Bird occupancy in a coffee agroecosystem landscape in Jardín, Colombia

Los paisajes de trabajo cubren cerca de la mitad de la tierra habitable, incluyendo puntos de alta biodiversidad. En Colombia, la producción de café tiene una importancia cultural y económica muy arraigada. El café es cultivado en áreas altamente biodiversas y con prácticas que van desde monocultivo...

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Autores:
Cediel Martínez, Fernando Javier
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2024
Institución:
Universidad de Antioquia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UdeA
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/45661
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/10495/45661
Palabra clave:
Comunidades de aves
Bird communities
Aves - Conducta
Birds - Behavior
Aves - Ecología
Birds - Ecology
Aves - Adaptación
Birds - Adaptation
Aves - Hábitat
Birds - Habitat
Aves - Distribución geográfica
Birds - Geographical distribution
Aves - Conservación
Birds - Conservation
Aves - Investigación
Birds - Research
Plantaciones de café
Coffee plantations
Agroecosistema
Agroecosystems
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_36669
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2004014360
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014312
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2005020407
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008004304
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2006005918
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014319
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014335
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014327
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2005008621
ODS 15: Vida de ecosistemas terrestres. Proteger, restablecer y promover el uso sostenible de los ecosistemas terrestres, gestionar sosteniblemente los bosques, luchar contra la desertificación, detener e invertir la degradación de las tierras y detener la pérdida de biodiversidad
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openAccess
License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
id UDEA2_01dbf389456aa233bf58c529e6b505c4
oai_identifier_str oai:bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co:10495/45661
network_acronym_str UDEA2
network_name_str Repositorio UdeA
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Bird occupancy in a coffee agroecosystem landscape in Jardín, Colombia
title Bird occupancy in a coffee agroecosystem landscape in Jardín, Colombia
spellingShingle Bird occupancy in a coffee agroecosystem landscape in Jardín, Colombia
Comunidades de aves
Bird communities
Aves - Conducta
Birds - Behavior
Aves - Ecología
Birds - Ecology
Aves - Adaptación
Birds - Adaptation
Aves - Hábitat
Birds - Habitat
Aves - Distribución geográfica
Birds - Geographical distribution
Aves - Conservación
Birds - Conservation
Aves - Investigación
Birds - Research
Plantaciones de café
Coffee plantations
Agroecosistema
Agroecosystems
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_36669
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2004014360
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014312
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2005020407
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008004304
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2006005918
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014319
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014335
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014327
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2005008621
ODS 15: Vida de ecosistemas terrestres. Proteger, restablecer y promover el uso sostenible de los ecosistemas terrestres, gestionar sosteniblemente los bosques, luchar contra la desertificación, detener e invertir la degradación de las tierras y detener la pérdida de biodiversidad
title_short Bird occupancy in a coffee agroecosystem landscape in Jardín, Colombia
title_full Bird occupancy in a coffee agroecosystem landscape in Jardín, Colombia
title_fullStr Bird occupancy in a coffee agroecosystem landscape in Jardín, Colombia
title_full_unstemmed Bird occupancy in a coffee agroecosystem landscape in Jardín, Colombia
title_sort Bird occupancy in a coffee agroecosystem landscape in Jardín, Colombia
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Cediel Martínez, Fernando Javier
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Parra Vergara, Juan Luis
Ruiz Gutiérrez, Viviana
Echeverri Ochoa, Alejandra
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Cediel Martínez, Fernando Javier
dc.contributor.researchgroup.none.fl_str_mv Ecología y Evolución de Vertebrados
dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv Gómez Echeverri, Juan Pablo
Sandoval Vargas, Luis Andrés
dc.subject.lcsh.none.fl_str_mv Comunidades de aves
Bird communities
Aves - Conducta
Birds - Behavior
Aves - Ecología
Birds - Ecology
Aves - Adaptación
Birds - Adaptation
Aves - Hábitat
Birds - Habitat
Aves - Distribución geográfica
Birds - Geographical distribution
Aves - Conservación
Birds - Conservation
Aves - Investigación
