Harmonized-Multinational qEEG norms (HarMNqEEG)
ABSTRACT: This paper extends frequency domain quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) methods pursuing higher sensitivity to detect Brain Developmental Disorders. Prior qEEG work lacked integration of cross-spectral information omitting important functional connectivity descriptors. Lack of geogr...
- Autores:
-
Tobón Quintero, Carlos Andrés
Ochoa Gómez, John Fredy
Li, Min
Wang, Ying
López Naranjo, Carlos
Hu, Shiang
García Reyes, Ronaldo César
Paz Linares, Deirel
Areces González, Ariosky
Abd Hamid, Aini Ismafairus
Evans, Alan C.
Savostyanov, Alexander N.
Calzada Reyes, Ana
Villringer, Arno
García Agustín, Daysi
Yao, Dezhong
Dong, Li
Aubert Vázquez, Eduardo
Reza, Faruque
Razzaq, Fuleah Abdul
Omar, Hazim
Abdullah, Jafri Malin
Galler, Janina R.
Prichep, Leslie S.
Galán García, Lidice
Morales Chacón, Lilia
Valdés Sosa, Mitchell J.
Tröndle, Marius
Mohd Zulkifly, Mohd Faizal
Rahman, Muhammad Riddha Bin Abdul
Milakhina, Natalya S.
Langer, Nicolas
Rudych, Pavel
Koenig, Thomas
Virues Alba, Trinidad A.
Lei, Xu
Bringas Vega, Maria L.
Bosch Bayard, Jorge F.
Valdés Sosa, Pedro Antonio
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Universidad de Antioquia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UdeA
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/42133
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/10495/42133
- Palabra clave:
- Éncefalo
Brain
Encefalopatías
Brain Diseases
Mapeo Encefálico
Brain Mapping
Electroencefalografía
Electroencephalography
COVID-19
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001921
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001927
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001931
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000086382
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D004569
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/
| id |
UDEA2_3b09c70a7d52da46d04d25a0bff3fdf0 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/42133 |
| network_acronym_str |
UDEA2 |
| network_name_str |
Repositorio UdeA |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Harmonized-Multinational qEEG norms (HarMNqEEG) |
| title |
Harmonized-Multinational qEEG norms (HarMNqEEG) |
| spellingShingle |
Harmonized-Multinational qEEG norms (HarMNqEEG) Éncefalo Brain Encefalopatías Brain Diseases Mapeo Encefálico Brain Mapping Electroencefalografía Electroencephalography COVID-19 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001921 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001927 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001931 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000086382 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D004569 |
| title_short |
Harmonized-Multinational qEEG norms (HarMNqEEG) |
| title_full |
Harmonized-Multinational qEEG norms (HarMNqEEG) |
| title_fullStr |
Harmonized-Multinational qEEG norms (HarMNqEEG) |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Harmonized-Multinational qEEG norms (HarMNqEEG) |
| title_sort |
Harmonized-Multinational qEEG norms (HarMNqEEG) |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Tobón Quintero, Carlos Andrés Ochoa Gómez, John Fredy Li, Min Wang, Ying López Naranjo, Carlos Hu, Shiang García Reyes, Ronaldo César Paz Linares, Deirel Areces González, Ariosky Abd Hamid, Aini Ismafairus Evans, Alan C. Savostyanov, Alexander N. Calzada Reyes, Ana Villringer, Arno García Agustín, Daysi Yao, Dezhong Dong, Li Aubert Vázquez, Eduardo Reza, Faruque Razzaq, Fuleah Abdul Omar, Hazim Abdullah, Jafri Malin Galler, Janina R. Prichep, Leslie S. Galán García, Lidice Morales Chacón, Lilia Valdés Sosa, Mitchell J. Tröndle, Marius Mohd Zulkifly, Mohd Faizal Rahman, Muhammad Riddha Bin Abdul Milakhina, Natalya S. Langer, Nicolas Rudych, Pavel Koenig, Thomas Virues Alba, Trinidad A. Lei, Xu Bringas Vega, Maria L. Bosch Bayard, Jorge F. Valdés Sosa, Pedro Antonio |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Tobón Quintero, Carlos Andrés Ochoa Gómez, John Fredy Li, Min Wang, Ying López Naranjo, Carlos Hu, Shiang García Reyes, Ronaldo César Paz Linares, Deirel Areces González, Ariosky Abd Hamid, Aini Ismafairus Evans, Alan C. Savostyanov, Alexander N. Calzada Reyes, Ana Villringer, Arno García Agustín, Daysi Yao, Dezhong Dong, Li Aubert Vázquez, Eduardo Reza, Faruque Razzaq, Fuleah Abdul Omar, Hazim Abdullah, Jafri Malin Galler, Janina R. Prichep, Leslie S. Galán García, Lidice Morales Chacón, Lilia Valdés Sosa, Mitchell J. Tröndle, Marius Mohd Zulkifly, Mohd Faizal Rahman, Muhammad Riddha Bin Abdul Milakhina, Natalya S. Langer, Nicolas Rudych, Pavel Koenig, Thomas Virues Alba, Trinidad A. Lei, Xu Bringas Vega, Maria L. Bosch Bayard, Jorge F. Valdés Sosa, Pedro Antonio |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv |
Grupo Neuropsicología y Conducta |
| dc.subject.decs.none.fl_str_mv |
Éncefalo Brain Encefalopatías Brain Diseases Mapeo Encefálico Brain Mapping Electroencefalografía Electroencephalography COVID-19 |
| topic |
Éncefalo Brain Encefalopatías Brain Diseases Mapeo Encefálico Brain Mapping Electroencefalografía Electroencephalography COVID-19 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001921 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001927 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001931 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000086382 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D004569 |
| dc.subject.meshuri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001921 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001927 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001931 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000086382 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D004569 |
| description |
ABSTRACT: This paper extends frequency domain quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) methods pursuing higher sensitivity to detect Brain Developmental Disorders. Prior qEEG work lacked integration of cross-spectral information omitting important functional connectivity descriptors. Lack of geographical diversity precluded accounting for site-specific variance, increasing qEEG nuisance variance. We ameliorate these weaknesses. (i) Create lifespan Riemannian multinational qEEG norms for cross-spectral tensors. These norms result from the HarMNqEEG project fostered by the Global Brain Consortium. We calculate the norms with data from 9 countries, 12 devices, and 14 studies, including 1564 subjects. Instead of raw data, only anonymized metadata and EEG cross-spectral tensors were shared. After visual and automatic quality control, developmental equations for the mean and standard deviation of qEEG traditional and Riemannian DPs were calculated using additive mixed-effects models. We demonstrate qEEG "batch effects" and provide methods to calculate harmonized z-scores. (ii) We also show that harmonized Riemannian norms produce z-scores with increased diagnostic accuracy predicting brain dysfunction produced by malnutrition in the first year of life and detecting COVID induced brain dysfunction. (iii) We offer open code and data to calculate different individual z-scores from the HarMNqEEG dataset. These results contribute to developing bias-free, low-cost neuroimaging technologies applicable in various health settings. |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-09-15T16:26:48Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-09-15T16:26:48Z |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de investigación |
| dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
| dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Li M, Wang Y, Lopez-Naranjo C, Hu S, Reyes RCG, Paz-Linares D, Areces-Gonzalez A, Hamid AIA, Evans AC, Savostyanov AN, Calzada-Reyes A, Villringer A, Tobon-Quintero CA, Garcia-Agustin D, Yao D, Dong L, Aubert-Vazquez E, Reza F, Razzaq FA, Omar H, Abdullah JM, Galler JR, Ochoa-Gomez JF, Prichep LS, Galan-Garcia L, Morales-Chacon L, Valdes-Sosa MJ, Tröndle M, Zulkifly MFM, Abdul Rahman MRB, Milakhina NS, Langer N, Rudych P, Koenig T, Virues-Alba TA, Lei X, Bringas-Vega ML, Bosch-Bayard JF, Valdes-Sosa PA. Harmonized-Multinational qEEG norms (HarMNqEEG). Neuroimage. 2022 Aug 1;256:119190. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119190. Epub 2022 Apr 7. PMID: 35398285. |
| dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv |
