Study on the Efficiency Improvement of Cherenkov Detectors Using Colloids

Cherenkov detectors are widely used in experiments focused on cosmic ray detection. While ultrapure water is typically employed as the transparent medium, alternative media could be explored to improve their efficiency. This work investigates the use of a TiO2 colloid as an alternative to water for...

Full description

Autores:
Jaramillo Arroyave, Josué Daniel
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2025
Institución:
Universidad de Antioquia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UdeA
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/45729
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/10495/45729
Palabra clave:
Contadores de Cherenkov
Cherenkov counters
Coloides
Colloids
Rayos cósmicos
Cosmic rays
Radiación de Cherenkov
Cherenkov radiation
Partículas (Física nuclear)
Particles (Nuclear physics)
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85023068
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85028453
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85033155
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85023069
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85098374
Rights
openAccess
License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
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oai_identifier_str oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/45729
network_acronym_str UDEA2
network_name_str Repositorio UdeA
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Study on the Efficiency Improvement of Cherenkov Detectors Using Colloids
title Study on the Efficiency Improvement of Cherenkov Detectors Using Colloids
spellingShingle Study on the Efficiency Improvement of Cherenkov Detectors Using Colloids
Contadores de Cherenkov
Cherenkov counters
Coloides
Colloids
Rayos cósmicos
Cosmic rays
Radiación de Cherenkov
Cherenkov radiation
Partículas (Física nuclear)
Particles (Nuclear physics)
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85023068
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85028453
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85033155
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85023069
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85098374
title_short Study on the Efficiency Improvement of Cherenkov Detectors Using Colloids
title_full Study on the Efficiency Improvement of Cherenkov Detectors Using Colloids
title_fullStr Study on the Efficiency Improvement of Cherenkov Detectors Using Colloids
title_full_unstemmed Study on the Efficiency Improvement of Cherenkov Detectors Using Colloids
title_sort Study on the Efficiency Improvement of Cherenkov Detectors Using Colloids
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Jaramillo Arroyave, Josué Daniel
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Ruiz Álvarez, José David
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Jaramillo Arroyave, Josué Daniel
dc.contributor.researchgroup.none.fl_str_mv Grupo de Fenomenología de Interacciones Fundamentales
dc.subject.lcsh.none.fl_str_mv Contadores de Cherenkov
Cherenkov counters
Coloides
Colloids
Rayos cósmicos
Cosmic rays
Radiación de Cherenkov
Cherenkov radiation
Partículas (Física nuclear)
Particles (Nuclear physics)
topic Contadores de Cherenkov
Cherenkov counters
Coloides
Colloids
Rayos cósmicos
Cosmic rays
Radiación de Cherenkov
Cherenkov radiation
Partículas (Física nuclear)
Particles (Nuclear physics)
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85023068
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85028453
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85033155
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85023069
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85098374
dc.subject.lcshuri.none.fl_str_mv http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85023068
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85028453
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85033155
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85023069
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85098374
description Cherenkov detectors are widely used in experiments focused on cosmic ray detection. While ultrapure water is typically employed as the transparent medium, alternative media could be explored to improve their efficiency. This work investigates the use of a TiO2 colloid as an alternative to water for improve the detector’s performance. A Cherenkov detector was modeled in Geant4, considering only the refractive index of the medium, and received as input the muon flux simulated for the city of Medellín using CORSIKA. The preliminary results indicate that the use of TiO2 colloids improve the efficiency of the detector, specifically in the UV range, offering a potential approach for the improvement of Cherenkov detectors. Although these findings are promising, further work is needed to incorporate additional optical properties of the media for more ealistic and comprehensive results, as well as considering the long-term stability of the colloid.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2025-04-25T14:03:48Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10495/45729
url https://hdl.handle.net/10495/45729
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv W. Frass, Particle detectors, https://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Detectors (2009), c4: Particle Physics Major Option, Michaelmas 2009, Lecturer: Dr. Roman Walczak.
V. GINZBURG and S. SYVORATSKII, in The Origin of Cosmic Rays, edited by V. GINZBURG and S. SYROVATSKII (Pergamon, 1964).
V. L. Ginzburg, Cosmic ray astrophysics (history and general review), Physics-Uspekhi 39, 155 (1996).
E. P. Cherenkova, The discovery of the cherenkov radiation, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, pectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 595, 8 (2008), rICH 2007.
P. A. Čerenkov, Visible radiation produced by electrons moving in a medium with velocities exceeding that of light, Phys. Rev. 52, 378 (1937).
B. Ratcliff and J. Schwiening, Cherenkov radiation, in Handbook of Particle Detection and Imaging, edited by I. Fleck, M. Titov, C. Grupen, and I. Buvat (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2021) pp. 583–608.
E. Hecht, Optics (Pearson, Boston, 2021) pp. 78–103, 5th ed.
I. M. Frank and I. E. Tamm, Coherent visible radiation of fast electrons passing through matter, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. URSS 14, 109 (1937).