Birds - Research
Plantaciones de café
Coffee plantations
topic Comunidades de aves
Bird communities
Aves - Conducta
Birds - Behavior
Aves - Ecología
Birds - Ecology
Aves - Adaptación
Birds - Adaptation
Aves - Hábitat
Birds - Habitat
Aves - Distribución geográfica
Birds - Geographical distribution
Aves - Conservación
Birds - Conservation
Aves - Investigación
Birds - Research
Plantaciones de café
Coffee plantations
Agroecosistema
Agroecosystems
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_36669
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2004014360
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014312
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2005020407
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008004304
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2006005918
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014319
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014335
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014327
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2005008621
ODS 15: Vida de ecosistemas terrestres. Proteger, restablecer y promover el uso sostenible de los ecosistemas terrestres, gestionar sosteniblemente los bosques, luchar contra la desertificación, detener e invertir la degradación de las tierras y detener la pérdida de biodiversidad
dc.subject.agrovoc.none.fl_str_mv Agroecosistema
Agroecosystems
dc.subject.agrovocuri.none.fl_str_mv http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_36669
dc.subject.lcshuri.none.fl_str_mv http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2004014360
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014312
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2005020407
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008004304
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2006005918
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014319
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014335
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014327
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2005008621
dc.subject.ods.none.fl_str_mv ODS 15: Vida de ecosistemas terrestres. Proteger, restablecer y promover el uso sostenible de los ecosistemas terrestres, gestionar sosteniblemente los bosques, luchar contra la desertificación, detener e invertir la degradación de las tierras y detener la pérdida de biodiversidad
description Los paisajes de trabajo cubren cerca de la mitad de la tierra habitable, incluyendo puntos de alta biodiversidad. En Colombia, la producción de café tiene una importancia cultural y económica muy arraigada. El café es cultivado en áreas altamente biodiversas y con prácticas que van desde monocultivos expuestos al sol hasta plantaciones mixtas y con sombrío. Las prácticas de manejo en los paisajes de trabajo modifican las comunidades de aves. Hipotetizamos que los agroecosistemas de café tienden a homogeneizar a las comunidades de aves al favorecer la ocupación de aves no dependientes de bosque y disuadir a las especies dependientes de bosque. En este trabajo, evaluamos los efectos de las plantaciones de café y algunas métricas asociadas a la estructura de la vegetación a un subconjunto de aves en un paisaje agroforestal en los Andes Occidentales de Colombia, y evaluamos la hipótesis de homogeneización de la comunidad de aves. Recolectamos datos durante dos años consecutivos en 153 puntos en plantaciones de café y otros hábitats en Jardín, Colombia. Para evaluar la respuesta de las aves a los cambios en el paisaje de trabajo, hicimos modelos de ocupación de una temporada y usamos cinco covariables: café (Covariable binaria), diversidad de altura del follaje (FHD) y altura del dosel (CH) como acercamiento de las prácticas de manejo de los cafetales, huella humana (LHFI), y elevación. Finalmente, hicimos modelos generalizados de disimilaridad (GDM) con las mismas covariables más la distancia geográfica para evaluar la homogeneización de la comunidad de aves. Identificamos 193 especies de aves (seis amenazadas y cinco endémicas) y modelamos la ocupación de 74 especies. 14 especies disminuyeron su ocupación en plantaciones de café, mientras que 13 especies la incrementaron. En general, especies no dependientes de bosque prefieren FHD más bajo (< promedio FHD) y valores bajos de CH, elevaciones más bajas y LHFI más alto. Las especies dependientes del bosque prefieren lo contrario. El GDM encontró que la composición de aves en sitios de café tiende a ser más similar que en sitios de no-café y que la elevación y FHD explica la mayor parte de la variación en la disimilaridad. Encontramos que el paisaje de trabajo mantiene una comunidad importante de aves, pero las plantaciones de café están impulsando su homogeneización. Anticipamos que las especies no dependientes del bosque continuarán dominando los paisajes de trabajo, a menos que se promuevan cambios estructurales de vegetación en las plantaciones. Incrementar FHD y CH incrementaría la ocupación de aves dependientes del bosque. Esta es una estrategia para mejorar la ocupación de aves dependientes de bosque y reducir la homogeneización en Jardín.
