Potencial de bioacumulación de metales pesados por plantas vasculares acuáticas en una zona minera de Ayapel, Córdoba

La minería artesanal de oro contamina los cuerpos de agua por la liberación de metales pesados (MP) lo que representa un riesgo ambiental y sanitario. Frente a esta problemática, las plantas vasculares acuáticas han sido reconocidas por su eficiencia y ampliamente utilizadas en técnicas de fitorreme...

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Autores:: Mercado Tobio, Luisa Fernanda

Tipo de recurso:

Fecha de publicación:: 2025

Institución:: Universidad de Córdoba

Repositorio:: Repositorio Institucional Unicórdoba

Idioma:: spa

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network_acronym_str	UCORDOBA2
network_name_str	Repositorio Institucional Unicórdoba
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Potencial de bioacumulación de metales pesados por plantas vasculares acuáticas en una zona minera de Ayapel, Córdoba
title	Potencial de bioacumulación de metales pesados por plantas vasculares acuáticas en una zona minera de Ayapel, Córdoba
spellingShingle	Potencial de bioacumulación de metales pesados por plantas vasculares acuáticas en una zona minera de Ayapel, Córdoba Elementos potencialmente tóxicos Fitorremediación Humedales construidos Plantas vasculares acuáticas Potentially toxic elements Phytoremediation Constructed wetlands Aquatic vascular plants
title_short	Potencial de bioacumulación de metales pesados por plantas vasculares acuáticas en una zona minera de Ayapel, Córdoba
title_full	Potencial de bioacumulación de metales pesados por plantas vasculares acuáticas en una zona minera de Ayapel, Córdoba
title_fullStr	Potencial de bioacumulación de metales pesados por plantas vasculares acuáticas en una zona minera de Ayapel, Córdoba
title_full_unstemmed	Potencial de bioacumulación de metales pesados por plantas vasculares acuáticas en una zona minera de Ayapel, Córdoba
title_sort	Potencial de bioacumulación de metales pesados por plantas vasculares acuáticas en una zona minera de Ayapel, Córdoba
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Mercado Tobio, Luisa Fernanda
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Marrugo Negrete, José Luis
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Mercado Tobio, Luisa Fernanda
dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv	Diaz Uribe, Carlos Enrique Consuegra Solorzano, Adolfo
dc.subject.proposal.none.fl_str_mv	Elementos potencialmente tóxicos Fitorremediación Humedales construidos Plantas vasculares acuáticas
topic	Elementos potencialmente tóxicos Fitorremediación Humedales construidos Plantas vasculares acuáticas Potentially toxic elements Phytoremediation Constructed wetlands Aquatic vascular plants
dc.subject.keywords.none.fl_str_mv	Potentially toxic elements Phytoremediation Constructed wetlands Aquatic vascular plants
description	La minería artesanal de oro contamina los cuerpos de agua por la liberación de metales pesados (MP) lo que representa un riesgo ambiental y sanitario. Frente a esta problemática, las plantas vasculares acuáticas han sido reconocidas por su eficiencia y ampliamente utilizadas en técnicas de fitorremediación al ser bioacumuladoras naturales de MP. Asimismo, constituyen uno de los componentes clave en sistemas de humedales de tratamiento. Esta investigación se realizó en una zona minera de Ayapel, Córdoba y en la Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia, donde inicialmente se identificó la vegetación pionera de plantas vasculares acuáticas en la quebrada la Quebradona y en pozas artificiales presentes en el área perturbada por la minería y se determinó la capacidad de acumulación de mercurio (Hg), zinc (Zn), cadmio (Cd) y cobre (Cu) en cada una de las especies de plantas vasculares acuáticas reportadas. Se estudió el potencial de acumulación de Hg, Cd y Cu a las especies reportadas en la zona minera Eleocharis interstincta y Thalia geniculata en humedales construidos de flujo superficial para el tratamiento de agua y suelos contaminados y se determinaron los factores de traslocación (FT) y bioconcentración (FCB). En la zona minera de Ayapel, Córdoba se registraron 12 familias, 17 géneros y 22 especies. Se encontraron correlaciones positivas entre los parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua y del sedimento de las pozas y la Quebradona y la presencia de MP en ambas matrices y su relación con la capacidad de las plantas vasculares acuáticas para acumular metales. En los humedales de tratamiento evaluados, el FT del Cu alcanzó un valor máximo de 1 en los tratamientos plantados con E. interstincta y T. geniculata. Respecto al FCB del Hg se obtuvieron valores de 1, y para el Cd se obtuvieron valores de 0,87 para el tratamiento Eli, 0,88 para Eli-C y 0,80 para Thag. Aunque ambos factores no superaron el valor de 1, los resultados demuestran que E. interstincta y T. geniculata son buenos acumuladores de Cu, Hg y Cd.
