Aerodynamic and Propulsive Efficiency Optimization of an Aircraft Distributed Propulsion System

Con el objetivo de comprender mejor la interacción entre los distintos parámetros geométricos en configuraciones ala-hélice dentro de sistemas de propulsión distribuida, se desarrolla un código basado en la Teoría de Momento de Elemento de Hélice (BEMT) que permite optimizar el perfil de torsión de...

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Autores:: Ramírez Guevara, Daniel Esteban

Tipo de recurso:: Trabajo de grado de pregrado

Fecha de publicación:: 2025

Institución:: Universidad de Antioquia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UdeA

Idioma:: eng

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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv	Aerodynamic and Propulsive Efficiency Optimization of an Aircraft Distributed Propulsion System
title	Aerodynamic and Propulsive Efficiency Optimization of an Aircraft Distributed Propulsion System
spellingShingle	Aerodynamic and Propulsive Efficiency Optimization of an Aircraft Distributed Propulsion System Airplanes - Distributed propulsion Aviones - Propulsión distribuida Airplanes - Models - Propellers Aviones - Modelos - Hélices Lift (Aerodynamics) Sustentación (Aerodinámica) Propulsion systems Sistemas de propulsión Computational fluid dynamics Dinámica de fluidos computacional Aerodynamics - Mathematical models Aerodinámica - Modelos matemáticos Mathematical optimization Optimización matemática http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2014000182 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh98004772 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85076855 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2003010905 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2007008173 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2009113813 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85082127 ODS 9: Industria, innovación e infraestructura. Construir infraestructuras resilientes, promover la industrialización inclusiva y sostenible y fomentar la innovación
title_short	Aerodynamic and Propulsive Efficiency Optimization of an Aircraft Distributed Propulsion System
title_full	Aerodynamic and Propulsive Efficiency Optimization of an Aircraft Distributed Propulsion System
title_fullStr	Aerodynamic and Propulsive Efficiency Optimization of an Aircraft Distributed Propulsion System
title_full_unstemmed	Aerodynamic and Propulsive Efficiency Optimization of an Aircraft Distributed Propulsion System
title_sort	Aerodynamic and Propulsive Efficiency Optimization of an Aircraft Distributed Propulsion System
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Ramírez Guevara, Daniel Esteban
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Hidalgo López, Diego Francisco
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Ramírez Guevara, Daniel Esteban
dc.subject.lcsh.none.fl_str_mv	Airplanes - Distributed propulsion Aviones - Propulsión distribuida Airplanes - Models - Propellers Aviones - Modelos - Hélices Lift (Aerodynamics) Sustentación (Aerodinámica) Propulsion systems Sistemas de propulsión Computational fluid dynamics Dinámica de fluidos computacional Aerodynamics - Mathematical models Aerodinámica - Modelos matemáticos Mathematical optimization Optimización matemática
topic	Airplanes - Distributed propulsion Aviones - Propulsión distribuida Airplanes - Models - Propellers Aviones - Modelos - Hélices Lift (Aerodynamics) Sustentación (Aerodinámica) Propulsion systems Sistemas de propulsión Computational fluid dynamics Dinámica de fluidos computacional Aerodynamics - Mathematical models Aerodinámica - Modelos matemáticos Mathematical optimization Optimización matemática http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2014000182 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh98004772 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85076855 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2003010905 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2007008173 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2009113813 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85082127 ODS 9: Industria, innovación e infraestructura. Construir infraestructuras resilientes, promover la industrialización inclusiva y sostenible y fomentar la innovación
dc.subject.lcshuri.none.fl_str_mv	http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2014000182 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh98004772 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85076855 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2003010905 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2007008173 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2009113813 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85082127