publishDate 2024
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2024
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2025-04-07T13:17:02Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcce
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/draft
status_str draft
dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv Cediel Martínez, F. J. (2024). Bird occupancy in a coffee agroecosystem landscape in Jardín, Colombia [Tesis de maestría]. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10495/45661
identifier_str_mv Cediel Martínez, F. J. (2024). Bird occupancy in a coffee agroecosystem landscape in Jardín, Colombia [Tesis de maestría]. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
url https://hdl.handle.net/10495/45661
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
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spelling Parra Vergara, Juan LuisRuiz Gutiérrez, VivianaEcheverri Ochoa, AlejandraCediel Martínez, Fernando JavierEcología y Evolución de VertebradosGómez Echeverri, Juan PabloSandoval Vargas, Luis AndrésJardín (Antioquia, Colombia)2025-04-07T13:17:02Z2024Cediel Martínez, F. J. (2024). Bird occupancy in a coffee agroecosystem landscape in Jardín, Colombia [Tesis de maestría]. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.https://hdl.handle.net/10495/45661Los paisajes de trabajo cubren cerca de la mitad de la tierra habitable, incluyendo puntos de alta biodiversidad. En Colombia, la producción de café tiene una importancia cultural y económica muy arraigada. El café es cultivado en áreas altamente biodiversas y con prácticas que van desde monocultivos expuestos al sol hasta plantaciones mixtas y con sombrío. Las prácticas de manejo en los paisajes de trabajo modifican las comunidades de aves. Hipotetizamos que los agroecosistemas de café tienden a homogeneizar a las comunidades de aves al favorecer la ocupación de aves no dependientes de bosque y disuadir a las especies dependientes de bosque. En este trabajo, evaluamos los efectos de las plantaciones de café y algunas métricas asociadas a la estructura de la vegetación a un subconjunto de aves en un paisaje agroforestal en los Andes Occidentales de Colombia, y evaluamos la hipótesis de homogeneización de la comunidad de aves. Recolectamos datos durante dos años consecutivos en 153 puntos en plantaciones de café y otros hábitats en Jardín, Colombia. Para evaluar la respuesta de las aves a los cambios en el paisaje de trabajo, hicimos modelos de ocupación de una temporada y usamos cinco covariables: café (Covariable binaria), diversidad de altura del follaje (FHD) y altura del dosel (CH) como acercamiento de las prácticas de manejo de los cafetales, huella humana (LHFI), y elevación. Finalmente, hicimos modelos generalizados de disimilaridad (GDM) con las mismas covariables más la distancia geográfica para evaluar la homogeneización de la comunidad de aves. Identificamos 193 especies de aves (seis amenazadas y cinco endémicas) y modelamos la ocupación de 74 especies. 14 especies disminuyeron su ocupación en plantaciones de café, mientras que 13 especies la incrementaron. En general, especies no dependientes de bosque prefieren FHD más bajo (< promedio FHD) y valores bajos de CH, elevaciones más bajas y LHFI más alto. Las especies dependientes del bosque prefieren lo contrario. El GDM encontró que la composición de aves en sitios de café tiende a ser más similar que en sitios de no-café y que la elevación y FHD explica la mayor parte de la variación en la disimilaridad. Encontramos que el paisaje de trabajo mantiene una comunidad importante de aves, pero las plantaciones de café están impulsando su homogeneización. Anticipamos que las especies no dependientes del bosque continuarán dominando los paisajes de trabajo, a menos que se promuevan cambios estructurales de vegetación en las plantaciones. Incrementar FHD y CH incrementaría la ocupación de aves dependientes del bosque. Esta es una estrategia para mejorar la ocupación de aves dependientes de bosque y reducir la homogeneización en Jardín.Working landscapes cover almost half of earth’s habitable lands, including biodiversity hotspots. In Colombia, coffee production has an ingrained cultural and economic importance. Coffee is cultivated in highly biodiverse areas using a variety of practices ranging from sun-exposed monocultures to mixed and shaded plantations. Management practices on the working landscape alter the composition of bird communities. We hypothesize that coffee agroecosystems tend to homogenize bird communities by favoring the occupancy of non-forest dependent bird species, and deterring forest dependent birds. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of coffee plantations and some associated metrics of vegetation structure on a subset of bird species in an agroforestry landscape in the Western Andes in Colombia, and evaluate the hypothesis of community homogenization. We collected data in two consecutive years in 153 sites in coffee plantations and other habitats in Jardín, Colombia. In order to evaluate birds’ response to changes in the working landscape we made single-season occupancy models and used five covariates: coffee (binary covariate), foliage height diversity (FHD) and canopy height (CH) as proxies for coffee management practices, human footprint (LHFI), and elevation. Finally, we used generalized dissimilarity models (GDM) with the same covariates and geographical distance to evaluate the homogenization hypothesis among coffee sites. We identified 193 bird species (six endangered and five endemics) and modeled occupancy of 74 species. Coffee plantations decreased the occupancy of 14 species while 13 species were favored. In general, non-forest dependent species preferred lower FHD (< mean FHD) and low CH values, as well as lower elevations and higher LHFI sites. On the contrary, forest-dependent species preferred higher FHD and CH, and were found at higher elevations. The GDM with best fit indicated that bird composition at coffee sites tend to be more similar than at no-coffee sites, and that elevation and FHD explained most of the variation in dissimilarity. We found that the working landscape in Jardín holds an important community of birds but coffee plantations are driving its homogenization. We anticipate that non-forest dependent birds will continue to colonize and dominate working landscapes, unless structural vegetation changes are promoted. Increasing FHD and CH is a potential strategy to improve forest-dependent bird occupancy and reduce homogenization in Jardín.EcologíaCOL0147267MaestríaMagíster en Biología42 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad de AntioquiaMaestría en BiologíaInstituto de BiologíaMedellín, ColombiaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesCampus Medellín - Ciudad Universitariahttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Comunidades de avesBird communitiesAves - ConductaBirds - BehaviorAves - EcologíaBirds - EcologyAves - AdaptaciónBirds - AdaptationAves - HábitatBirds - HabitatAves - Distribución geográficaBirds - Geographical distributionAves - ConservaciónBirds - ConservationAves - InvestigaciónBirds - ResearchPlantaciones de caféCoffee plantationsAgroecosistemaAgroecosystemshttp://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_36669http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2004014360http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014312http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2005020407http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008004304http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2006005918http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014319http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014335http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014327http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2005008621ODS 15: Vida de ecosistemas terrestres. 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Bird occupancy in intensively managed agroecosystems under large-scale organic and conventional farming in Argentina: A multi-species approach. Science of the Total Environment, 805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150301Correa Ayram, C. A., Etter, A., Días-Timoté, J., Buriticá, S. R., Ramírez, W., & Corzo, G. (2020). Spatiotemporal evaluation of the human footprint in Colombia: Four decades of anthropic impact in highly biodiverse ecosystems. Ecological Indicators, 117, 106630.Cruz-Angón, A., & Greenberg, R. (2005, February). Are epiphytes important for birds in coffee plantations? An experimental assessment. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42(1), 150-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2004.00983.xDevarajan, K., Morelli, T. L., & Tenan, S. (2020, November). Multi-species occupancy models: review, roadmap, and recommendations. Ecography, 43(11), 1612-1624. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.04957Doxa, A., Paracchini, M. L., Pointereau, P., Devictor, V., & Jiguet, F. 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