Evaluación del ensilado mixto de botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia) y afrecho de yuca como sustituto parcial del alimento concentrado en la dieta de vacas lecheras y crías lactantes

El botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia, TD) es un forraje tropical con alto contenido de proteína y una concentración moderada de metabolitos secundarios, los cuales modulan la fermentación ruminal hacia rutas metabólicas favorables tanto para el desempeño animal como para el medio ambiente. El afre...

Full description

Autores:
Castaño Jiménez, Gastón Adolfo
Tipo de recurso:
Doctoral thesis
Fecha de publicación:
2025
Institución:
Universidad de Antioquia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UdeA
Idioma:
spa
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/48160
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/10495/48160
Palabra clave:
Yuca como alimento para animales
Cassava as feed
Tithonia diversifolia
Subproducto de la molinería
Milling by-products
Aditivo de ensilaje
Silage additives
Conservación de forrajes
Fodder conservation
Fenología
Phenology
Digestibilidad in vitro
In vitro digestibility
Alimentación de rumiantes
Ruminant feeding
Ganado de leche
Dairy cattle
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_32258
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4841
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_f782f7d9
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_393bde22
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5774
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34856
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_b7dc4fa8
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2108
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85020617
ODS 2: Hambre cero. Poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible
ODS 8: Trabajo decente y crecimiento económico. Promover el crecimiento económico sostenido, inclusivo y sostenible, el empleo pleno y productivo y el trabajo decente para todos
ODS 12: Producción y consumo responsables. Garantizar modalidades de consumo y producción sostenibles
ODS 15: Vida de ecosistemas terrestres. Proteger, restablecer y promover el uso sostenible de los ecosistemas terrestres, gestionar sosteniblemente los bosques, luchar contra la desertificación, detener e invertir la degradación de las tierras y detener la pérdida de biodiversidad
Rights
openAccess
License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
id UDEA2_1a82197581c965e6ade6024d17c2a105
oai_identifier_str oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/48160
network_acronym_str UDEA2
network_name_str Repositorio UdeA
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Evaluación del ensilado mixto de botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia) y afrecho de yuca como sustituto parcial del alimento concentrado en la dieta de vacas lecheras y crías lactantes
title Evaluación del ensilado mixto de botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia) y afrecho de yuca como sustituto parcial del alimento concentrado en la dieta de vacas lecheras y crías lactantes
spellingShingle Evaluación del ensilado mixto de botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia) y afrecho de yuca como sustituto parcial del alimento concentrado en la dieta de vacas lecheras y crías lactantes
Yuca como alimento para animales
Cassava as feed
Tithonia diversifolia
Subproducto de la molinería
Milling by-products
Aditivo de ensilaje
Silage additives
Conservación de forrajes
Fodder conservation
Fenología
Phenology
Digestibilidad in vitro
In vitro digestibility
Alimentación de rumiantes
Ruminant feeding
Ganado de leche
Dairy cattle
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_32258
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4841
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_f782f7d9
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_393bde22
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5774
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34856
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_b7dc4fa8
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2108
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85020617
ODS 2: Hambre cero. Poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible
ODS 8: Trabajo decente y crecimiento económico. Promover el crecimiento económico sostenido, inclusivo y sostenible, el empleo pleno y productivo y el trabajo decente para todos
ODS 12: Producción y consumo responsables. Garantizar modalidades de consumo y producción sostenibles
ODS 15: Vida de ecosistemas terrestres. Proteger, restablecer y promover el uso sostenible de los ecosistemas terrestres, gestionar sosteniblemente los bosques, luchar contra la desertificación, detener e invertir la degradación de las tierras y detener la pérdida de biodiversidad
title_short Evaluación del ensilado mixto de botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia) y afrecho de yuca como sustituto parcial del alimento concentrado en la dieta de vacas lecheras y crías lactantes
title_full Evaluación del ensilado mixto de botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia) y afrecho de yuca como sustituto parcial del alimento concentrado en la dieta de vacas lecheras y crías lactantes
title_fullStr Evaluación del ensilado mixto de botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia) y afrecho de yuca como sustituto parcial del alimento concentrado en la dieta de vacas lecheras y crías lactantes
title_full_unstemmed Evaluación del ensilado mixto de botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia) y afrecho de yuca como sustituto parcial del alimento concentrado en la dieta de vacas lecheras y crías lactantes