dc.subject.ods.none.fl_str_mv	ODS 9: Industria, innovación e infraestructura. Construir infraestructuras resilientes, promover la industrialización inclusiva y sostenible y fomentar la innovación
description	Con el objetivo de comprender mejor la interacción entre los distintos parámetros geométricos en configuraciones ala-hélice dentro de sistemas de propulsión distribuida, se desarrolla un código basado en la Teoría de Momento de Elemento de Hélice (BEMT) que permite optimizar el perfil de torsión de la hélice, manteniendo fija la planta de pala, con el fin de maximizar la relación entre velocidad inducida y potencia. Como punto de comparación, se utilizan datos del perfil de velocidad inducida de la hélice empleada en el proyecto X-57 de la NASA, contrastando su efecto sobre la sustentación con el de la hélice optimizada mediante BEMT, modelada como un disco actuador con distribución radial de empuje. Se lleva a cabo una campaña de simulaciones CFD 2.5D en estado estable en la que se varían la ubicación y la velocidad inducida promedio de ambos propulsores. Se evidencia que el propulsor optimizado mejora la eficiencia aerodinámica en mayor medida en comparación con el diseño de la NASA.
publishDate	2025
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2025-11-12T21:24:52Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
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dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv	Text
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dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv	Ram´ırez Guevara, D. E. “Aerodynamic and propulsive efficiency optimization of an aircraft distributed propulsion system.”, Trabajo de Grado, Ingenier´ıa Aeroespacial, Universidad de Antioquia, Carmen de Viboral, 2025
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/10495/48214
identifier_str_mv	Ram´ırez Guevara, D. E. “Aerodynamic and propulsive efficiency optimization of an aircraft distributed propulsion system.”, Trabajo de Grado, Ingenier´ıa Aeroespacial, Universidad de Antioquia, Carmen de Viboral, 2025
url	https://hdl.handle.net/10495/48214
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv	[1] V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. Connors, C. P´ean, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. Matthews, T. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelek¸ci, R. Yu, and B. Zhou, Summary for Policymakers. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2021, iPCC. [2] Airlines for America, “Innovative Industry and Government Action to Achieve Net-Zero Carbon Emissions,” https://www.airlines.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/A4A-Climate-Change-Commitment-Flight-Path-to-Net-ZeroFINAL-3-30-21.pdf, 2021, accessed: 2025-06-21. [3] National Academy of Engineering, Commercial Aircraft Propulsion and Energy Systems Research: Reducing Global Carbon Emissions. U.S. National Academy of Engineering, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.17226/23490 [4] International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), “2022 Environmental Report,” https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Documents/EnvironmentalReports/2022/ICAO%20ENV%20Report%202022%20F4.pdf, 2022, accessed: 2025-06-21. [5] L. M. Ciaramicoli, “Aerodynamic Investigation of Distributed Propellers as a High-lift System,” Master’s thesis, University of Sao Paulo, 2024. [6] Electra.aero, “Electra – Ultra-Short Takeoff and Landing Aircraft,” https://www.electra.aero/, 2024, [Online; accessed 6-July-2025]. [7] B. Adu-Gyamfi and C. Good, “Electric aviation: A review of concepts and enabling technologies,” Transportation Engineering, 2022. [8] J. Viken and W. Li, “X-57 Structural Analysis, Wing Design, & Testing (Statics),” Presentation, 2024, presented at ASTM Committee F44 Meeting. [9] D. Perdolt and M. e. a. Thiele, “Comparison of Multi-Fidelity Rotor Analysis Tools for Transitional and Low Speed Flight Regimes,” Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress, 2021. [10] S. S. Chauhan and J. R. R. A. Martins, “RANS-Based Aerodynamic Shape Optimization of a Wing with a Propeller in Front of the Wingtip,” Aerospace, 2024. [11] J. D. Anderson, Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Basics with Applications. McGraw-Hill, 1995. [12] OpenFOAM, “Turbulence modeling in OpenFOAM: Guided Tutorials,” Online tutorial PDF, 2021. [13] F. Moens, “A Fast Aerodynamic Model for Aircraft Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization Process,” Aerospace, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 7, December 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/10/1/7 [14] P. Spalart and S. e. a. Deck, “A New Version of Detached-eddy Simulation, Resistant to Ambiguous Grid Densities,” Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, 