, which is in agreement with the values reported for radio galaxies. The morphological identification was confirmed by comparison with the NVSS survey, which also allowed us to verify their positions with a margin of error of no more than 6%, thus ruling out the possibility of false positives. Based on these results, we can affirm that these six sources are very possibly radio galaxies. This catalog may justify future deeper and higher resolution observations to determine the nature and evolutionary state of these possible radio galaxies through spectral index maps with high spatial resolution. |
| publishDate |
2025 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-09-22T20:45:23Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2025 |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Pregrado |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
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Text |
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http://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcce |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10495/47410 |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/10495/47410 |
| dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv |
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Fitting a model to data — emcee tutorial. https: //emcee.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tutorials/line/, 2021. Accessed June 2025. David Garofalo. The origin and evolution of giant radio galaxies. Galaxies, 9(2):33, 2021. doi: 10.3390/galaxies9020033 D. A. Green. A catalogue of galactic supernova remnants (2014 may version). Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, UK, 2014. https://www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/surveys/snrs/. D. A. Green. A catalogue of galactic supernova remnants (2024 october version). https: //www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/surveys/snrs/, 2024. Accessed: 2025-07-13. D.A. Green. A revised catalogue of 294 galactic supernova remnants. Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy, 40(36):1–13, 2019. M. R. Griffith, A. E. Wright, B. F. Burke, and R. D. Ekers. The parkes-mit-nrao (pmn) surveys. v - maps for the tropical survey covering -29 deg < delta < -9 deg. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 90:179–186, 1994. doi: 10.1086/191854. M. J. Hardcastle and J. H. Croston. Radio galaxies and feedback from agn jets. New Astronomy Reviews, 88:101539, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.newar.2020.101539. B. Hasenberger, T. Preibisch, and C. Roccatagliata. Gas absorption and dust extinction towards the orion nebula cluster. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 593:A90, 2016. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201628393. David W. Hogg, Jo Bovy, and Dustin Lang. Data analysis recipes: Fitting a model to data, 2010. URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1008.4686. A. M. Hopkins, A. Connolly, N. A. Szalay, and D. H. W. Fong. Star formation rate density from radio surveys. The Astronomical Journal, 125:465–473, 2003. doi: 10.1086/345794 M. T. Huynh, B. J. Boyle, R. P. Norris, E. Middelberg, A. M. Hopkins, and et al. The atlas 5.5 ghz survey of the ecdfs. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 454:952–968, 2015. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv2007. J. A. Högbom. Aperture synthesis with a non-regular distribution of interferometer baselines. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 15:417–426, 1974. K.I. Kellerman and F. Owen. Radio galaxies and quasars. In Galactic and Extragalactic Radio Astronomy (2nd edition), pages 563–602. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York, 1988. NADA ADS ID: A89-40409 17-90. K. I. Kellermann. The spectra of non-thermal radio sources. Astrophysical Journal, 1964. K. R. Lind and R. D. Blandford. Semidynamical models of radio jets: Relativistic beaming and source counts. The Astrophysical Journal, 295:358–367, 1985. doi: 10.1086/163387. T. Mauch. Radio sources in the Local Universe. Phd thesis, The University of Sidney, La Plata, Argentina, 2006. URL https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/928?show=full. Joseph P. McMullin, Barry Waters, David Schiebel, William Young, and Karl Golap. Casa architecture and applications. In Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XVI, volume 376 of ASP Conference Series, pages 127–130. Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2007. G. Miley. The structure of extended extragalactic radio sources. 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Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei. University Science Books, 2nd edition, 2006. R. A. Perley, C. J. Chandler, B. J. Butler, and J. M. Wrobel. The expanded very large array: A new telescope for new science. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 739(1):L1, 2011. doi: 10.1088/2041-8205/739/1/L1. Bradley M. Peterson. An Introduction to Active Galactic Nuclei. Cambridge University Press, 1997. Photutils-Developers. photutils.detection.daostarfinder — photutils 1.11.1 documentation. https://photutils.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api/photutils.detection.DAOStarFinder. html, 2024. Accessed May 2025. S. P. Reynolds. Supernova remnants at high energy. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 46:89–126, 2008. doi: 10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145237. L. F. Rodrı́guez et al. Thermal jets and winds from young stars. Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica, 35:47–55, 1999. George B. Rybicki and Alan P. Lightman. Radiative Processes in Astrophysics. Wiley-VCH, 1979. D. 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Astronomy & Astrophysics, 602:A1, 2017. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201628704. Ronald L. Snell. Fundamentals of Radio Astronomy: Astrophysics. Taylor & Francis, 2006. Ronald L. Snell and Stanley E. Kurtz. Fundamentals of Radio Astronomy: Astrophysics. CRC Press, 2014. ISBN 9781466583706. Ronald L. Snell, Stanley E. Kurtz, and Jonathan M. Marr. Fundamentals of Radio Astronomy: Astrophysics. CRC Press, 2 edition, 2019. ISBN 9781138558736. J. Soler, H. Beuther, T. Henning Y. Wang, S. Suri, M. Rugel, J. Ott, J. Stil, N. McClure-Griffiths, P. Goldsmith, M. Heyer, R. Klessen, S. Glover, S. Geen, D. Rahner, M.A. Miville-Deschenes, A. Marchal, L. Anderson, A. Hacar, S. Clark, C. Murray, M. Alves, and Eric Pellegrini. The orion dynamics of ionized and neutral gas. https://library.nrao.edu/proposals/catalog/15513, 2019. Accessed May 2025. Peter B. Stetson. Daophot: A computer program for crowded-field stellar photometry. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 99(613):191–222, 1987. doi: 10.1086/131977. M. Stickel, P. Padovani, C. M. Urry, J.W. Fried, and H. Kuehr. The complete sample of 1 jansky bl lacertae objects. i. summary properties. Astrophysical Journal, 374:431, 1991. A. R. Thompson, J. M. Moran, and G. W. Swenson. Interferometry and Synthesis in Radio Astronomy. Springer, 3 edition, 2017. ISBN 978-3-319-44431-4. J. P. Urrego-Gaviria, G. Chaparro-Molano, and J. D. Soler. Identificacion de nuevas radiofuentes galacticas y extragalacticas en la region del este de orion a. https://hdl.handle.net/10495/10837, 2023. Accessed May 2025 C. M. Urry and P. Padovani. Unified schemes for radio-loud agn. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 107(715):803, 1995. doi: 10.1086/133630. P. P. van der Werf, F. P. Israel, A. Ginsburg, et al. Tearing the veil: Interaction of the orion nebula with its neutral environment. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 546:A72, 2012. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219189. Y. Wang, H. Beuther, S. Bihr, J. D. Soler, and et al. Radio continuum emission in the northern galactic plane: Sources and spectral indices from the thor survey. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 619:A124, 2018. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201833642. T. L. Wilson, K. Rohlfs, and S. Hüttemeister. Tools of Radio Astronomy. Springer, 6 edition, 2013. ISBN 978-3-642-39949-7. R. Windhorst, D. Mathis, and L. Neuschaefer. The evolution of weak radio galaxies at radio and optical wavelengths. Evolution of the universe of galaxies; Proceedings of the Edwin Hubble Centennial Symposium, Berkeley, CA, June 21-23, 1989 (A91-55951 24-90). San Francisco, CA, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1990, 116:2953, 1998. |
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Chaparro Molano, GermánGiraldo Tabares, JimenaGrupo de Física y Astrofísica Computacional (FACOM)Silva Villa, EstebanFlor Torres, Lauren Melissa2025-09-22T20:45:23Z2025https://hdl.handle.net/10495/47410Recently, large radio surveys that search to map the neutral hydrogen distribution in our galaxy have led to the discovery and identification of new radio sources. This was the case of the THOR (The HI/OH/Recombination line survey of the Milky Way) survey, which produced a catalog of approx. 4400 sources between 1-2 GHz, and a reliable spectral index for approx. 1800 sources (Bihr et al., 2016). The follow-up to this survey was the ODIN (Orion Dynamics of Ionized and neutral gas) survey, this time studying M42 (Soler et al., 2019). ODIN then produced deep images of this region, allowing the identification and analysis of radio sources, most of which had not been catalogued and characterized. The present work is focused on the construction of a catalog that allows the study of radio sources located in the eastern region of M42, providing detailed information about their physical and morphological characteristics. For this, we used mapping and cross-matching techniques, where, through centralization and analysis of ODIN data, we were able to detect, collect, and classify these objects in a systematic way. In this specific case, we are dealing with sources that, although they emit strongly at radio wavelengths, may be invisible at other wavelengths. This catalog contains a total of 81 identified radio sources, of which 40 are sources that have never been catalogued and 41 have already been reported at least once. The findings indicate that for a subset of the identified radio sources, the main emission mechanism is synchrotron, with spectral indices ranging from α=-0.9 to α=-0.2. In terms of morphology, we rule out the possibility of them being supernova remnants (SNRs) since their angular sizes are very small. Of the 81 radio sources, six were particularly striking because they had two lobes, and in all cases, one of the lobes was more intense than the other, suggesting a possible relativistic beaming effect. This fact was later confirmed by calculating the inclination angle of the radio sources, which is in agreement with the values reported for radio galaxies. The morphological identification was confirmed by comparison with the NVSS survey, which also allowed us to verify their positions with a margin of error of no more than 6%, thus ruling out the possibility of false positives. Based on these results, we can affirm that these six sources are very possibly radio galaxies. 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San Francisco, CA, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1990, 116:2953, 1998.RadioastronomíaRadio astronomyNúcleos galácticos activosActive Galactic NucleiRadio galaxyAstronomical surveysSynchrotron radiationActive Galactic NucleiCC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-81160https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/24ed6b39-7523-4bed-86c3-c18051741f65/download5643bfd9bcf29d560eeec56d584edaa9MD52falseAnonymousREADLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; 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