Control de la aberración cromática longitudinal del ojo humano
El ojo humano, como cualquier otro sistema óptico, presenta limitaciones inherentes debido a las aberraciones ópticas que comprometen su rendimiento. En relación a la aberración cromática longitudinal (ACL), la literatura existente reporta hallazgos contradictorios respecto a cómo su corrección infl...
- Autores:
-
Osorio Muñoz, Salomé
- Tipo de recurso:
- Trabajo de grado de pregrado
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2025
- Institución:
- Universidad de Antioquia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UdeA
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/47896
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/10495/47896
- Palabra clave:
- Acromatismo
Achromatism
Acomodación ocular
Accommodation, ocular
Óptica - Mediciones
Optical measurements
Vista
Vision
Aberración cromática longitudinal
Simuladores visuales
Modulador espacial de luz
Calidad óptica
Ojo humano
ODS 3: Salud y bienestar. Garantizar una vida sana y promover el bienestar de todos a todas las edades
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
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| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Control de la aberración cromática longitudinal del ojo humano |
| dc.title.translated.none.fl_str_mv |
Control of Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration of the Human Eye |
| title |
Control de la aberración cromática longitudinal del ojo humano |
| spellingShingle |
Control de la aberración cromática longitudinal del ojo humano Acromatismo Achromatism Acomodación ocular Accommodation, ocular Óptica - Mediciones Optical measurements Vista Vision Aberración cromática longitudinal Simuladores visuales Modulador espacial de luz Calidad óptica Ojo humano ODS 3: Salud y bienestar. Garantizar una vida sana y promover el bienestar de todos a todas las edades |
| title_short |
Control de la aberración cromática longitudinal del ojo humano |
| title_full |
Control de la aberración cromática longitudinal del ojo humano |
| title_fullStr |
Control de la aberración cromática longitudinal del ojo humano |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Control de la aberración cromática longitudinal del ojo humano |
| title_sort |
Control de la aberración cromática longitudinal del ojo humano |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Osorio Muñoz, Salomé |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Torres Sepúlveda, Walter Arley Mira Agudelo, Alejandro |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Osorio Muñoz, Salomé |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup.none.fl_str_mv |
Grupo de Óptica y Fotónica |
| dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv |
Vélez Zea, Alejandro Henao Henao, Rodrigo de Jesús |
| dc.subject.lemb.none.fl_str_mv |
Acromatismo Achromatism Acomodación ocular Accommodation, ocular Óptica - Mediciones Optical measurements Vista Vision |
| topic |
Acromatismo Achromatism Acomodación ocular Accommodation, ocular Óptica - Mediciones Optical measurements Vista Vision Aberración cromática longitudinal Simuladores visuales Modulador espacial de luz Calidad óptica Ojo humano ODS 3: Salud y bienestar. Garantizar una vida sana y promover el bienestar de todos a todas las edades |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Aberración cromática longitudinal Simuladores visuales Modulador espacial de luz Calidad óptica Ojo humano |
| dc.subject.ods.none.fl_str_mv |
ODS 3: Salud y bienestar. Garantizar una vida sana y promover el bienestar de todos a todas las edades |
| description |
El ojo humano, como cualquier otro sistema óptico, presenta limitaciones inherentes debido a las aberraciones ópticas que comprometen su rendimiento. En relación a la aberración cromática longitudinal (ACL), la literatura existente reporta hallazgos contradictorios respecto a cómo su corrección influye en el desempeño visual. En este contexto, el presente estudio desarrolló un protocolo experimental que permite medir y controlar la ACL del ojo humano, evaluando sus efectos sobre parámetros visuales clave. Para ello, se utilizó un simulador visual monocular dotado de óptica activa, que incluía un modulador espacial de luz (SLM) para modificar la ACL. Diez sujetos participaron en pruebas bajo tres condiciones experimentales: ACL natural, corregida y duplicada. Las métricas para el análisis del impacto de las diferentes condiciones de ACL incluyeron agudeza visual (AV), tiempo