2006. [15] J. Blazek, Computational Fluid Dynamics: Principles and Applications, 3rd ed. Elsevier, 2015. [16] H. K. Versteeg and W. Malalasekera, An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume Method, 2nd ed. Pearson Education, 2007. [17] S. V. Patankar, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation / Taylor & Francis, 1980. [18] J. H. Ferziger, M. Peri´c, and R. L. Street, Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics, 4th ed. Springer, 2019. [19] H. Glauert, The Elements of Aerofoil and Airscrew Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. [20] A. Fahad, “Measurement of Axial Induction Factor for a Model Wind Turbine,” Master’s thesis, University of Saskatchewan, 2012. [21] D. Zhao, N. Han, E. Goh, J. Cater, and A. Reinecke, Wind Turbines and Aerodynamics Energy Harvesters. McGraw-Hill, 1995. [22] G.-H. Cottet and P. D. Koumoutsakos, Vortex Methods: Theory and Practice. Cambridge University Press, 2000. [23] E. Alvarez and A. Ning, “High-Fidelity Modeling of Multirotor Aerodynamic Interactions for Aircraft Design,” AIAA, 2020. [24] GoEngineer. (2016, Dec.) Solidworks flow simulation sliding mesh explained. GoEngineer. Accessed June 27, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.goengineer.com/blog/solidworks-flow-simulation-sliding-mesh [25] H. Kutty and P. Rajendran, “3D CFD Simulation and Experimental Validation of Small APC Slow Flyer Propeller Blade,” Aerospace, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 10, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/4/1/10 [26] M. Morgut and E. Nobile, “Influence of Grid Type and Turbulence Model on the Numerical Prediction of the Flow around Marine Propellers Working in Uniform Inflow,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 42, pp. 26–34, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801812000243 [27] P. Aref and M. e. a. Ghoreyshi, “Computational Study of Propeller–Wing Aerodynamic Interaction,” Aerospace, 2018. [28] J. G. Leishman, Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics, 2nd ed., ser. Cambridge Aerospace Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, vol. 12. [29] H. Kellerman and S. e. a. Fuhrmann, “Design of a Battery Cooling System for Hybrid Electric Aircraft,” Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2022. [30] L. Xiao and Y. e. a. Tan, “Distributed Hybrid Electric Propulsion Aircraft Design Based on Convex Optimized Power Allocation Management,” Aerospace, 2024. [31] G. P. G. da Silva, “Experimental assessment of aerodynamic and aeroacoustic interaction effects of wingtip-mounted propellers,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Sao Paulo, 2023. [32] G. Resende and V. e. a. Malatesta, “Study of effects on the wing’s aerodynamic characteristics due to distributed propulsion over wingspan,” ICAS, 2022. [33] M. Patterson, N. Borer, and B. German, “A Simple Method for High-Lift Propeller Conceptual Design,” Presentation, 2016. [34] N. Hariharan, A. Wissink, M. Potsdam, and R. Strawn, “First-Principles Physics-Based Rotorcraft Flowfield Simulation Using HPCMP CREATE-AV Helios,” Computing in Science & Engineering, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 19–26, Nov. 2016. [35] B. Wong, “A new derivative-free optimization method: Gaussian Crunching Search,” Optimization and Control, 2023. [36] J. Heeg and B. e. a. Stanford, “Whirl Flutter and the development of the NASA X-57 Maxwell,” IFASD, 2019. [37] S. F. Hoerner, Fluid-Dynamic Drag: Practical Information on Aerodynamic Drag and Hydrodynamic Resistance. Brick Town, NJ: Hoerner Fluid Dynamics, 1965, second printing. [38] M. Khalid, “A numerical study of the subgrid-scale fluid motion in turbulent flows,” Master’s thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2021. [39] S. H. and G. K., Boundary-Layer Theory, 9th ed. Berlin: Springer, 2016. [40] J. D. Anderson, Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, 5th ed. McGraw-Hill Education, 2010. [41] Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. (2020) Thin airfoil theory. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Accessed: 2025-06-25. [Online]. Available: https://eaglepubs.erau.edu/introductiontoaerospaceflightvehicles/chapter/thin-airfoil-theory/