publishDate	2025
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2025-11-12T15:42:38Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2025
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2028-11-12
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv	Text
dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
status_str	acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/handle/ucordoba/9631
dc.identifier.instname.none.fl_str_mv	Universidad de Córdoba
dc.identifier.reponame.none.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Unicórdoba
dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co
url	https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/handle/ucordoba/9631 https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co
identifier_str_mv	Universidad de Córdoba Repositorio Institucional Unicórdoba
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv	spa
language	spa
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(2017). Ensambles de macrófitas en ambientes de la llanura aluvial del río Paraná Medio: Factores que inciden a distintas escalas. Tan, H. W., Pang, Y. L., Lim, S., & Chong, W. C. (2023). A state-of-the-art of phytoremediation approach for sustainable management of heavy metals recovery. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 30, 103043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103043 Timalsina, H., Gyawali, T., Ghimire, S., & Paudel, S. R. (2022). Potential application of enhanced phytoremediation for heavy metals treatment in Nepal. Chemosphere, 306, 135581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135581 Turcios, A. E., Miglio, R., Vela, R., Sánchez, G., Bergier, T., Włodyka-Bergier, A., Cifuentes, J. I., Pignataro, G., Avellan, T., & Papenbrock, J. (2021). From natural habitats to successful application—Role of halophytes in the treatment of saline wastewater in constructed wetlands with a focus on Latin America. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 190, 104583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104583 Valois-Cuesta, H., & Martínez-Ruiz, C. (2017). Especies vegetales colonizadoras de áreas perturbadas por la minería en bosques pluviales tropicales del Chocó, Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 18(1), 87-103. https://doi.org/10.21068/c2017.v18n01a7 Verma P, George KV, Singh HV, Singh SK, Juwarkar A, Singh RN (2006) Modeling rhizofiltration: heavy-metal uptake by plant roots. Environ Model Assess 11:387–394 Vinayagam, S., Sathishkumar, K., Ayyamperumal, R., Natarajan, P. M., Ahmad, I., Saeed, M., Alabdallah, N. M., & Sundaram, T. (2024). Distribution and transport of contaminants in soil through mining processes and its environmental impact and health hazard assessment: A review of the prospective solutions. Environmental Research, 240, 117473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117473 Wang, H., Chen, S., Liu, H., Li, J., Zaman, Q. 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(2017). Ensambles de macrófitas en ambientes de la llanura aluvial del río Paraná Medio: Factores que inciden a distintas escalas. Tan, H. W., Pang, Y. L., Lim, S., & Chong, W. C. (2023). A state-of-the-art of phytoremediation approach for sustainable management of heavy metals recovery. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 30, 103043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103043 Timalsina, H., Gyawali, T., Ghimire, S., & Paudel, S. R. (2022). Potential application of enhanced phytoremediation for heavy metals treatment in Nepal. Chemosphere, 306, 135581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135581 Turcios, A. E., Miglio, R., Vela, R., Sánchez, G., Bergier, T., Włodyka-Bergier, A., Cifuentes, J. I., Pignataro, G., Avellan, T., & Papenbrock, J. (2021). From natural habitats to successful application—Role of halophytes in the treatment of saline wastewater in constructed wetlands with a focus on Latin America. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 190, 104583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104583 Valois-Cuesta, H., & Martínez-Ruiz, C. (2017). Especies vegetales colonizadoras de áreas perturbadas por la minería en bosques pluviales tropicales del Chocó, Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 18(1), 87-103. https://doi.org/10.21068/c2017.v18n01a7 Verma P, George KV, Singh HV, Singh SK, Juwarkar A, Singh RN (2006) Modeling rhizofiltration: heavy-metal uptake by plant roots. Environ Model Assess 11:387–394 Vinayagam, S., Sathishkumar, K., Ayyamperumal, R., Natarajan, P. M., Ahmad, I., Saeed, M., Alabdallah, N. M., & Sundaram, T. (2024). Distribution and transport of contaminants in soil through mining processes and its environmental impact and health hazard assessment: A review of the prospective solutions. Environmental Research, 240, 117473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117473 Wang, H., Chen, S., Liu, H., Li, J., Zaman, Q. U., Sultan, K., Rehman, M., Jeridi, M., Siddiqui, S., Fahad, S., Deng, G., & Chen, A. (2023). Maize straw biochar can alleviate heavy metals stress in potato by improving soil health. South African Journal of Botany, 162, 391-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2023.09.024 Woraharn, S., Meeinkuirt, W., Phusantisampan, T., & Avakul, P. (2021). Potential of ornamental monocot plants for rhizofiltration of cadmium and zinc in hydroponic systems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(26), 35157-35170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13151-x Wu, B., Peng, H., Sheng, M., Luo, H., Wang, X., Zhang, R., Xu, F., & Xu, H. (2021). Evaluation of phytoremediation potential of native dominant plants and spatial distribution of heavy metals in abandoned mining area in Southwest China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 220, 112368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112368 Xiao, R., Shen, F., Du, J., Li, R., Lahori, A. H., & Zhang, Z. (2018). Screening of native plants from wasteland surrounding a Zn smelter in Feng County China, for phytoremediation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 162, 178-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.095 Yang, S., Liang, S., Yi, L., Xu, B., Cao, J., Guo, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2014). Heavy metal accumulation and phytostabilization potential of dominant plant species growing on manganese mine tailings. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 8(3), 394-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0602-4 Zhang, C., Yu, Z., Zeng, G., Jiang, M., Yang, Z., Cui, F., Zhu, M., Shen, L., & Hu, L. (2014). Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability. Environment International, 73, 270-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.010 Zhang, S., Yin, X., Arif, M., Chen, S., Ma, M., Zhu, K., Chen, Q., Wu, S., & Li, C. (2023). Strategy matters: Phytoremediation potential of native halophytes is jointly associated with their distinct salt tolerances. Journal of Cleaner Production, 425, 139060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139060 Zhu, G., Xiao, H., Guo, Q., Song, B., Zheng, G., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., & Okoli, C. P. (2018). Heavy metal contents and enrichment characteristics of dominant plants in wasteland of the downstream of a lead-zinc mining area in Guangxi, Southwest China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 151, 266-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.011 Rivas, J. D. (2021). Potencial fitorremediador de macrófitas en cuerpos de agua contaminados con mercurio remanentes de la minería (pozas) en el departamento del Chocó-Colombia. Recuperado de: https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83774 Rodríguez Ríos, Roberto. Fica Gallardo, Boris. CORMA (Chile). 2020. Guía campo plantas vasculares acuáticas en Chile. CORMA. https://bibliotecadigital.ciren.cl/handle/20.500.13082/148108 Rwiza, M. J., Focus, E., Bayuo, J., Kimaro, J. M., Kleinke, M., Lyasenga, T. J., Mosses, J. T., & Marwa, J. (2023). Artisanal and small-scale mining in Tanzania and health implications: A policy perspective. Heliyon, 9(4), e14616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14616 Sampayo Campo, L y Ariza Blanco, A. (2017). Determinación de la contaminación por metales pesados en el embalse el Guájaro, Departamento del Atlántico. Universidad de la Costa. Disponible en: https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4861 Sánchez-Castro, I., Molina, L., Prieto-Fernández, M.-Á., & Segura, A. (2023). Past, present and future trends in the remediation of heavy-metal contaminated soil—Remediation techniques applied in real soil-contamination events. Heliyon, 9(6), e16692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16692 Sarker, A., Masud, M. A. A., Deepo, D. M., Das, K., Nandi, R., Ansary, M. W. R., Islam, A. R. M. T., & Islam, T. (2023). Biological and green remediation of heavy metal contaminated water and soils: A state-of-the-art review. Chemosphere, 332, 138861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138861 Schneider, B. (2017). Ensambles de macrófitas en ambientes de la llanura aluvial del río Paraná Medio: Factores que inciden a distintas escalas. Tan, H. W., Pang, Y. L., Lim, S., & Chong, W. C. (2023). A state-of-the-art of phytoremediation approach for sustainable management of heavy metals recovery. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 30, 103043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103043 Timalsina, H., Gyawali, T., Ghimire, S., & Paudel, S. R. (2022). Potential application of enhanced phytoremediation for heavy metals treatment in Nepal. Chemosphere, 306, 135581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135581 Turcios, A. E., Miglio, R., Vela, R., Sánchez, G., Bergier, T., Włodyka-Bergier, A., Cifuentes, J. I., Pignataro, G., Avellan, T., & Papenbrock, J. (2021). From natural habitats to successful application—Role of halophytes in the treatment of saline wastewater in constructed wetlands with a focus on Latin America. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 190, 104583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104583 Valois-Cuesta, H., & Martínez-Ruiz, C. (2017). Especies vegetales colonizadoras de áreas perturbadas por la minería en bosques pluviales tropicales del Chocó, Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 18(1), 87-103. https://doi.org/10.21068/c2017.v18n01a7 Verma P, George KV, Singh HV, Singh SK, Juwarkar A, Singh RN (2006) Modeling rhizofiltration: heavy-metal uptake by plant roots. Environ Model Assess 11:387–394 Vinayagam, S., Sathishkumar, K., Ayyamperumal, R., Natarajan, P. M., Ahmad, I., Saeed, M., Alabdallah, N. M., & Sundaram, T. (2024). Distribution and transport of contaminants in soil through mining processes and its environmental impact and health hazard assessment: A review of the prospective solutions. Environmental Research, 240, 117473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117473 Wang, H., Chen, S., Liu, H., Li, J., Zaman, Q. U., Sultan, K., Rehman, M., Jeridi, M., Siddiqui, S., Fahad, S., Deng, G., & Chen, A. (2023). Maize straw biochar can alleviate heavy metals stress in potato by improving soil health. South African Journal of Botany, 162, 391-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2023.09.024 Woraharn, S., Meeinkuirt, W., Phusantisampan, T., & Avakul, P. (2021). Potential of ornamental monocot plants for rhizofiltration of cadmium and zinc in hydroponic systems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(26), 35157-35170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13151-x Wu, B., Peng, H., Sheng, M., Luo, H., Wang, X., Zhang, R., Xu, F., & Xu, H. (2021). Evaluation of phytoremediation potential of native dominant plants and spatial distribution of heavy metals in abandoned mining area in Southwest China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 220, 112368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112368 Xiao, R., Shen, F., Du, J., Li, R., Lahori, A. H., & Zhang, Z. (2018). Screening of native plants from wasteland surrounding a Zn smelter in Feng County China, for phytoremediation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 162, 178-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.095 Yang, S., Liang, S., Yi, L., Xu, B., Cao, J., Guo, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2014). Heavy metal accumulation and phytostabilization potential of dominant plant species growing on manganese mine tailings. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 8(3), 394-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0602-4 Zhang, C., Yu, Z., Zeng, G., Jiang, M., Yang, Z., Cui, F., Zhu, M., Shen, L., & Hu, L. (2014). Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability. Environment International, 73, 270-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.010 Zhang, S., Yin, X., Arif, M., Chen, S., Ma, M., Zhu, K., Chen, Q., Wu, S., & Li, C. (2023). Strategy matters: Phytoremediation potential of native halophytes is jointly associated with their distinct salt tolerances. Journal of Cleaner Production, 425, 139060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139060 Zhu, G., Xiao, H., Guo, Q., Song, B., Zheng, G., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., & Okoli, C. P. (2018). Heavy metal contents and enrichment characteristics of dominant plants in wasteland of the downstream of a lead-zinc mining area in Guangxi, Southwest China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 151, 266-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.011 Rwiza, M. J., Focus, E., Bayuo, J., Kimaro, J. M., Kleinke, M., Lyasenga, T. J., Mosses, J. T., & Marwa, J. (2023). Artisanal and small-scale mining in Tanzania and health implications: A policy perspective. Heliyon, 9(4), e14616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14616 Sampayo Campo, L y Ariza Blanco, A. (2017). Determinación de la contaminación por metales pesados en el embalse el Guájaro, Departamento del Atlántico. Universidad de la Costa. Disponible en: https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4861 Sánchez-Castro, I., Molina, L., Prieto-Fernández, M.-Á., & Segura, A. (2023). Past, present and future trends in the remediation of heavy-metal contaminated soil—Remediation techniques applied in real soil-contamination events. Heliyon, 9(6), e16692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16692 Sarker, A., Masud, M. A. A., Deepo, D. M., Das, K., Nandi, R., Ansary, M. W. R., Islam, A. R. M. T., & Islam, T. (2023). Biological and green remediation of heavy metal contaminated water and soils: A state-of-the-art review. Chemosphere, 332, 138861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138861 Schneider, B. (2017). Ensambles de macrófitas en ambientes de la llanura aluvial del río Paraná Medio: Factores que inciden a distintas escalas. Tan, H. W., Pang, Y. L., Lim, S., & Chong, W. C. (2023). A state-of-the-art of phytoremediation approach for sustainable management of heavy metals recovery. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 30, 103043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103043 Timalsina, H., Gyawali, T., Ghimire, S., & Paudel, S. R. (2022). Potential application of enhanced phytoremediation for heavy metals treatment in Nepal. Chemosphere, 306, 135581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135581 Turcios, A. E., Miglio, R., Vela, R., Sánchez, G., Bergier, T., Włodyka-Bergier, A., Cifuentes, J. I., Pignataro, G., Avellan, T., & Papenbrock, J. (2021). From natural habitats to successful application—Role of halophytes in the treatment of saline wastewater in constructed wetlands with a focus on Latin America. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 190, 104583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104583 Valois-Cuesta, H., & Martínez-Ruiz, C. (2017). Especies vegetales colonizadoras de áreas perturbadas por la minería en bosques pluviales tropicales del Chocó, Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 18(1), 87-103. https://doi.org/10.21068/c2017.v18n01a7 Verma P, George KV, Singh HV, Singh SK, Juwarkar A, Singh RN (2006) Modeling rhizofiltration: heavy-metal uptake by plant roots. Environ Model Assess 11:387–394 Vinayagam, S., Sathishkumar, K., Ayyamperumal, R., Natarajan, P. M., Ahmad, I., Saeed, M., Alabdallah, N. M., & Sundaram, T. (2024). Distribution and transport of contaminants in soil through mining processes and its environmental impact and health hazard assessment: A review of the prospective solutions. Environmental Research, 240, 117473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117473 Wang, H., Chen, S., Liu, H., Li, J., Zaman, Q. U., Sultan, K., Rehman, M., Jeridi, M., Siddiqui, S., Fahad, S., Deng, G., & Chen, A. (2023). Maize straw biochar can alleviate heavy metals stress in potato by improving soil health. South African Journal of Botany, 162, 391-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2023.09.024 Woraharn, S., Meeinkuirt, W., Phusantisampan, T., & Avakul, P. (2021). Potential of ornamental monocot plants for rhizofiltration of cadmium and zinc in hydroponic systems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(26), 35157-35170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13151-x Wu, B., Peng, H., Sheng, M., Luo, H., Wang, X., Zhang, R., Xu, F., & Xu, H. (2021). Evaluation of phytoremediation potential of native dominant plants and spatial distribution of heavy metals in abandoned mining area in Southwest China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 220, 112368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112368 Xiao, R., Shen, F., Du, J., Li, R., Lahori, A. H., & Zhang, Z. (2018). Screening of native plants from wasteland surrounding a Zn smelter in Feng County China, for phytoremediation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 162, 178-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.095 Yang, S., Liang, S., Yi, L., Xu, B., Cao, J., Guo, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2014). Heavy metal accumulation and phytostabilization potential of dominant plant species growing on manganese mine tailings. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 8(3), 394-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0602-4 Zhang, C., Yu, Z., Zeng, G., Jiang, M., Yang, Z., Cui, F., Zhu, M., Shen, L., & Hu, L. (2014). Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability. Environment International, 73, 270-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.010 Zhang, S., Yin, X., Arif, M., Chen, S., Ma, M., Zhu, K., Chen, Q., Wu, S., & Li, C. (2023). Strategy matters: Phytoremediation potential of native halophytes is jointly associated with their distinct salt tolerances. Journal of Cleaner Production, 425, 139060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139060 Zhu, G., Xiao, H., Guo, Q., Song, B., Zheng, G., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., & Okoli, C. P. (2018). Heavy metal contents and enrichment characteristics of dominant plants in wasteland of the downstream of a lead-zinc mining area in Guangxi, Southwest China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 151, 266-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.011