title_sort Evaluación del ensilado mixto de botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia) y afrecho de yuca como sustituto parcial del alimento concentrado en la dieta de vacas lecheras y crías lactantes
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Castaño Jiménez, Gastón Adolfo
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Agulo Arizala, Joaquín
Mahecha Ledesma, Liliana
Barragán Hernández, Wilson Andrés
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Castaño Jiménez, Gastón Adolfo
dc.contributor.researchgroup.none.fl_str_mv Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Agrarias -GRICA-
dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv Castro Rincón, Edwin
Molano Torres, Rodrigo Alonso
Vivas Quila, Nelson José
dc.subject.lcsh.none.fl_str_mv Yuca como alimento para animales
Cassava as feed
topic Yuca como alimento para animales
Cassava as feed
Tithonia diversifolia
Subproducto de la molinería
Milling by-products
Aditivo de ensilaje
Silage additives
Conservación de forrajes
Fodder conservation
Fenología
Phenology
Digestibilidad in vitro
In vitro digestibility
Alimentación de rumiantes
Ruminant feeding
Ganado de leche
Dairy cattle
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_32258
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4841
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_f782f7d9
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_393bde22
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5774
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34856
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_b7dc4fa8
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2108
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85020617
ODS 2: Hambre cero. Poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible
ODS 8: Trabajo decente y crecimiento económico. Promover el crecimiento económico sostenido, inclusivo y sostenible, el empleo pleno y productivo y el trabajo decente para todos
ODS 12: Producción y consumo responsables. Garantizar modalidades de consumo y producción sostenibles
ODS 15: Vida de ecosistemas terrestres. Proteger, restablecer y promover el uso sostenible de los ecosistemas terrestres, gestionar sosteniblemente los bosques, luchar contra la desertificación, detener e invertir la degradación de las tierras y detener la pérdida de biodiversidad
dc.subject.agrovoc.none.fl_str_mv Tithonia diversifolia
Subproducto de la molinería
Milling by-products
Aditivo de ensilaje
Silage additives
Conservación de forrajes
Fodder conservation
Fenología
Phenology
Digestibilidad in vitro
In vitro digestibility
Alimentación de rumiantes
Ruminant feeding
Ganado de leche
Dairy cattle
dc.subject.agrovocuri.none.fl_str_mv http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_32258
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4841
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_f782f7d9
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_393bde22
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5774
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34856
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_b7dc4fa8
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2108
dc.subject.lcshuri.none.fl_str_mv http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85020617
dc.subject.ods.none.fl_str_mv ODS 2: Hambre cero. Poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible
ODS 8: Trabajo decente y crecimiento económico. Promover el crecimiento económico sostenido, inclusivo y sostenible, el empleo pleno y productivo y el trabajo decente para todos
ODS 12: Producción y consumo responsables. Garantizar modalidades de consumo y producción sostenibles
ODS 15: Vida de ecosistemas terrestres. Proteger, restablecer y promover el uso sostenible de los ecosistemas terrestres, gestionar sosteniblemente los bosques, luchar contra la desertificación, detener e invertir la degradación de las tierras y detener la pérdida de biodiversidad
description El botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia, TD) es un forraje tropical con alto contenido de proteína y una concentración moderada de metabolitos secundarios, los cuales modulan la fermentación ruminal hacia rutas metabólicas favorables tanto para el desempeño animal como para el medio ambiente. El afrecho de yuca (AY), un subproducto agroindustrial rico en almidón puede complementar al TD durante el proceso de ensilado, mejorando tanto la calidad fermentativa como el valor nutricional del producto final. En este estudio se llevaron a cabo seis ensayos experimentales diseñados para evaluar el uso de ensilado mixto de TD y AY como sustituto parcial del concentrado en la alimentación de vacas lecheras y crías lactantes. Los ensayos abordaron aspectos clave como el desarrollo fenológico del TD, el uso de aditivos alternativos para la producción de ensilaje, la digestibilidad in vitro y las evaluaciones en modelos animales. Los dos primeros ensayos evaluaron los efectos de la edad de rebrote y la altura de corte sobre las características morfológicas, la composición nutricional y el rendimiento de biomasa del TD en dos zonas tropicales andinas (media y alta montaña). Se encontró que la madurez de la planta influye en la calidad del forraje, observándose valores óptimos a los 40 días de rebrote en la zona de altitud media y a los 80 días en la zona de alta montaña, con una altura de corte de 70 cm. Además, se identificaron variables fenológicas clave que permiten predecir el momento óptimo de cosecha. En un tercer ensayo, se evaluaron los efectos de cinco aditivos sobre el perfil fermentativo y la estabilidad aeróbica de los ensilajes mixtos. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con la adición de azúcar disuelta en jugo fermentado de microbiota epífita, lo que mejoró la conservación del ensilaje y su estabilidad aeróbica tras la apertura del silo. En el cuarto ensayo se utilizó la técnica de producción de gas in vitro para evaluar la fermentación ruminal y la digestibilidad de ensilajes con niveles crecientes de AY (0–800 g kg–1 MS). La producción total de gas y la digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS) aumentaron a partir de 400 g kg–1 MS de AY, junto con interacciones significativas entre el sustrato y el tiempo de incubación para DIVMS, la producción de gas y el factor de partición, lo que sugiere una mayor eficiencia fermentativa. El quinto ensayo fue una evaluación in vivo preliminar del uso del ensilado mixto como reemplazo parcial del concentrado en terneros lactantes. Los resultados indicaron que la sustitución puede realizarse sin comprometer el desempeño productivo. Finalmente, un ensayo in vivo con vacas lecheras en pastoreo evaluó la inclusión del ensilado mixto TD–AY (150 y 300 g kg–1 MS) en la dieta. La sustitución parcial del concentrado no afectó la producción ni la composición de la leche, pero sí redujo los costos de suplementación y los niveles de nitrógeno ureico en leche. En resumen, los resultados respaldan el uso de ensilados mixtos de TD y BY como una estrategia viable para reemplazar parcialmente el concentrado, mejorar el aprovechamiento del forraje, reducir los costos de alimentación y promover la sostenibilidad en los sistemas lecheros tropicales.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2025-11-07T20:30:35Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2025
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2027-11-07
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Doctorado
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06
dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TD
dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcce
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/draft
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06
status_str draft
dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv G.A. Castaño Jiménez; W.A. Barragán Hernández; L. Mahecha Ledesma y J. Angulo Arizala , “Evaluación del ensilado mixto de botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia) y afrecho de yuca como sustituto parcial del alimento concentrado en la dieta de vacas lecheras y crías lactantes”, Tesis doctoral, Doctorado en Ciencias Animales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia, 2025.
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10495/48160
identifier_str_mv G.A. Castaño Jiménez; W.A. Barragán Hernández; L. Mahecha Ledesma y J. Angulo Arizala , “Evaluación del ensilado mixto de botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia) y afrecho de yuca como sustituto parcial del alimento concentrado en la dieta de vacas lecheras y crías lactantes”, Tesis doctoral, Doctorado en Ciencias Animales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia, 2025.
url https://hdl.handle.net/10495/48160
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv spa
eng
language spa
eng
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spelling Agulo Arizala, JoaquínMahecha Ledesma, LilianaBarragán Hernández, Wilson AndrésCastaño Jiménez, Gastón AdolfoGrupo de Investigación en Ciencias Agrarias -GRICA-Castro Rincón, EdwinMolano Torres, Rodrigo AlonsoVivas Quila, Nelson José2025-11-07T20:30:35Z2027-11-072025G.A. Castaño Jiménez; W.A. Barragán Hernández; L. Mahecha Ledesma y J. Angulo Arizala , “Evaluación del ensilado mixto de botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia) y afrecho de yuca como sustituto parcial del alimento concentrado en la dieta de vacas lecheras y crías lactantes”, Tesis doctoral, Doctorado en Ciencias Animales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia, 2025.https://hdl.handle.net/10495/48160El botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia, TD) es un forraje tropical con alto contenido de proteína y una concentración moderada de metabolitos secundarios, los cuales modulan la fermentación ruminal hacia rutas metabólicas favorables tanto para el desempeño animal como para el medio ambiente. El afrecho de yuca (AY), un subproducto agroindustrial rico en almidón puede complementar al TD durante el proceso de ensilado, mejorando tanto la calidad fermentativa como el valor nutricional del producto final. En este estudio se llevaron a cabo seis ensayos experimentales diseñados para evaluar el uso de ensilado mixto de TD y AY como sustituto parcial del concentrado en la alimentación de vacas lecheras y crías lactantes. Los ensayos abordaron aspectos clave como el desarrollo fenológico del TD, el uso de aditivos alternativos para la producción de ensilaje, la digestibilidad in vitro y las evaluaciones en modelos animales. Los dos primeros ensayos evaluaron los efectos de la edad de rebrote y la altura de corte sobre las características morfológicas, la composición nutricional y el rendimiento de biomasa del TD en dos zonas tropicales andinas (media y alta montaña). Se encontró que la madurez de la planta influye en la calidad del forraje, observándose valores óptimos a los 40 días de rebrote en la zona de altitud media y a los 80 días en la zona de alta montaña, con una altura de corte de 70 cm. Además, se identificaron variables fenológicas clave que permiten predecir el momento óptimo de cosecha. En un tercer ensayo, se evaluaron los efectos de cinco aditivos sobre el perfil fermentativo y la estabilidad aeróbica de los ensilajes mixtos. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con la adición de azúcar disuelta en jugo fermentado de microbiota epífita, lo que mejoró la conservación del ensilaje y su estabilidad aeróbica tras la apertura del silo. En el cuarto ensayo se utilizó la técnica de producción de gas in vitro para evaluar la fermentación ruminal y la digestibilidad de ensilajes con niveles crecientes de AY (0–800 g kg–1 MS). La producción total de gas y la digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS) aumentaron a partir de 400 g kg–1 MS de AY, junto con interacciones significativas entre el sustrato y el tiempo de incubación para DIVMS, la producción de gas y el factor de partición, lo que sugiere una mayor eficiencia fermentativa. El quinto ensayo fue una evaluación in vivo preliminar del uso del ensilado mixto como reemplazo parcial del concentrado en terneros lactantes. Los resultados indicaron que la sustitución puede realizarse sin comprometer el desempeño productivo. Finalmente, un ensayo in vivo con vacas lecheras en pastoreo evaluó la inclusión del ensilado mixto TD–AY (150 y 300 g kg–1 MS) en la dieta. La sustitución parcial del concentrado no afectó la producción ni la composición de la leche, pero sí redujo los costos de suplementación y los niveles de nitrógeno ureico en leche. En resumen, los resultados respaldan el uso de ensilados mixtos de TD y BY como una estrategia viable para reemplazar parcialmente el concentrado, mejorar el aprovechamiento del forraje, reducir los costos de alimentación y promover la sostenibilidad en los sistemas lecheros tropicales.Wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia, TD) is a tropical forage with high protein content and a moderate concentration of secondary metabolites, which modulate ruminal fermentation toward metabolic pathways beneficial to both animal performance and environmental impact. Cassava bagasse (CB), an agro-industrial by-product rich in starch, can complement TD during the ensiling process, improving both the fermentation quality and nutritional value of the final product. This study involved six experimental trials designed to evaluate the use of mixed TD and CB silage as a partial replacement for concentrate in the diets of dairy cows and suckling calves. The trials addressed key aspects such as the phenological development of TD, the use of alternative additives for silage production, in vitro digestibility, and in vivo animal performance. The first two trials assessed the effects of regrowth age and cutting height on the morphological characteristics, nutritional composition, and biomass yield of TD in two Andean tropical zones (mid- and high-altitude). Plant maturity influenced forage quality, with optimal values observed at 40 days of regrowth in the mid-altitude zone and 80 days in the high-altitude zone, using a cutting height of 70 cm. Additionally, key phenological variables were identified to help predict the optimal harvest stage. In a third trial, the effects of five additives on the fermentation profile and aerobic stability of the mixed silages were evaluated. The best results were obtained with the addition of sugar diluted in fermented juice of epiphytic microbiota, which improved silage preservation and aerobic stability after silo opening. The fourth trial used the in vitro gas production technique to assess ruminal fermentation and digestibility of silages with increasing levels of CB (0–800 g kg–1 DM). Total gas production and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) increased from 400 g kg⁻1 DM of CB onward, along with significant substrate × incubation time interactions for IVDMD, gas production, and partitioning factor, suggesting enhanced fermentative efficiency. The fifth trial was a preliminary in vivo evaluation of using mixed silage as a partial replacement for concentrate in suckling calves. Results indicated that the replacement could be made without compromising productive performance. Finally, an in vivo trial with grazing dairy cows evaluated the inclusion of TD–CB mixed silage (150 and 300 g kg–1 DM) in the diet. Partial replacement of concentrate did not affect milk yield or composition but reduced supplementation costs and milk urea nitrogen levels. In summary, the results support the use of mixed TD and CB silages as a viable strategy to partially replace concentrate, improve forage utilization, reduce feeding costs, and promote sustainability in tropical dairy production systems.Sistemas Sostenibles de Producción AnimalCOL0009556DoctoradoDoctor en Ciencias Animales113 páginasapplication/pdfspaengUniversidad de AntioquiaDoctorado en Ciencias AnimalesDepartamento de Producción AgropecuariaMedellín, ColombiaFacultad de Ciencias AgrariasCampus Medellín - Ciudadela Robledohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Yuca como alimento para animalesCassava as feedTithonia diversifoliaSubproducto de la molineríaMilling by-productsAditivo de ensilajeSilage additivesConservación de forrajesFodder conservationFenologíaPhenologyDigestibilidad in vitroIn vitro digestibilityAlimentación de rumiantesRuminant feedingGanado de lecheDairy cattlehttp://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_32258http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4841http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_f782f7d9http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_393bde22http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5774http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34856http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_b7dc4fa8http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2108http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85020617ODS 2: Hambre cero. Poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenibleODS 8: Trabajo decente y crecimiento económico. Promover el crecimiento económico sostenido, inclusivo y sostenible, el empleo pleno y productivo y el trabajo decente para todosODS 12: Producción y consumo responsables. Garantizar modalidades de consumo y producción sosteniblesODS 15: Vida de ecosistemas terrestres. 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