de acomodación y porcentaje de acomodación de estímulos policromáticos. Los resultados revelaron que la medición subjetiva de la ACL coincidió con el modelo teórico, validando el método experimental. Sin embargo, las mediciones objetivas subestimaron sistemáticamente la magnitud de la ACL, posiblemente debido a limitaciones técnicas o a la influencia de otras aberraciones oculares no controladas durante las medidas. El SLM demostró ser una herramienta efectiva para manipular la ACL, lo que permitió establecer condiciones experimentales bien diferenciadas. En cuanto a la calidad visual, se observó que la condición natural de la ACL presentó la mejor AV máxima, sin presentar una diferencia sustancial con los valores para ACL modificada. La corrección de la ACL aumentó la profundidad de foco, mientras que la duplicación de la ACL no afectó significativamente el rendimiento visual, indicando una tolerancia del sistema visual a aumentos moderados de esta aberración. Por otro lado, el tiempo de acomodación se vio claramente perjudicado cuando se corrigió la ACL, dificultando el enfoque dinámico, mientras que su duplicación mejoró la eficiencia del proceso, confirmando que la ACL actúa como una señal clave para guiar la acomodación. Estos hallazgos destacan el equilibrio que existe entre los efectos ópticos y funcionales proporcionados por la ACL: su corrección puede mejorar la profundidad de foco pero también afecta negativamente los mecanismos visuales críticos de la acomodación. Asimismo, duplicar la ACL implica mejoras en el proceso acomodativo mientras que mantiene estable la calidad visual ante estímulos policromáticos. |
| publishDate |
2025 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-10-22T19:15:53Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2025 |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Pregrado |
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Aggarwala, K. R., Kruger, E. S., Mathews, S., & Kruger, P. B. (1995). Spectral bandwidth and ocular accommodation. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 12(3), 450–455. Artal, P. (2017). Handbook of Visual Optics: Fundamentals and eye optics. Taylor & Francis Group. Association, W. M. (2025). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human participants. Jama, 333(1), 71–74. Atchison, D. (2023). Optics of the Human Eye. CRC Press. Atchison, D. A., & Smith, G. (2005). Chromatic dispersions of the ocular media of human eyes. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 22(1), 29–37. Bach, M. (1996). The Freiburg visual acuity test—automatic measurement of visual acuity. Optometry and Vision Science, 73(1), 49–53. Bach, M. (2006). The Freiburg visual acuity test—variability unchanged by post-hoc reanalysis. Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 245(7), 965–971. Bedford, R. E., & Wyszecki, G. (1957). Axial chromatic aberration of the human eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 47(6), 5641–565. Bernal-Molina, P., Marín-Franch, I., Del Águila-Carrasco, A. J., Esteve-Taboada, J. J., López-Gil, N., Kruger, P. B., & Montes-Micó, R. (2017). Human eyes do not need monochromatic aberrations for dynamic accommodation. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 37(5), 602–609. Blum, M., Büler, M., Grätzel, C., & Aschwanden, M. (2011). Compact optical design solutions using focus tunable lenses. In Optical Design and Engineering IV, vol. 8167, (pp. 274–282). SPIE. Charman, W. N., & Heron, G. (2015). Microfluctuations in accommodation: an update on their characteristics and possible role. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 35(5), 476–499. Charman, W. N., & Jennings, J. A. M. (1976). Objective measurements of the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the human eye. Vision Research, 16(9), 999–1005. Chin, S. S., Hampson, K. M., & Mallen, E. A. (2009). Effect of correction of ocular aberration dynamics on the accommodation response to a sinusoidally moving stimulus. Optics Letters, 34(21), 3274–3276. Cholewiak, S. A., Love, G. D., & Banks, M. S. (2018). Creating correct blur and its effect on accommodation. Journal of Vision, 18(9), 1–1. Crass, J. (2014). The Adaptive Optics Lucky Imager: Combining adaptive optics and lucky imaging. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge. Del Águila Carrasco, A. J. (2017). Light vergence detection in monocular and monochromatic accommodation. Fernández, E. J. (2012). Adaptive optics for visual simulation. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2012(1), 104870. Fincham, E. F. (1951). The accommodation reflex and its stimulus. The British Journal of Ophthalmology, 35(7), 381. Goldberg, D. B. (2011). Computer-animated model of accommodation and theory of reciprocal zonular action. Clinical Ophthalmology, (pp. 1559–1566). Graef, K., & Schaeffel, F. (2012). Control of accommodation by longitudinal chromatic aberration and blue cones. Journal of Vision, 12(1), 14–14. Gupta, N., Wolffsohn, J. S. W., & Naroo, S. A. (2008). Optimizing measurement of subjective amplitude of accommodation with defocus curves. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery, 34(8), 1329–1338. Holladay, J. T. (2004). Visual acuity measurements. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery, 30(2), 287–290. Howarth, P. A., & Bradley, A. (1986). The longitudinal chromatic aberration of the human eye, and its correction. Vision Research, 26(2), 361–366. Huang, S. S. (2020). Future vision 2020 and beyond—5 critical trends in eye research. The Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology, 9(3), 180–185. Jaeken, B., Lundström, L., & Artal, P. (2011). Peripheral aberrations in the human eye for different wavelengths: off-axis chromatic aberration. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 28(9), 1871–1879. Jiang, X., Kuchenbecker, J. A., Touch, P., & Sabesan, R. (2019). Measuring and compensating for ocular longitudinal chromatic aberration. Optica, 6(8), 981–990. Kalloniatis, M., & Luu, C. (2007). Visual acuity. Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System [Internet]. Khan, A., Pope, J. M., Verkicharla, P. K., Suheimat, M., & Atchison, D. A. (2018). Change in human lens dimensions, lens refractive index distribution, and ciliary body ring diameter with accommodation. Biomedical Optics Express, 9(3), 1272–1282. Kiefer, M., Ansorge, U., Haynes, J., Hamker, F., Mattler, U., Verleger, R., & Niedeggen, M. (2011). Neuro-cognitive mechanisms of conscious and unconscious visual perception: From a plethora of phenomena to general principles. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 7, 55. Kruger, P. B., Nowbotsing, S., Aggarwala, K. R., & Mathews, S. (1995). Small amounts of chromatic aberration influence dynamic accommodation. Optometry and Vision Science, 72(9), 656–666. Lai, T., & Tang, S. (2014). Cornea characterization using a combined multiphoton microscopy and optical coherence tomography system. Biomedical Optics Express, 5(5), 1494–1511. Lakshminarayanan, V., & Fleck, A. (2011). Zernike polynomials: a guide. Journal of Modern Optics, 58(7), 545–561. Lazarev, G., Hermerschmidt, A., Krüger, S., & Osten, S. (2012). LCOS spatial light modulators: trends and applications. Optical Imaging and Metrology: Advanced Technologies, (pp. 1–29). Lee, J. H., Stark, L. R., Cohen, S., & Kruger, P. B. (1999). Accommodation to static chromatic simulations of blurred retinal images. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 19(3), 223–235. Levine, W. S. (2018). The Control Handbook (three-volume set). CRC press. Lewis, A. L., Katz, M., & Oehrlein, C. (1982). A modified achromatizing lens. Optometry and Vision Science, 59(11), 909–911. Liang, J., & Williams, D. R. (1997). Aberrations and retinal image quality of the normal human eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 14(11), 2873–2883. Loskutova, E., Nolan, J., Howard, A., & Beatty, S. (2013). Macular pigment and its contribution to vision. Nutrients, 5(6), 1962–1969. Lundström, L. (2007). Wavefront Aberrations and Peripheral Vision. Ph.D. thesis, Royal Institute of Technology. Martinez, J. L., Fernandez, E. J., Prieto, P. M., & Artal, P. (2017). Chromatic aberration control with liquid crystal spatial phase modulators. Optics Express, 25(9), 9793–9801. Masland, R. H. (2012). The neuronal organization of the retina. Neuron, 76(2), 266–280. Patel, S., & Alió, J. L. (2012). Corneal refractive index–hydration relationship by objective refractometry. Optometry and Vision Science, 89(11), 1641–1646. Plainis, S., & Pallikaris, I. G. (2008). Ocular monochromatic aberration statistics in a large emmetropic population. Journal of Modern Optics, 55(4-5), 759–772. Pusti, D., Debnath, D., Bang, S., & Yoon, G. (2025). Controlling ocular longitudinal chromatic aberration using a spatial light modulator. 