Ingestión y cinética de partículas de polietileno en el sistema digestivo y respiratorio del cangrejo violinista Minuca vocator en manglares urbanos de Turbo-Antioquia
Los microplásticos (MP) son pequeñas partículas con un tamaño inferior a 5 mm, por su pequeño tamaño son ingeridos por la fauna perteneciente a bajos niveles de la cadena trófica, entre ellas muchos invertebrados. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los mecanismos de ingesta y retención d...
- Autores:
-
Díaz Melendez, Daniela
- Tipo de recurso:
- Trabajo de grado de pregrado
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2024
- Institución:
- Universidad de Antioquia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UdeA
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/47985
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/10495/47985
- Palabra clave:
- Microplásticos
Microplastics
Cangrejos violinistas
Fiddler crabs
Contaminación marina
Marine pollution
Minuca vocator
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2016001401
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85048076
Zona costera
Coastal zone
ODS 14: Vida submarina. Conservar y utilizar sosteniblemente los océanos, los mares y los recursos marinos para el desarrollo sostenible
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- openAccess
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- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
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Ingestión y cinética de partículas de polietileno en el sistema digestivo y respiratorio del cangrejo violinista Minuca vocator en manglares urbanos de Turbo-Antioquia |
| title |
Ingestión y cinética de partículas de polietileno en el sistema digestivo y respiratorio del cangrejo violinista Minuca vocator en manglares urbanos de Turbo-Antioquia |
| spellingShingle |
Ingestión y cinética de partículas de polietileno en el sistema digestivo y respiratorio del cangrejo violinista Minuca vocator en manglares urbanos de Turbo-Antioquia Microplásticos Microplastics Cangrejos violinistas Fiddler crabs Contaminación marina Marine pollution Minuca vocator http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2016001401 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85048076 Zona costera Coastal zone ODS 14: Vida submarina. Conservar y utilizar sosteniblemente los océanos, los mares y los recursos marinos para el desarrollo sostenible |
| title_short |
Ingestión y cinética de partículas de polietileno en el sistema digestivo y respiratorio del cangrejo violinista Minuca vocator en manglares urbanos de Turbo-Antioquia |
| title_full |
Ingestión y cinética de partículas de polietileno en el sistema digestivo y respiratorio del cangrejo violinista Minuca vocator en manglares urbanos de Turbo-Antioquia |
| title_fullStr |
Ingestión y cinética de partículas de polietileno en el sistema digestivo y respiratorio del cangrejo violinista Minuca vocator en manglares urbanos de Turbo-Antioquia |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Ingestión y cinética de partículas de polietileno en el sistema digestivo y respiratorio del cangrejo violinista Minuca vocator en manglares urbanos de Turbo-Antioquia |
| title_sort |
Ingestión y cinética de partículas de polietileno en el sistema digestivo y respiratorio del cangrejo violinista Minuca vocator en manglares urbanos de Turbo-Antioquia |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Díaz Melendez, Daniela |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Riascos Vallejos, José Marin Zapata Restrepo, Lina María |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Díaz Melendez, Daniela |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup.none.fl_str_mv |
GISMAC. Grupo de Investigación en Sistemas Marinos y Costeros |
| dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv |
Ortiz Zambrano, Monica |
| dc.subject.lcsh.none.fl_str_mv |
Microplásticos Microplastics Cangrejos violinistas Fiddler crabs |
| topic |
Microplásticos Microplastics Cangrejos violinistas Fiddler crabs Contaminación marina Marine pollution Minuca vocator http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2016001401 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85048076 Zona costera Coastal zone ODS 14: Vida submarina. Conservar y utilizar sosteniblemente los océanos, los mares y los recursos marinos para el desarrollo sostenible |
| dc.subject.lemb.none.fl_str_mv |
Contaminación marina Marine pollution |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Minuca vocator |
| dc.subject.lcshuri.none.fl_str_mv |
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2016001401 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85048076 |
| dc.subject.ecm.none.fl_str_mv |
Zona costera Coastal zone |
| dc.subject.ods.none.fl_str_mv |
ODS 14: Vida submarina. Conservar y utilizar sosteniblemente los océanos, los mares y los recursos marinos para el desarrollo sostenible |
| description |