1053-8119 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/10495/42133 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119190 |
| dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv |
1095-9572 |
| identifier_str_mv |
Li M, Wang Y, Lopez-Naranjo C, Hu S, Reyes RCG, Paz-Linares D, Areces-Gonzalez A, Hamid AIA, Evans AC, Savostyanov AN, Calzada-Reyes A, Villringer A, Tobon-Quintero CA, Garcia-Agustin D, Yao D, Dong L, Aubert-Vazquez E, Reza F, Razzaq FA, Omar H, Abdullah JM, Galler JR, Ochoa-Gomez JF, Prichep LS, Galan-Garcia L, Morales-Chacon L, Valdes-Sosa MJ, Tröndle M, Zulkifly MFM, Abdul Rahman MRB, Milakhina NS, Langer N, Rudych P, Koenig T, Virues-Alba TA, Lei X, Bringas-Vega ML, Bosch-Bayard JF, Valdes-Sosa PA. Harmonized-Multinational qEEG norms (HarMNqEEG). Neuroimage. 2022 Aug 1;256:119190. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119190. Epub 2022 Apr 7. PMID: 35398285. 1053-8119 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119190 1095-9572 |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/10495/42133 |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournalabbrev.spa.fl_str_mv |
Neuroimage |
| dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
28 |
| dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
1 |
| dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv |
256 |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
NeuroImage |
| dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/ |
| dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
28 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Elsevier Academic Press |
| dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Orlando, Estados Unidos |
| institution |
Universidad de Antioquia |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/b86a32d5-1e15-47df-8ce1-4ade78c340fa/download https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/58cf0438-15e5-4093-aabd-aebeb7ad1055/download https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/98f84d39-1d5f-434c-8a7b-5391442373f6/download https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/f7221ad5-6f52-4a37-abe7-e652ebb39e59/download https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/b6f3ea9a-7e15-460e-b367-851fb783f600/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
b88b088d9957e670ce3b3fbe2eedbc13 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 e0406cc09cd562ad6a163c3821e80746 833ab4f5a43fc9162b245304b0d7759a b6df5262ce8ff2e1d83eecdd15987a28 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Antioquia |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
aplicacionbibliotecadigitalbiblioteca@udea.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1851052133413027840 |
| spelling |
Tobón Quintero, Carlos AndrésOchoa Gómez, John FredyLi, MinWang, YingLópez Naranjo, CarlosHu, ShiangGarcía Reyes, Ronaldo CésarPaz Linares, DeirelAreces González, ArioskyAbd Hamid, Aini IsmafairusEvans, Alan C.Savostyanov, Alexander N.Calzada Reyes, AnaVillringer, ArnoGarcía Agustín, DaysiYao, DezhongDong, LiAubert Vázquez, EduardoReza, FaruqueRazzaq, Fuleah AbdulOmar, HazimAbdullah, Jafri MalinGaller, Janina R.Prichep, Leslie S.Galán García, LidiceMorales Chacón, LiliaValdés Sosa, Mitchell J.Tröndle, MariusMohd Zulkifly, Mohd FaizalRahman, Muhammad Riddha Bin AbdulMilakhina, Natalya S.Langer, NicolasRudych, PavelKoenig, ThomasVirues Alba, Trinidad A.Lei, XuBringas Vega, Maria L.Bosch Bayard, Jorge F.Valdés Sosa, Pedro AntonioGrupo Neuropsicología y Conducta2024-09-15T16:26:48Z2024-09-15T16:26:48Z2022Li M, Wang Y, Lopez-Naranjo C, Hu S, Reyes RCG, Paz-Linares D, Areces-Gonzalez A, Hamid AIA, Evans AC, Savostyanov AN, Calzada-Reyes A, Villringer A, Tobon-Quintero CA, Garcia-Agustin D, Yao D, Dong L, Aubert-Vazquez E, Reza F, Razzaq FA, Omar H, Abdullah JM, Galler JR, Ochoa-Gomez JF, Prichep LS, Galan-Garcia L, Morales-Chacon L, Valdes-Sosa MJ, Tröndle M, Zulkifly MFM, Abdul Rahman MRB, Milakhina NS, Langer N, Rudych P, Koenig T, Virues-Alba TA, Lei X, Bringas-Vega ML, Bosch-Bayard JF, Valdes-Sosa PA. Harmonized-Multinational qEEG norms (HarMNqEEG). Neuroimage. 2022 Aug 1;256:119190. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119190. Epub 2022 Apr 7. PMID: 35398285.1053-8119https://hdl.handle.net/10495/4213310.