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spelling	Marrugo Negrete, José LuisMercado Tobio, Luisa FernandaDiaz Uribe, Carlos EnriqueConsuegra Solorzano, Adolfo2025-11-12T15:42:38Z2028-11-122025https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/handle/ucordoba/9631Universidad de CórdobaRepositorio Institucional Unicórdobahttps://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.coLa minería artesanal de oro contamina los cuerpos de agua por la liberación de metales pesados (MP) lo que representa un riesgo ambiental y sanitario. Frente a esta problemática, las plantas vasculares acuáticas han sido reconocidas por su eficiencia y ampliamente utilizadas en técnicas de fitorremediación al ser bioacumuladoras naturales de MP. Asimismo, constituyen uno de los componentes clave en sistemas de humedales de tratamiento. Esta investigación se realizó en una zona minera de Ayapel, Córdoba y en la Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia, donde inicialmente se identificó la vegetación pionera de plantas vasculares acuáticas en la quebrada la Quebradona y en pozas artificiales presentes en el área perturbada por la minería y se determinó la capacidad de acumulación de mercurio (Hg), zinc (Zn), cadmio (Cd) y cobre (Cu) en cada una de las especies de plantas vasculares acuáticas reportadas. Se estudió el potencial de acumulación de Hg, Cd y Cu a las especies reportadas en la zona minera Eleocharis interstincta y Thalia geniculata en humedales construidos de flujo superficial para el tratamiento de agua y suelos contaminados y se determinaron los factores de traslocación (FT) y bioconcentración (FCB). En la zona minera de Ayapel, Córdoba se registraron 12 familias, 17 géneros y 22 especies. Se encontraron correlaciones positivas entre los parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua y del sedimento de las pozas y la Quebradona y la presencia de MP en ambas matrices y su relación con la capacidad de las plantas vasculares acuáticas para acumular metales. En los humedales de tratamiento evaluados, el FT del Cu alcanzó un valor máximo de 1 en los tratamientos plantados con E. interstincta y T. geniculata. Respecto al FCB del Hg se obtuvieron valores de 1, y para el Cd se obtuvieron valores de 0,87 para el tratamiento Eli, 0,88 para Eli-C y 0,80 para Thag. Aunque ambos factores no superaron el valor de 1, los resultados demuestran que E. interstincta y T. geniculata son buenos acumuladores de Cu, Hg y Cd.Artisanal gold mining contaminates water bodies through the release of heavy metals (HMs), posing an environmental and health risk. In response to this problem, aquatic vascular plants have been recognized for their efficiency and are widely used in phytoremediation techniques as natural bioaccumulators of HMs. They also constitute a key component in wetland treatment systems. This research was conducted in a mining area of Ayapel, Córdoba, and at the University of Córdoba, Colombia. Initially, pioneer aquatic vascular plant vegetation was identified in the La Quebradona stream and in artificial ponds within the mining-disturbed area. The accumulation capacity of mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu) was then determined for each of the reported aquatic vascular plant species. The accumulation potential of Hg, Cd, and Cu in the species Eleocharis interstincta and Thalia geniculata, reported in the mining area, was studied in constructed surface-flow wetlands for the treatment of contaminated water and soil. Translocation factors (TF) and bioconcentration factors (BCF) were determined. Twelve families, 17 genera, and 22 species were recorded in the Ayapel mining area, Córdoba. Positive correlations were found between the physicochemical parameters of the water and sediment in the ponds and the Quebradona stream and the presence of metals in both matrices, as well as their relationship to the capacity of aquatic vascular plants to accumulate metals. In the evaluated treatment wetlands, the TF of Cu reached a maximum value of 1 in the treatments planted with E. interstincta and T. geniculata. Regarding the Hg FCB, values of 1 were obtained, and for Cd, values of 0.87 were obtained for the Eli treatment, 0.88 for Eli-C, and 0.80 for Thag. Although both factors did not exceed the value of 1, the results demonstrate that E. interstincta and T. geniculata are good accumulators of Cu, Hg, and Cd.1. INTRODUCCIÓN2. MARCO DE REFERENCIA2.1. Antecedentes2.2. Marco teórico2.2.1. Metales pesados2.2.2. Efectos por la contaminación de metales pesados2.2.3. Plantas vasculares acuáticas2.2.4. Métodos para cuantificar la diversidad de plantas vasculares acuáticas2.2.5. Plantas vasculares acuáticas y su papel en la fitorremediación2.2.6. Factores de bioconcentración y translocación2.2.7. Humedales construidos y su aplicación en técnicas de fitorremediación3. OBJETIVOS3.1. Objetivo general3.2. Objetivos específicos4. MARCO METODOLÓGICO4.1. Área de estudio4.2. Fases de la investigación4.2.1. Fase I: Muestreo de plantas vasculares acuáticas en zona minera4.2.2. Muestreo de agua y sedimentos4.2.3. Análisis de parámetros fisicoquímicos4.2.4. Fase II: Análisis de mercurio (Hg), zinc (Zn), cobre (Cu) y cadmio (Cd) en sedimento, agua y material vegetal4.2.5. Fase III: Sistema humedales construidos (HCs)4.2.6. Fase IV: Tratamiento de datos5. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN5.1. Diversidad de plantas vasculares acuáticas en la zona minera5.1.1. Riqueza y abundancia general en la zona minera5.1.2. Riqueza y abundancia por época climática5.2. Acumulación de Hg, Zn, Cu y Cd para cada una de las especies de plantas vasculares acuáticas y su relación con las características fisicoquímicas del agua y sedimentos presentes en la zona minera5.2.1. Correlación del Hg, Zn, Cd y Cu y las plantas vasculares acuáticas y su relación con las características fisicoquímicas del agua y sedimentos presentes en la zona minera5.3. Factor de translocación (FT) y bioconcentración (FCB) de Hg, Cu Y Cd en E. intersticta y T. geniculata en los tratamientos de humedales construidos5.4. Remoción de Hg, Cu y Cd en el suelo y en el agua en los humedales construidos5.5. Parámetros morfofisiológicos de las plantas vasculares acuáticas en humedales construidos6. CONCLUSIONES7. RECOMENDACIONES8. 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(2017). Ensambles de macrófitas en ambientes de la llanura aluvial del río Paraná Medio: Factores que inciden a distintas escalas. Tan, H. W., Pang, Y. L., Lim, S., & Chong, W. C. (2023). A state-of-the-art of phytoremediation approach for sustainable management of heavy metals recovery. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 30, 103043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103043 Timalsina, H., Gyawali, T., Ghimire, S., & Paudel, S. R. (2022). Potential application of enhanced phytoremediation for heavy metals treatment in Nepal. Chemosphere, 306, 135581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135581 Turcios, A. E., Miglio, R., Vela, R., Sánchez, G., Bergier, T., Włodyka-Bergier, A., Cifuentes, J. I., Pignataro, G., Avellan, T., & Papenbrock, J. (2021). From natural habitats to successful application—Role of halophytes in the treatment of saline wastewater in constructed wetlands with a focus on Latin America. 