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F., & Wagner, M. R. (2016). Chapter 15—ANOVA: Testing for differences among many samples and much more. In Practical Business Statistics, 8th ed., (pp. 485–510). Solano, E. C., Alvarado, M. B. C., López, M. T. E., & Monroy, A. D. G. (2010). Regulación ética en investigación con seres humanos en Colombia. Cooperative University of Colombia. URL: https://tinyurl.com/nhzsjhza [accessed 2022-01-10]. Suchkov, N., Fernández, E. J., & Artal, P. (2019). Impact of longitudinal chromatic aberration on through-focus visual acuity. Optics Express, 27(24), 35935–35947. Takeda, T., Iida, T., & Fukui, Y. (1990). Dynamic eye accommodation evoked by apparent distances. Optometry and Vision Science, 67(6), 450–455. Thibos, L. N., Bradley, A., Still, D. L., Zhang, X., & Howarth, P. A. (1990). Theory and measurement of ocular chromatic aberration. Vision Research, 30(1), 33–49. Thibos, L. N., Bradley, A., & Zhang, X. (1991). Effect of ocular chromatic aberration on monocular visual performance. Optometry and Vision Science, 68(8), 599–607. Thibos, L. N., Ye, M., Zhang, X., & Bradley, A. (1992). The chromatic eye: a new reduced-eye model of ocular chromatic aberration in humans. Applied Optics, 31(19), 3594–3600. Torres-Sepúlveda, W. (2019). Medidas dinámicas de desempeño visual usando óptica adaptativa y activa. Tesis de doctorado, Universidad de Antioquia. ASESOR Alejandro Mira Agudelo. Van Heel, A. C. S. (1946). Correcting the spherical and chromatic aberrations of the eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 36(4), 237–239. Viñas, M., Dorronsoro, C., Cortes, D., Pascual, D., & Marcos, S. (2015). Longitudinal chromatic aberration of the human eye in the visible and near infrared from wavefront sensing, double-pass and psychophysics. Biomedical Optics Express, 6(3), 948–962. Viñas Peña, M. (2015). Polychromatic adaptive optics to evaluate the impact of manipulated optics on vision. Wald, G. (1967). Blue-blindness in the normal fovea. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 57(11), 1289–1301. Whitehead, A. J., Mares, J. A., & Danis, R. P. (2006). Macular pigment: A review of current knowledge. Archives of Ophthalmology, 124(7), 1038–1045. Yoon, G., & Williams, D. R. (2002). Visual performance after correcting the monochromatic and chromatic aberrations of the eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 19(2), 266–275. Zhang, X., Bradley, A., & Thibos, L. N. (1991). Achromatizing the human eye: the problem of chromatic parallax. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 8(4), 686–691. Zhang, X., Thibos, L. N., & Bradley, A. (1997). Wavelength-dependent magnification and polychromatic image quality in eyes corrected for longitudinal chromatic aberration. Optometry and Vision Science, 74(7), 563–569. |
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Universidad de Antioquia |
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Física |
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Departamento de Ciencias Básicas |
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Medellín, Colombia |
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Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales |
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Universidad de Antioquia |
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Torres Sepúlveda, Walter ArleyMira Agudelo, AlejandroOsorio Muñoz, SaloméGrupo de Óptica y FotónicaVélez Zea, AlejandroHenao Henao, Rodrigo de Jesús2025-10-22T19:15:53Z2025https://hdl.handle.net/10495/47896El ojo humano, como cualquier otro sistema óptico, presenta limitaciones inherentes debido a las aberraciones ópticas que comprometen su rendimiento. En relación a la aberración cromática longitudinal (ACL), la literatura existente reporta hallazgos contradictorios respecto a cómo su corrección influye en el desempeño visual. En este contexto, el presente estudio desarrolló un protocolo experimental que permite medir y controlar la ACL del ojo humano, evaluando sus efectos sobre parámetros visuales clave. Para ello, se utilizó un simulador visual monocular dotado de óptica activa, que incluía un modulador espacial de luz (SLM) para modificar la ACL. Diez sujetos participaron en pruebas bajo tres condiciones experimentales: ACL natural, corregida y duplicada. Las métricas para el análisis del impacto de las diferentes condiciones de ACL incluyeron agudeza visual (AV), tiempo de acomodación y porcentaje de acomodación de estímulos policromáticos. Los resultados revelaron que la medición subjetiva de la ACL coincidió con el modelo teórico, validando el método experimental. Sin embargo, las mediciones objetivas subestimaron sistemáticamente la