M. F. L’ Annunziata, Chapter 16 - cherenkov radiation, in Radioactivity (Second Edition), edited by M. F. L’ Annunziata (Elsevier, Boston, 2016) second edition ed., pp. 547–581.
R. Blandford, P. Simeon, and Y. Yuan, Cosmic ray origins: An introduction, Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 256-257, 9 (2014), cosmic Ray Origin – Beyond the Standard Models.
M. Bertaina, W. Apel, J. Arteaga-Velázquez, K. Bekk, J. Blümer, H. Bozdog, I. Brancus, E. Cantoni, A. Chiavassa, F. Cossavella, K. Daumiller, V. de Souza, F. Di Pierro, P. Doll, R. Engel, J. Engler, B. Fuchs, D. Fuhrmann, A. Gherghel-Lascu, H. Gils, R. Glasstet ter, C. Grupen, A. Haungs, D. Heck, J. Hörandel, D. Huber, T. Huege, K.-H. Kampert, D. Kang, H. Klages, K. Link, P. Luczak, H. Mathes, H. Mayer, J. Milke, B. Mitrica, C. Morello, J. Oehlschläger, S. stapchenko, N. Palmieri, M. Petcu, T. Pierog, H. Rebel, M. Roth, H. Schieler, S. Schoo, F. Schröder, O. Sima, G. Toma, G. Trinchero, H. Ulrich, A. Weindl, J. Wochele, and J. Zabierowski, The cosmic ray spectrum and composition measured by kascade-grande between 1016 ev and 1018 ev, Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 256-257, 149 (2014), cosmic Ray Origin – Beyond the Standard Models.
S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Review of particle physics, Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024).
W. C. K. Poon, Colloidal suspensions, in The Oxford Handbook of Soft Condensed Matter (Oxford University Press, 2015).
R. G. dos Santos, Colloidal and self-assembly systems, in Fundamentals of Surface Thermodynamics: Phase Behavior and Its Related Properties (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2024) pp. 5–32.
J. P. Wilcoxon, R. L. Williamson, and R. Baughman, Optical properties of gold colloids formed in inverse micelles, The Journal of Chemical Physics 98, 9933 (1993).
J. Eastman, Colloid stability, in Colloid Science (John Wiley Sons, Ltd, 2005) Chap. 3, pp. 36–49.
P. Cosenza, A. Ghorbani, C. Camerlynck, F. Rejiba, R. Guérin, and A. Tabbagh, Effective medium theories for modelling the relationships between electromagnetic properties and hydrological variables in geomaterials: a review, Near Surface Geophysics 7, 563 (2009).
V. A. Markel, Introduction to the maxwell garnett approximation: tutorial, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 33, 1244 (2016).
D. B. Tanner, The complex dielectric function and refractive index, in Optical Effects in Solids (Cambridge University Press, 2019) p. 17–29.
D. Heck, J. Knapp, J. N. Capdevielle, G. Schatz, and T. Thouw, Corsika: A monte carlo code to simulate extensive air showers (1998), version 7.7400.
C. Sarmiento-Cano, M. Suárez-Durán, R. Calder´onArdila, A. Vásquez-Ramírez, A. Jaimes-Motta, L. A. Núñez, S. Dasso, I. Sidelnik, and f. Asorey, Hernán, The arti framework: Cosmic rays atmospheric background simulations, European Physics Journal C 82, 10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10883-z (2022).
S. Agostinelli et al. (GEANT4), GEANT4–a simulation toolkit, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 506, 250 (2003).