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spelling	Hidalgo López, Diego FranciscoRamírez Guevara, Daniel Esteban2025-11-12T21:24:52Z2025Ram´ırez Guevara, D. E. “Aerodynamic and propulsive efficiency optimization of an aircraft distributed propulsion system.”, Trabajo de Grado, Ingenier´ıa Aeroespacial, Universidad de Antioquia, Carmen de Viboral, 2025https://hdl.handle.net/10495/48214Con el objetivo de comprender mejor la interacción entre los distintos parámetros geométricos en configuraciones ala-hélice dentro de sistemas de propulsión distribuida, se desarrolla un código basado en la Teoría de Momento de Elemento de Hélice (BEMT) que permite optimizar el perfil de torsión de la hélice, manteniendo fija la planta de pala, con el fin de maximizar la relación entre velocidad inducida y potencia. Como punto de comparación, se utilizan datos del perfil de velocidad inducida de la hélice empleada en el proyecto X-57 de la NASA, contrastando su efecto sobre la sustentación con el de la hélice optimizada mediante BEMT, modelada como un disco actuador con distribución radial de empuje. Se lleva a cabo una campaña de simulaciones CFD 2.5D en estado estable en la que se varían la ubicación y la velocidad inducida promedio de ambos propulsores. Se evidencia que el propulsor optimizado mejora la eficiencia aerodinámica en mayor medida en comparación con el diseño de la NASA.In order to better understand the interaction between various geometric parameters in wing–propeller configurations within distributed propulsion systems, a code based on Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) is developed to optimize the propeller’s twist distribution while keeping the blade planform fixed, with the aim of maximizing the ratio of induced velocity to power. As a point of comparison, data from the induced velocity profile of the propeller used in NASA’s X-57 project is employed, and its effect on lift is contrasted with that of the BEMToptimized propeller, modeled as an actuator disk with a radial thrust distribution. A 2.5D steady-state CFD simulation campaign is carried out, in which both the location and the average induced velocity of the two propulsors are varied. It is evidenced that the optimized propeller improves the aerodynamic efficiency more than the NASA proposed design.PregradoIngeniero Aeroespacial124 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad de AntioquiaIngeniería AeroespacialEl Carmen de Viboral, ColombiaFacultad de IngenieríaCampus El Carmen de Viboralhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAttribution-NonCommercialShareAlike 4.0 Internationalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Airplanes - Distributed propulsionAviones - Propulsión distribuidaAirplanes - Models - PropellersAviones - Modelos - HélicesLift (Aerodynamics)Sustentación (Aerodinámica)Propulsion systemsSistemas de propulsiónComputational fluid dynamicsDinámica de fluidos computacionalAerodynamics - Mathematical modelsAerodinámica - Modelos matemáticosMathematical optimizationOptimización matemáticahttp://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2014000182http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh98004772http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85076855http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2003010905http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2007008173http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2009113813http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85082127ODS 9: Industria, innovación e infraestructura. Construir infraestructuras resilientes, promover la industrialización inclusiva y sostenible y fomentar la innovaciónAerodynamic and Propulsive Efficiency Optimization of an Aircraft Distributed Propulsion SystemTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TPTexthttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcceinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/draft[1] V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. Connors, C. P´ean, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. Matthews, T. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelek¸ci, R. Yu, and B. Zhou, Summary for Policymakers. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2021, iPCC.[2] Airlines for America, “Innovative Industry and Government Action to Achieve Net-Zero Carbon Emissions,” https://www.airlines.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/A4A-Climate-Change-Commitment-Flight-Path-to-Net-ZeroFINAL-3-30-21.pdf, 2021, accessed: 2025-06-21.[3] National Academy of Engineering, Commercial Aircraft Propulsion and Energy Systems Research: Reducing Global Carbon Emissions. U.S. National Academy of Engineering, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.17226/23490[4] International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), “2022 Environmental Report,” https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Documents/EnvironmentalReports/2022/ICAO%20ENV%20Report%202022%20F4.pdf, 2022, accessed: 2025-06-21.[5] L. M. Ciaramicoli, “Aerodynamic Investigation of Distributed Propellers as a High-lift System,” Master’s thesis, University of Sao Paulo, 2024.[6] Electra.aero, “Electra – Ultra-Short Takeoff and Landing Aircraft,” https://www.electra.aero/, 2024, [Online; accessed 6-July-2025].[7] B. Adu-Gyamfi and C. Good, “Electric aviation: A review of concepts and enabling technologies,” Transportation Engineering, 2022.