magnitud de la ACL, posiblemente debido a limitaciones técnicas o a la influencia de otras aberraciones oculares no controladas durante las medidas. El SLM demostró ser una herramienta efectiva para manipular la ACL, lo que permitió establecer condiciones experimentales bien diferenciadas. En cuanto a la calidad visual, se observó que la condición natural de la ACL presentó la mejor AV máxima, sin presentar una diferencia sustancial con los valores para ACL modificada. La corrección de la ACL aumentó la profundidad de foco, mientras que la duplicación de la ACL no afectó significativamente el rendimiento visual, indicando una tolerancia del sistema visual a aumentos moderados de esta aberración. Por otro lado, el tiempo de acomodación se vio claramente perjudicado cuando se corrigió la ACL, dificultando el enfoque dinámico, mientras que su duplicación mejoró la eficiencia del proceso, confirmando que la ACL actúa como una señal clave para guiar la acomodación. Estos hallazgos destacan el equilibrio que existe entre los efectos ópticos y funcionales proporcionados por la ACL: su corrección puede mejorar la profundidad de foco pero también afecta negativamente los mecanismos visuales críticos de la acomodación. Asimismo, duplicar la ACL implica mejoras en el proceso acomodativo mientras que mantiene estable la calidad visual ante estímulos policromáticos.The human eye, like any other optical system, presents inherent limitations due to optical aberrations that compromise its performance. Regarding longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA), existing literature reports contradictory findings concerning how its correction influences visual performance. In this context, the present study developed an experimental protocol that enables the measurement and control of human eye LCA, evaluating its effects on key visual parameters. For this purpose, a monocular visual simulator equipped with active optics was employed, which included a spatial light modulator (SLM) to modify the LCA. Ten subjects participated in tests under three LCA experimental conditions: natural, corrected, and doubled LCA. The metrics used to analyze the impact of different LCA conditions included visual acuity (VA), accommodation time, and accommodation percentage for polychromatic stimuli. The results revealed that subjective LCA measurement aligned with the theoretical model, validating the experimental method. However, objective measurements systematically underestimated the LCA magnitude, possibly due to technical limitations or the influence of other uncontrolled ocular aberrations during measurements. The SLM proved to be an effective tool for manipulating LCA, allowing for well-differentiated experimental conditions. In terms of visual quality, it was observed that the natural LCA condition presented the best maximum VA, although it did not differ substantially from the values obtained under modified LCA conditions. LCA correction increased depth of focus, while doubling it did not significantly affect visual performance, indicating remarkable system tolerance to moderate increases of this aberration. Conversely, accommodation time was clearly impaired when LCA was corrected, hindering dynamic focusing, whereas its duplication improved process efficiency, confirming that LCA acts as a key signal to guide accommodation. These findings highlight the balance between the optical and functional effects provided by LCA: while its correction may improve depth of focus, it also negatively impacts critical visual mechanisms involved in accommodation. Likewise, doubling LCA enhances the accommodative process while maintaining stable visual quality in response to polychromatic stimuli.Óptica VisualCOL0010789PregradoFísico83 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad de AntioquiaFísicaDepartamento de Ciencias BásicasMedellín, ColombiaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesCampus Medellín - Ciudad Universitariahttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Control de la aberración cromática longitudinal del ojo humanoControl of Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration of the Human EyeTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TPTexthttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcceinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/draftAggarwala, K. R., Kruger, E. S., Mathews, S., & Kruger, P. B. (1995). Spectral bandwidth and ocular accommodation. 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