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spelling Ruiz Álvarez, José DavidJaramillo Arroyave, Josué DanielGrupo de Fenomenología de Interacciones Fundamentales2025-04-25T14:03:48Z2025https://hdl.handle.net/10495/45729Cherenkov detectors are widely used in experiments focused on cosmic ray detection. While ultrapure water is typically employed as the transparent medium, alternative media could be explored to improve their efficiency. This work investigates the use of a TiO2 colloid as an alternative to water for improve the detector’s performance. A Cherenkov detector was modeled in Geant4, considering only the refractive index of the medium, and received as input the muon flux simulated for the city of Medellín using CORSIKA. The preliminary results indicate that the use of TiO2 colloids improve the efficiency of the detector, specifically in the UV range, offering a potential approach for the improvement of Cherenkov detectors. Although these findings are promising, further work is needed to incorporate additional optical properties of the media for more ealistic and comprehensive results, as well as considering the long-term stability of the colloid.Física de partículasCOL0008423PregradoFísico10 páginasapplication/pdfapplication/x-compressedengUniversidad de AntioquiaFísicaInstituto de FísicaMedellín, ColombiaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesCampus Medellín - Ciudad Universitariahttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Contadores de CherenkovCherenkov countersColoidesColloidsRayos cósmicosCosmic raysRadiación de CherenkovCherenkov radiationPartículas (Física nuclear)Particles (Nuclear physics)http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85023068http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85028453http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85033155http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85023069http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85098374Study on the Efficiency Improvement of Cherenkov Detectors Using ColloidsTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TPTexthttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcceinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/draftW. Frass, Particle detectors, https://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Detectors (2009), c4: Particle Physics Major Option, Michaelmas 2009, Lecturer: Dr. Roman Walczak.V. GINZBURG and S. SYVORATSKII, in The Origin of Cosmic Rays, edited by V. GINZBURG and S. SYROVATSKII (Pergamon, 1964).V. L. Ginzburg, Cosmic ray astrophysics (history and general review), Physics-Uspekhi 39, 155 (1996).E. P. Cherenkova, The discovery of the cherenkov radiation, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, pectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 595, 8 (2008), rICH 2007.P. A. Čerenkov, Visible radiation produced by electrons moving in a medium with velocities exceeding that of light, Phys. Rev. 52, 378 (1937).B. Ratcliff and J. Schwiening, Cherenkov radiation, in Handbook of Particle Detection and Imaging, edited by I. Fleck, M. Titov, C. Grupen, and I. Buvat (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2021) pp. 583–608.E. Hecht, Optics (Pearson, Boston, 2021) pp. 78–103, 5th ed.I. M. Frank and I. E. Tamm, Coherent visible radiation of fast electrons passing through matter, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. URSS 14, 109 (1937).M. F. L’ Annunziata, Chapter 16 - cherenkov radiation, in Radioactivity (Second Edition), edited by M. F. L’ Annunziata (Elsevier, Boston, 2016) second edition ed., pp. 547–581.R. Blandford, P. Simeon, and Y. Yuan, Cosmic ray origins: An introduction, Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 256-257, 9 (2014), cosmic Ray Origin – Beyond the Standard Models.M. Bertaina, W. Apel, J. Arteaga-Velázquez, K. Bekk, J. Blümer, H. Bozdog, I. Brancus, E. Cantoni, A. Chiavassa, F. Cossavella, K. Daumiller, V. de Souza, F. Di Pierro, P. Doll, R. Engel, J. Engler, B. Fuchs, D. Fuhrmann, A. Gherghel-Lascu, H. Gils, R. Glasstet ter, C. Grupen, A. Haungs, D. Heck, J. Hörandel, D. Huber, T. Huege, K.-H. Kampert, D. Kang, H. Klages, K. Link, P. Luczak, H. Mathes, H. Mayer, J. Milke, B. Mitrica, C. Morello, J. Oehlschläger, S. stapchenko, N. Palmieri, M. Petcu, T. Pierog, H. Rebel, M. Roth, H. Schieler, S. Schoo, F. Schröder, O. Sima, G. Toma, G. Trinchero, H. Ulrich, A. Weindl, J. Wochele, and J. Zabierowski, The cosmic ray spectrum and composition measured by kascade-grande between 1016 ev and 1018 ev, Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 256-257, 149 (2014), cosmic Ray Origin – Beyond the Standard Models.S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Review of particle physics, Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024).W. C. K. Poon, Colloidal suspensions, in The Oxford Handbook of Soft Condensed Matter (Oxford University Press, 2015).R. G. dos Santos, Colloidal and self-assembly systems, in Fundamentals of Surface Thermodynamics: Phase Behavior and Its Related Properties (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2024) pp. 5–32.J. P. Wilcoxon, R. L. Williamson, and R. Baughman, Optical properties of gold colloids formed in inverse micelles, The Journal of Chemical Physics 98, 9933 (1993).J. Eastman, Colloid stability, in Colloid Science (John Wiley Sons, Ltd, 2005) Chap. 3, pp. 36–49.P. Cosenza, A. Ghorbani, C. Camerlynck, F. Rejiba, R. Guérin, and A. Tabbagh, Effective medium theories for modelling the relationships between electromagnetic properties and hydrological variables in geomaterials: a review, Near Surface Geophysics 7, 563 (2009).V. A. Markel, Introduction to the maxwell garnett approximation: tutorial, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 33, 1244 (2016).D. B. Tanner, The complex dielectric function and refractive index, in Optical Effects in Solids (Cambridge University Press, 2019) p. 17–29.D. Heck, J. Knapp, J. N. Capdevielle, G. Schatz, and T. Thouw, Corsika: A monte carlo code to simulate extensive air showers (1998), version 7.7400.C. Sarmiento-Cano, M. Suárez-Durán, R. Calder´onArdila, A. Vásquez-Ramírez, A. Jaimes-Motta, L. A. Núñez, S. Dasso, I. Sidelnik, and f. Asorey, Hernán, The arti framework: Cosmic rays atmospheric background simulations, European Physics Journal C 82, 10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10883-z (2022).S. Agostinelli et al. (GEANT4), GEANT4–a simulation toolkit, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 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