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.1191901095-9572ABSTRACT: This paper extends frequency domain quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) methods pursuing higher sensitivity to detect Brain Developmental Disorders. Prior qEEG work lacked integration of cross-spectral information omitting important functional connectivity descriptors. Lack of geographical diversity precluded accounting for site-specific variance, increasing qEEG nuisance variance. We ameliorate these weaknesses. (i) Create lifespan Riemannian multinational qEEG norms for cross-spectral tensors. These norms result from the HarMNqEEG project fostered by the Global Brain Consortium. We calculate the norms with data from 9 countries, 12 devices, and 14 studies, including 1564 subjects. Instead of raw data, only anonymized metadata and EEG cross-spectral tensors were shared. After visual and automatic quality control, developmental equations for the mean and standard deviation of qEEG traditional and Riemannian DPs were calculated using additive mixed-effects models. We demonstrate qEEG "batch effects" and provide methods to calculate harmonized z-scores. (ii) We also show that harmonized Riemannian norms produce z-scores with increased diagnostic accuracy predicting brain dysfunction produced by malnutrition in the first year of life and detecting COVID induced brain dysfunction. (iii) We offer open code and data to calculate different individual z-scores from the HarMNqEEG dataset. These results contribute to developing bias-free, low-cost neuroimaging technologies applicable in various health settings.COL000755128 páginasapplication/pdfengElsevierAcademic PressOrlando, Estados Unidoshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Harmonized-Multinational qEEG norms (HarMNqEEG)Artículo de investigaciónhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1https://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionÉncefaloBrainEncefalopatíasBrain DiseasesMapeo EncefálicoBrain MappingElectroencefalografíaElectroencephalographyCOVID-19https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001921https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001927https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001931https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000086382https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D004569Neuroimage281256NeuroImagePublicationCC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8823https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/b86a32d5-1e15-47df-8ce1-4ade78c340fa/downloadb88b088d9957e670ce3b3fbe2eedbc13MD52falseAnonymousREADLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/58cf0438-15e5-4093-aabd-aebeb7ad1055/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53falseAnonymousREADORIGINALTobonCarlos_2022_Harmonized_Multinational_qEEG.pdfTobonCarlos_2022_Harmonized_Multinational_qEEG.pdfArtículo de investigaciónapplication/pdf6537762https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/98f84d39-1d5f-434c-8a7b-5391442373f6/downloade0406cc09cd562ad6a163c3821e80746MD51trueAnonymousREADTEXTTobonCarlos_2022_Harmonized_Multinational_qEEG.pdf.txtTobonCarlos_2022_Harmonized_Multinational_qEEG.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain108286https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/f7221ad5-6f52-4a37-abe7-e652ebb39e59/download833ab4f5a43fc9162b245304b0d7759aMD56falseAnonymousREADTHUMBNAILTobonCarlos_2022_Harmonized_Multinational_qEEG.pdf.jpgTobonCarlos_2022_Harmonized_Multinational_qEEG.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg14055https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstreams/b6f3ea9a-7e15-460e-b367-851fb783f600/downloadb6df5262ce8ff2e1d83eecdd15987a28MD57falseAnonymousREAD10495/42133oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/421332025-03-26 17:28:51.169http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/open.accesshttps://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.coRepositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Antioquiaaplicacionbibliotecadigitalbiblioteca@udea.edu.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 |