[8] J. Viken and W. Li, “X-57 Structural Analysis, Wing Design, & Testing (Statics),” Presentation, 2024, presented at ASTM Committee F44 Meeting.[9] D. Perdolt and M. e. a. Thiele, “Comparison of Multi-Fidelity Rotor Analysis Tools for Transitional and Low Speed Flight Regimes,” Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress, 2021.[10] S. S. Chauhan and J. R. R. A. Martins, “RANS-Based Aerodynamic Shape Optimization of a Wing with a Propeller in Front of the Wingtip,” Aerospace, 2024.[11] J. D. Anderson, Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Basics with Applications. McGraw-Hill, 1995.[12] OpenFOAM, “Turbulence modeling in OpenFOAM: Guided Tutorials,” Online tutorial PDF, 2021.[13] F. Moens, “A Fast Aerodynamic Model for Aircraft Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization Process,” Aerospace, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 7, December 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/10/1/7[14] P. Spalart and S. e. a. Deck, “A New Version of Detached-eddy Simulation, Resistant to Ambiguous Grid Densities,” Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, 2006.[15] J. Blazek, Computational Fluid Dynamics: Principles and Applications, 3rd ed. Elsevier, 2015.[16] H. K. Versteeg and W. Malalasekera, An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume Method, 2nd ed. Pearson Education, 2007.[17] S. V. Patankar, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation / Taylor & Francis, 1980.[18] J. H. Ferziger, M. Peri´c, and R. L. Street, Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics, 4th ed. Springer, 2019.[19] H. Glauert, The Elements of Aerofoil and Airscrew Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.[20] A. Fahad, “Measurement of Axial Induction Factor for a Model Wind Turbine,” Master’s thesis, University of Saskatchewan, 2012.[21] D. Zhao, N. Han, E. Goh, J. Cater, and A. Reinecke, Wind Turbines and Aerodynamics Energy Harvesters. McGraw-Hill, 1995.[22] G.-H. Cottet and P. D. Koumoutsakos, Vortex Methods: Theory and Practice. Cambridge University Press, 2000.[23] E. Alvarez and A. Ning, “High-Fidelity Modeling of Multirotor Aerodynamic Interactions for Aircraft Design,” AIAA, 2020.[24] GoEngineer. (2016, Dec.) Solidworks flow simulation sliding mesh explained. GoEngineer. Accessed June 27, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.goengineer.com/blog/solidworks-flow-simulation-sliding-mesh[25] H. Kutty and P. Rajendran, “3D CFD Simulation and Experimental Validation of Small APC Slow Flyer Propeller Blade,” Aerospace, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 10, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/4/1/10[26] M. Morgut and E. Nobile, “Influence of Grid Type and Turbulence Model on the Numerical Prediction of the Flow around Marine Propellers Working in Uniform Inflow,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 42, pp. 26–34, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801812000243[27] P. Aref and M. e. a. Ghoreyshi, “Computational Study of Propeller–Wing Aerodynamic Interaction,” Aerospace, 2018.[28] J. G. Leishman, Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics, 2nd ed., ser. Cambridge Aerospace Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, vol. 12.[29] H. Kellerman and S. e. a. Fuhrmann, “Design of a Battery Cooling System for Hybrid Electric Aircraft,” Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2022.[30] L. Xiao and Y. e. a. Tan, “Distributed Hybrid Electric Propulsion Aircraft Design Based on Convex Optimized Power Allocation Management,” Aerospace, 2024.[31] G. P. G. da Silva, “Experimental assessment of aerodynamic and aeroacoustic interaction effects of wingtip-mounted propellers,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Sao Paulo, 2023.[32] G. Resende and V. e. a. Malatesta, “Study of effects on the wing’s aerodynamic characteristics due to distributed propulsion over wingspan,” ICAS, 2022.[33] M. Patterson, N. Borer, and B. German, “A Simple Method for High-Lift Propeller Conceptual Design,” Presentation, 2016.[34] N. Hariharan, A. Wissink, M. Potsdam, and R. Strawn, “First-Principles Physics-Based Rotorcraft Flowfield Simulation Using HPCMP CREATE-AV Helios,” Computing in Science & Engineering, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 19–26, Nov. 2016.[35] B. Wong, “A new derivative-free optimization method: Gaussian Crunching Search,” Optimization and Control, 2023.[36] J. Heeg and B. e. a. Stanford, “Whirl Flutter and the development of the NASA X-57 Maxwell,” IFASD, 2019.[37] S. F. 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

Aerodynamic and Propulsive Efficiency Optimization of an Aircraft Distributed Propulsion System

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