Los microplásticos (MP) son pequeñas partículas con un tamaño inferior a 5 mm, por su pequeño tamaño son ingeridos por la fauna perteneciente a bajos niveles de la cadena trófica, entre ellas muchos invertebrados. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los mecanismos de ingesta y retención de partículas de MP en el cangrejo violinista Minuca vocator presente en ecosistemas de manglares urbanizados en Turbo, Antioquia, para lo cual se establecieron cinco estaciones de muestreo de 1m x 1m en las cuales se expusieron dos tipos de microesferas marcadas de polietileno 20-27 μm (verdes) y 75-90 μm (rojas) , posteriormente se tomaron muestras biológicas y de sedimentos durante 8 semanas, posteriormente se realizó un análisis al microscopio y cuantificación de estas en sedimentos y tejidos de M. vocator. Se demostró el ingreso de MP a los organismos dada la presencia de estos en branquias, hepatopáncreas e intestino. La ingestión de microesferas no estuvo influenciada por el tamaño de las partículas (Chi-cuadrado= 0.10989; p= 0.7403) pero si por el sexo del cangrejo, la ID (Dosis Interna) de las microesferas pequeñas en las hembras del Minuca vocator fue de (18,69±4,02 microesferas g -1 ) en comparación con el de los machos (4,32±1,63 microesferas g -1 ), es decir las hembras de esta especie adsorbieron más esferas verdes que los machos. No hubo acumulación de microesferas en ninguno de los tejidos analizados en función del tiempo, para este caso los organismos pudieron ingerir y eliminar las microesferas de polietileno. |
| publishDate |
2024 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2024 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-10-28T19:28:22Z |
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Trabajo de grado - Pregrado |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
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http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TP |
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Text |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10495/47985 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10495/47985 |
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spa |
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spa |
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Martin, C., Almahasheer, H., & Duarte, C. M. (2019). Mangrove forests as traps for marine litter. Environmental Pollution, 247, 499-508. Masunari, S. (2006). Distribution and abundance of fiddler crabs Uca Leach (Crustacea Decapoda Ocypodidae) in Guaratuba Bay, Parana State, southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23, 901-914. Mato, Y., Isobe, T., Takada, H., Kanehiro, H., Ohtake, C., & Kaminuma, T. (2001). Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment. Environmental science & technology, 35(2), 318-324. Matsuguma, Y., Takada, H., Kumata, H., Kanke, H., Sakurai, S., Suzuki, T., ... & Newman, B. (2017). Microplastics in sediment cores from Asia and Africa as indicators of temporal trends in plastic pollution. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology, 73, 230-239. Mallory, M.L., 2008. Marine plastic debris in northern fulmars from the Canadian high Arctic. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 56, 1501–50https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008. 04.017 Montague LC. 1980. A natural History of temperate western Atlantic fiddler crab (Genus Uca) with reference of their impact on the salt marsh. Contributions in Marine Science. 23: 25-55. Naidoo, T., Sershen, Thompson, R.C., Rajkaran, A., 2020. Quantification and 620 characterisation of microplastics ingested by selected juvenile fish species associated with 621 mangroves in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Environmental Pollution 257. Nelms S.E., Galloway T.S., Godley B.J., Jarvis D.S., Lindeque P.K. (2018). Investigating microplastic trophic transfer in marine top predators. Environmental Pollution, 238: 999-1007. doi.org/10.1016/j. envpol.2018.02.016 Ragavan, P., Dubey, S. K., Dagar, J. C., Mohan, P. M., Ravichandran, K., Jayaraj, R. S. C., & Rana, T. S. (2019). Current understanding of the mangrove forests of India. Research developments in saline agriculture, 257-304. Riascos JM, Gómez N (2023) An evaluation of the Darwinian fitness of fiddler crabs inhabiting plastic-polluted sediments of urban mangroves. Environmental Pollution, in press.. Riascos, J. M., Valencia, N., Peña, E. J., & Cantera, J. R. (2019). Inhabiting the technosphere: The encroachment of anthropogenic marine litter in Neotropical mangrove forests and its use as habitat by macrobenthic biota. Marine pollution bulletin, 142, 559-568. Robertson A.I. 1986. Leaf-burying crabs: their influence on enery flow and export from mixed mangrove forests (Rhizophora spp.) in northeastern Australia. Journal of Marine Biology and Ecology, 102: 237-248. Saenger, P., 2002. Mangrove Ecology, Silviculture and Conservation. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 360 pp. Setälä, O., Fleming-Lehtinen, V., & Lehtiniemi, M. (2014). Ingestion and transfer of microplastics in the planktonic food web. Environmental pollution, 185, 77-83. Sbrana, A. et al. Spatial variability and infuence of biological parameters on microplastic ingestion by Boops boops (L.) along the Italian coasts (Western Mediterranean Sea). Environ. Pollut. 263, 114429 (2020) Sures, B., Jürges, G., & Taraschewski, H. (2000). Acumulación y distribución de plomo en el arquiacantocéfalo Moniliformis moniliformis de ratas infectadas experimentalmente. Parasitología, 121(4), 427-433. Teuten, E. L., Rowland, S. J., Galloway, T. S., & Thompson, R. C. (2007). Potential for plastics to transport hydrophobic contaminants. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(22), 7759-7764. Teuten, E. L., Saquing, J. M., Knappe, D. R., Barlaz, M. A., Jonsson, S., Björn, A., & Takada, H. (2009). Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 364(1526), 2027-2045. Tomlinson, P. B., 1986. The Botany of Mangroves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 413 pp. Wang YS, Gu JD (2021) Ecological responses, adaptation, and mechanisms of mangrove wetland ecosystem to global climate change and anthropogenic activities. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2021.105248 . Wolfrath B. 1992. Burrowing of the fiddler crab Uca tangeri in the Ria Formosa in Portugal and its influence on sediment structure. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 85: 237-243. Woodall, L. C., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Canals, M., Paterson, G. L., Coppock, R., Sleight, V., ... & Thompson, R. C. (2014). The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris, Royal Soc. Open Sci., 1, 140317. Wright, S. L., Thompson, R. C., & Galloway, T. S. (2013). The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: a review. Environmental pollution, 178, 483-492. Wright, S. L., Thompson, R. C., & Galloway, T. S. (2013). The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organis Yamaguchi, T. (2000). Sexual differences in feeding by the fiddler crab, Uca lactea (De Haan). Crustacean Research, 29, 121-132. Young, L.C., Vanderlip, C., Duffy, D.C., Afanasyev, V., Shaffer, S.A., 2009. Bringing home the trash: do colony-based differences in foraging distribution lead to increased plastic ingestion in Laysan albatrosses? PLoS One 4, e7623. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0007623. |
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Riascos Vallejos, José MarinZapata Restrepo, Lina MaríaDíaz Melendez, DanielaGISMAC. Grupo de Investigación en Sistemas Marinos y CosterosOrtiz Zambrano, Monica2025-10-28T19:28:22Z2024https://hdl.handle.net/10495/47985Los microplásticos (MP) son pequeñas partículas con un tamaño inferior a 5 mm, por su pequeño tamaño son ingeridos por la fauna perteneciente a bajos niveles de la cadena trófica, entre ellas muchos invertebrados. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los mecanismos de ingesta y retención de partículas de MP en el cangrejo violinista Minuca vocator presente en ecosistemas de manglares urbanizados en Turbo, Antioquia, para lo cual se establecieron cinco estaciones de muestreo de 1m x 1m en las cuales se expusieron dos tipos de microesferas marcadas de polietileno 20-27 μm (verdes) y 75-90 μm (rojas) , posteriormente se tomaron muestras biológicas y de sedimentos durante 8 semanas, posteriormente se realizó un análisis al microscopio y cuantificación de estas en sedimentos y tejidos de M. vocator. Se demostró el ingreso de MP a los organismos dada la presencia de estos en branquias, hepatopáncreas e intestino. La ingestión de microesferas no estuvo influenciada por el tamaño de las partículas (Chi-cuadrado= 0.10989; p= 0.7403) pero si por el sexo del cangrejo, la ID (Dosis Interna) de las microesferas pequeñas en las hembras del Minuca vocator fue de (18,69±4,02 microesferas g -1 ) en comparación con el de los machos (4,32±1,63 microesferas g -1 ), es decir las hembras de esta especie adsorbieron más esferas verdes que los machos. No hubo acumulación de microesferas en ninguno de los tejidos analizados en función del tiempo, para este caso los organismos pudieron ingerir y eliminar las microesferas de polietileno.Microplastics (MP) are small particles with a size of less than 5 mm, because of their small size they are ingested by fauna belonging to low levels of the trophic chain, among them many invertebrates. The objective of this research was to analyze the mechanisms of ingestion and retention of PM particles in the fiddler crab Minuca vocator present in urbanized mangrove ecosystems in Turbo, Antioquia, for which five sampling stations of 1m x 1m were established in which two types of marked polyethylene microspheres 20-27 μm (green) and 75-90 μm (red) were exposed, then biological and sediment samples were taken for 8 weeks, followed by microscopic analysis and quantification of these in sediments and tissues of M. vocator. The entry of MP into the organisms was demonstrated, given the presence of these in gills, hepatopancreas, and the intestine. Ingestion of microspheres was not influenced by particle size (Chi-square= 0.10989; p= 0. 7403) but by the sex of the crab, the ID (Internal Dose) of small microspheres in female Minuca vocator was (18.69±4.02 microspheres g -1) compared to that of males (4.32±1.63 microspheres g -1), females of this species adsorbed more green spheres than males. There was no accumulation of microspheres in any of the tissues analyzed as a function of time; for this case, the organisms could ingest and eliminate the polyethylene microspheres.EcologíaCOL0023849PregradoEcólogo de Zonas Costeras45 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad de AntioquiaEcología de Zonas CosterasInstituto de Ciencias del MarTurbo, ColombiaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesCampus Turbohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2MicroplásticosMicroplasticsCangrejos violinistasFiddler crabsContaminación marinaMarine pollutionMinuca vocatorhttp://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2016001401http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85048076Zona costeraCoastal zoneODS 14: Vida submarina. 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