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Screening of native plants from wasteland surrounding a Zn smelter in Feng County China, for phytoremediation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 162, 178-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.095 Yang, S., Liang, S., Yi, L., Xu, B., Cao, J., Guo, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2014). Heavy metal accumulation and phytostabilization potential of dominant plant species growing on manganese mine tailings. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 8(3), 394-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0602-4 Zhang, C., Yu, Z., Zeng, G., Jiang, M., Yang, Z., Cui, F., Zhu, M., Shen, L., & Hu, L. (2014). Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability. Environment International, 73, 270-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.010 Zhang, S., Yin, X., Arif, M., Chen, S., Ma, M., Zhu, K., Chen, Q., Wu, S., & Li, C. (2023). Strategy matters: Phytoremediation potential of native halophytes is jointly associated with their distinct salt tolerances. Journal of Cleaner Production, 425, 139060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139060 Zhu, G., Xiao, H., Guo, Q., Song, B., Zheng, G., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., & Okoli, C. P. (2018). Heavy metal contents and enrichment characteristics of dominant plants in wasteland of the downstream of a lead-zinc mining area in Guangxi, Southwest China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 151, 266-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.011Rivas, J. D. (2021). Potencial fitorremediador de macrófitas en cuerpos de agua contaminados con mercurio remanentes de la minería (pozas) en el departamento del Chocó-Colombia. Recuperado de: https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83774Rodríguez Ríos, Roberto. Fica Gallardo, Boris. CORMA (Chile). 2020. Guía campo plantas vasculares acuáticas en Chile. CORMA. https://bibliotecadigital.ciren.cl/handle/20.500.13082/148108 Rwiza, M. J., Focus, E., Bayuo, J., Kimaro, J. M., Kleinke, M., Lyasenga, T. J., Mosses, J. T., & Marwa, J. (2023). Artisanal and small-scale mining in Tanzania and health implications: A policy perspective. Heliyon, 9(4), e14616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14616 Sampayo Campo, L y Ariza Blanco, A. (2017). Determinación de la contaminación por metales pesados en el embalse el Guájaro, Departamento del Atlántico. Universidad de la Costa. Disponible en: https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4861 Sánchez-Castro, I., Molina, L., Prieto-Fernández, M.-Á., & Segura, A. (2023). Past, present and future trends in the remediation of heavy-metal contaminated soil—Remediation techniques applied in real soil-contamination events. Heliyon, 9(6), e16692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16692 Sarker, A., Masud, M. A. A., Deepo, D. M., Das, K., Nandi, R., Ansary, M. W. R., Islam, A. R. M. T., & Islam, T. (2023). Biological and green remediation of heavy metal contaminated water and soils: A state-of-the-art review. Chemosphere, 332, 138861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138861 Schneider, B. (2017). Ensambles de macrófitas en ambientes de la llanura aluvial del río Paraná Medio: Factores que inciden a distintas escalas. Tan, H. W., Pang, Y. L., Lim, S., & Chong, W. C. (2023). A state-of-the-art of phytoremediation approach for sustainable management of heavy metals recovery. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 30, 103043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103043 Timalsina, H., Gyawali, T., Ghimire, S., & Paudel, S. R. (2022). Potential application of enhanced phytoremediation for heavy metals treatment in Nepal. Chemosphere, 306, 135581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135581 Turcios, A. E., Miglio, R., Vela, R., Sánchez, G., Bergier, T., Włodyka-Bergier, A., Cifuentes, J. I., Pignataro, G., Avellan, T., & Papenbrock, J. (2021). From natural habitats to successful application—Role of halophytes in the treatment of saline wastewater in constructed wetlands with a focus on Latin America. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 190, 104583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104583 Valois-Cuesta, H., & Martínez-Ruiz, C. (2017). Especies vegetales colonizadoras de áreas perturbadas por la minería en bosques pluviales tropicales del Chocó, Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 18(1), 87-103. https://doi.org/10.21068/c2017.v18n01a7 Verma P, George KV, Singh HV, Singh SK, Juwarkar A, Singh RN (2006) Modeling rhizofiltration: heavy-metal uptake by plant roots. Environ Model Assess 11:387–394 Vinayagam, S., Sathishkumar, K., Ayyamperumal, R., Natarajan, P. M., Ahmad, I., Saeed, M., Alabdallah, N. M., & Sundaram, T. (2024). Distribution and transport of contaminants in soil through mining processes and its environmental impact and health hazard assessment: A review of the prospective solutions. Environmental Research, 240, 117473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117473 Wang, H., Chen, S., Liu, H., Li, J., Zaman, Q. U., Sultan, K., Rehman, M., Jeridi, M., Siddiqui, S., Fahad, S., Deng, G., & Chen, A. (2023). Maize straw biochar can alleviate heavy metals stress in potato by improving soil health. South African Journal of Botany, 162, 391-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2023.09.024 Woraharn, S., Meeinkuirt, W., Phusantisampan, T., & Avakul, P. (2021). Potential of ornamental monocot plants for rhizofiltration of cadmium and zinc in hydroponic systems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(26), 35157-35170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13151-x Wu, B., Peng, H., Sheng, M., Luo, H., Wang, X., Zhang, R., Xu, F., & Xu, H. (2021). Evaluation of phytoremediation potential of native dominant plants and spatial distribution of heavy metals in abandoned mining area in Southwest China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 220, 112368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112368 Xiao, R., Shen, F., Du, J., Li, R., Lahori, A. H., & Zhang, Z. (2018). Screening of native plants from wasteland surrounding a Zn smelter in Feng County China, for phytoremediation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 162, 178-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.095 Yang, S., Liang, S., Yi, L., Xu, B., Cao, J., Guo, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2014). Heavy metal accumulation and phytostabilization potential of dominant plant species growing on manganese mine tailings. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 8(3), 394-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0602-4 Zhang, C., Yu, Z., Zeng, G., Jiang, M., Yang, Z., Cui, F., Zhu, M., Shen, L., & Hu, L. (2014). Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability. Environment International, 73, 270-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.010 Zhang, S., Yin, X., Arif, M., Chen, S., Ma, M., Zhu, K., Chen, Q., Wu, S., & Li, C. (2023). Strategy matters: Phytoremediation potential of native halophytes is jointly associated with their distinct salt tolerances. Journal of Cleaner Production, 425, 139060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139060 Zhu, G., Xiao, H., Guo, Q., Song, B., Zheng, G., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., & Okoli, C. P. (2018). Heavy metal contents and enrichment characteristics of dominant plants in wasteland of the downstream of a lead-zinc mining area in Guangxi, Southwest China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 151, 266-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.011Rwiza, M. J., Focus, E., Bayuo, J., Kimaro, J. M., Kleinke, M., Lyasenga, T. J., Mosses, J. T., & Marwa, J. (2023). Artisanal and small-scale mining in Tanzania and health implications: A policy perspective. Heliyon, 9(4), e14616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14616Sampayo Campo, L y Ariza Blanco, A. (2017). Determinación de la contaminación por metales pesados en el embalse el Guájaro, Departamento del Atlántico. Universidad de la Costa. Disponible en: https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4861Sánchez-Castro, I., Molina, L., Prieto-Fernández, M.-Á., & Segura, A. (2023). Past, present and future trends in the remediation of heavy-metal contaminated soil—Remediation techniques applied in real soil-contamination events. Heliyon, 9(6), e16692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16692Sarker, A., Masud, M. A. A., Deepo, D. M., Das, K., Nandi, R., Ansary, M. W. R., Islam, A. R. M. T., & Islam, T. (2023). Biological and green remediation of heavy metal contaminated water and soils: A state-of-the-art review. Chemosphere, 332, 138861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138861Schneider, B. (2017). Ensambles de macrófitas en ambientes de la llanura aluvial del río Paraná Medio: Factores que inciden a distintas escalas.Tan, H. W., Pang, Y. L., Lim, S., & Chong, W. C. (2023). A state-of-the-art of phytoremediation approach for sustainable management of heavy metals recovery. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 30, 103043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103043Timalsina, H., Gyawali, T., Ghimire, S., & Paudel, S. R. (2022). Potential application of enhanced phytoremediation for heavy metals treatment in Nepal. Chemosphere, 306, 135581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135581Turcios, A. E., Miglio, R., Vela, R., Sánchez, G., Bergier, T., Włodyka-Bergier, A., Cifuentes, J. I., Pignataro, G., Avellan, T., & Papenbrock, J. (2021). From natural habitats to successful application—Role of halophytes in the treatment of saline wastewater in constructed wetlands with a focus on Latin America. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 190, 104583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104583Valois-Cuesta, H., & Martínez-Ruiz, C. (2017). Especies vegetales colonizadoras de áreas perturbadas por la minería en bosques pluviales tropicales del Chocó, Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 18(1), 87-103. https://doi.org/10.21068/c2017.v18n01a7Verma P, George KV, Singh HV, Singh SK, Juwarkar A, Singh RN (2006) Modeling rhizofiltration: heavy-metal uptake by plant roots. Environ Model Assess 11:387–394Vinayagam, S., Sathishkumar, K., Ayyamperumal, R., Natarajan, P. M., Ahmad, I., Saeed, M., Alabdallah, N. M., & Sundaram, T. (2024). Distribution and transport of contaminants in soil through mining processes and its environmental impact and health hazard assessment: A review of the prospective solutions. Environmental Research, 240, 117473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117473Wang, H., Chen, S., Liu, H., Li, J., Zaman, Q. U., Sultan, K., Rehman, M., Jeridi, M., Siddiqui, S., Fahad, S., Deng, G., & Chen, A. (2023). Maize straw biochar can alleviate heavy metals stress in potato by improving soil health. South African Journal of Botany, 162, 391-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2023.09.024Woraharn, S., Meeinkuirt, W., Phusantisampan, T., & Avakul, P. (2021). Potential of ornamental monocot plants for rhizofiltration of cadmium and zinc in hydroponic systems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(26), 35157-35170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13151-xWu, B., Peng, H., Sheng, M., Luo, H., Wang, X., Zhang, R., Xu, F., & Xu, H. (2021). Evaluation of phytoremediation potential of native dominant plants and spatial distribution of heavy metals in abandoned mining area in Southwest China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 220, 112368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112368Xiao, R., Shen, F., Du, J., Li, R., Lahori, A. H., & Zhang, Z. (2018). Screening of native plants from wasteland surrounding a Zn smelter in Feng County China, for phytoremediation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 162, 178-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.095Yang, S., Liang, S., Yi, L., Xu, B., Cao, J., Guo, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2014). Heavy metal accumulation and phytostabilization potential of dominant plant species growing on manganese mine tailings. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 8(3), 394-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0602-4Zhang, C., Yu, Z., Zeng, G., Jiang, M., Yang, Z., Cui, F., Zhu, M., Shen, L., & Hu, L. (2014). Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability. Environment International, 73, 270-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.010Zhang, S., Yin, X., Arif, M., Chen, S., Ma, M., Zhu, K., Chen, Q., Wu, S., & Li, C. (2023). Strategy matters: Phytoremediation potential of native halophytes is jointly associated with their distinct salt tolerances. Journal of Cleaner Production, 425, 139060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139060Zhu, G., Xiao, H., Guo, Q., Song, B., Zheng, G., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., & Okoli, C. P. (2018). Heavy metal contents and enrichment characteristics of dominant plants in wasteland of the downstream of a lead-zinc mining area in Guangxi, Southwest China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 151, 266-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.011Elementos potencialmente tóxicosFitorremediaciónHumedales construidosPlantas vasculares acuáticasPotentially toxic elementsPhytoremediationConstructed wetlandsAquatic vascular plantsPublicationORIGINALMercadoTobio.pdfMercadoTobio.pdfapplication/pdf2108807https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/bitstreams/138ec3e0-de0f-47a2-8c62-11dc5122b00e/download04b72a86d9a0ea0697e237c2a80d6e68MD52trueAnonymousREAD2028-11-11Formato de autorización.pdfFormato de autorización.pdfapplication/pdf15522444https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/bitstreams/8285c8c3-f8c9-4f7a-8f5c-cb2ed9e0a872/download4527f09157c6394e31a3cf97935340edMD55falseLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814837https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/bitstreams/eb50d175-74c6-4b68-9fa3-3cd592f51902/downloadb76e7a76e24cf2f94b3ce0ae5ed275d0MD54falseAnonymousREADTEXTMercadoTobio.pdf.txtMercadoTobio.pdf.txtExtracted 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04:01:00.359https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Copyright Universidad de Córdoba, 2025embargo2028-11-11https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.coRepositorio institucional Universidad de 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luY29ycG9yYWRhIGVuIGxhcyBPYnJhcyBDb2xlY3RpdmFzLgpiLiBEaXN0cmlidWlyIGNvcGlhcyBvIGZvbm9ncmFtYXMgZGUgbGFzIE9icmFzLCBleGhpYmlybGFzIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUsIGVqZWN1dGFybGFzIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUgeS9vIHBvbmVybGFzIGEgZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhLCBpbmNsdXnDqW5kb2xhcyBjb21vIGluY29ycG9yYWRhcyBlbiBPYnJhcyBDb2xlY3RpdmFzLCBzZWfDum4gY29ycmVzcG9uZGEuCmMuIERpc3RyaWJ1aXIgY29waWFzIGRlIGxhcyBPYnJhcyBEZXJpdmFkYXMgcXVlIHNlIGdlbmVyZW4sIGV4aGliaXJsYXMgcMO6YmxpY2FtZW50ZSwgZWplY3V0YXJsYXMgcMO6YmxpY2FtZW50ZSB5L28gcG9uZXJsYXMgYSBkaXNwb3NpY2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EuCgpMb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgbWVuY2lvbmFkb3MgYW50ZXJpb3JtZW50ZSBwdWVkZW4gc2VyIGVqZXJjaWRvcyBlbiB0b2RvcyBsb3MgbWVkaW9zIHkgZm9ybWF0b3MsIGFjdHVhbG1lbnRlIGNvbm9jaWRvcyBvIHF1ZSBzZSBpbnZlbnRlbiBlbiBlbCBmdXR1cm8uIExvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBhbnRlcyBtZW5jaW9uYWRvcyBpbmNsdXllbiBlbCBkZXJlY2hvIGEgcmVhbGl6YXIgZGljaGFzIG1vZGlmaWNhY2lvbmVzIGVuIGxhIG1lZGlkYSBxdWUgc2VhbiB0w6ljbmljYW1lbnRlIG5lY2VzYXJpYXMgcGFyYSBlamVyY2VyIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBlbiBvdHJvIG1lZGlvIG8gZm9ybWF0b3MsIHBlcm8gZGUgb3RyYSBtYW5lcmEgdXN0ZWQgbm8gZXN0w6EgYXV0b3JpemFkbyBwYXJhIHJlYWxpemFyIG9icmFzIGRlcml2YWRhcy4gVG9kb3MgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIG5vIG90b3JnYWRvcyBleHByZXNhbWVudGUgcG9yIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIHF1ZWRhbiBwb3IgZXN0ZSBtZWRpbyByZXNlcnZhZG9zLCBpbmNsdXllbmRvIHBlcm8gc2luIGxpbWl0YXJzZSBhIGFxdWVsbG9zIHF1ZSBzZSBtZW5jaW9uYW4gZW4gbGFzIHNlY2Npb25lcyA0KGQpIHkgNChlKS4KICAgIAo0LiBSZXN0cmljY2lvbmVzLgpMYSBsaWNlbmNpYSBvdG9yZ2FkYSBlbiBsYSBhbnRlcmlvciBTZWNjacOzbiAzIGVzdMOhIGV4cHJlc2FtZW50ZSBzdWpldGEgeSBsaW1pdGFkYSBwb3IgbGFzIHNpZ3VpZW50ZXMgcmVzdHJpY2Npb25lczoKYS4gVXN0ZWQgcHVlZGUgZGlzdHJpYnVpciwgZXhoaWJpciBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBlamVjdXRhciBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBvIHBvbmVyIGEgZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhIGxhIE9icmEgc8OzbG8gYmFqbyBsYXMgY29uZGljaW9uZXMgZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSwgeSBVc3RlZCBkZWJlIGluY2x1aXIgdW5hIGNvcGlhIGRlIGVzdGEgbGljZW5jaWEgbyBkZWwgSWRlbnRpZmljYWRvciBVbml2ZXJzYWwgZGUgUmVjdXJzb3MgZGUgbGEgbWlzbWEgY29uIGNhZGEgY29waWEgZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBxdWUgZGlzdHJpYnV5YSwgZXhoaWJhIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUsIGVqZWN1dGUgcMO6YmxpY2FtZW50ZSBvIHBvbmdhIGEgZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhLiBObyBlcyBwb3NpYmxlIG9mcmVjZXIgbyBpbXBvbmVyIG5pbmd1bmEgY29uZGljacOzbiBzb2JyZSBsYSBPYnJhIHF1ZSBhbHRlcmUgbyBsaW1pdGUgbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgbyBlbCBlamVyY2ljaW8gZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGxvcyBkZXN0aW5hdGFyaW9zIG90b3JnYWRvcyBlbiBlc3RlIGRvY3VtZW50by4gTm8gZXMgcG9zaWJsZSBzdWJsaWNlbmNpYXIgbGEgT2JyYS4gVXN0ZWQgZGViZSBtYW50ZW5lciBpbnRhY3RvcyB0b2RvcyBsb3MgYXZpc29zIHF1ZSBoYWdhbiByZWZlcmVuY2lhIGEgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSB5IGEgbGEgY2zDoXVzdWxhIGRlIGxpbWl0YWNpw7NuIGRlIGdhcmFudMOtYXMuIFVzdGVkIG5vIHB1ZWRlIGRpc3RyaWJ1aXIsIGV4aGliaXIgcMO6YmxpY2FtZW50ZSwgZWplY3V0YXIgcMO6YmxpY2FtZW50ZSwgbyBwb25lciBhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBsYSBPYnJhIGNvbiBhbGd1bmEgbWVkaWRhIHRlY25vbMOzZ2ljYSBxdWUgY29udHJvbGUgZWwgYWNjZXNvIG8gbGEgdXRpbGl6YWNpw7NuIGRlIGVsbGEgZGUgdW5hIGZvcm1hIHF1ZSBzZWEgaW5jb25zaXN0ZW50ZSBjb24gbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEuIExvIGFudGVyaW9yIHNlIGFwbGljYSBhIGxhIE9icmEgaW5jb3Jwb3JhZGEgYSB1bmEgT2JyYSBDb2xlY3RpdmEsIHBlcm8gZXN0byBubyBleGlnZSBxdWUgbGEgT2JyYSBDb2xlY3RpdmEgYXBhcnRlIGRlIGxhIG9icmEgbWlzbWEgcXVlZGUgc3VqZXRhIGEgbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEuIFNpIFVzdGVkIGNyZWEgdW5hIE9icmEgQ29sZWN0aXZhLCBwcmV2aW8gYXZpc28gZGUgY3VhbHF1aWVyIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIGRlYmUsIGVuIGxhIG1lZGlkYSBkZSBsbyBwb3NpYmxlLCBlbGltaW5hciBkZSBsYSBPYnJhIENvbGVjdGl2YSBjdWFscXVpZXIgcmVmZXJlbmNpYSBhIGRpY2hvIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIG8gYWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwsIHNlZ8O6biBsbyBzb2xpY2l0YWRvIHBvciBlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSB5IGNvbmZvcm1lIGxvIGV4aWdlIGxhIGNsw6F1c3VsYSA0KGMpLgpiLiBVc3RlZCBubyBwdWVkZSBlamVyY2VyIG5pbmd1bm8gZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIHF1ZSBsZSBoYW4gc2lkbyBvdG9yZ2Fkb3MgZW4gbGEgU2VjY2nDs24gMyBwcmVjZWRlbnRlIGRlIG1vZG8gcXVlIGVzdMOpbiBwcmluY2lwYWxtZW50ZSBkZXN0aW5hZG9zIG8gZGlyZWN0YW1lbnRlIGRpcmlnaWRvcyBhIGNvbnNlZ3VpciB1biBwcm92ZWNobyBjb21lcmNpYWwgbyB1bmEgY29tcGVuc2FjacOzbiBtb25ldGFyaWEgcHJpdmFkYS4gRWwgaW50ZXJjYW1iaW8gZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBwb3Igb3RyYXMgb2JyYXMgcHJvdGVnaWRhcyBwb3IgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IsIHlhIHNlYSBhIHRyYXbDqXMgZGUgdW4gc2lzdGVtYSBwYXJhIGNvbXBhcnRpciBhcmNoaXZvcyBkaWdpdGFsZXMgKGRpZ2l0YWwgZmlsZS1zaGFyaW5nKSBvIGRlIGN1YWxxdWllciBvdHJhIG1hbmVyYSBubyBzZXLDoSBjb25zaWRlcmFkbyBjb21vIGVzdGFyIGRlc3RpbmFkbyBwcmluY2lwYWxtZW50ZSBvIGRpcmlnaWRvIGRpcmVjdGFtZW50ZSBhIGNvbnNlZ3VpciB1biBwcm92ZWNobyBjb21lcmNpYWwgbyB1bmEgY29tcGVuc2FjacOzbiBtb25ldGFyaWEgcHJpdmFkYSwgc2llbXByZSBxdWUgbm8gc2UgcmVhbGljZSB1biBwYWdvIG1lZGlhbnRlIHVuYSBjb21wZW5zYWNpw7NuIG1vbmV0YXJpYSBlbiByZWxhY2nDs24gY29uIGVsIGludGVyY2FtYmlvIGRlIG9icmFzIHByb3RlZ2lkYXMgcG9yIGVsIGRlcmVjaG8gZGUgYXV0b3IuCmMuIFNpIHVzdGVkIGRpc3RyaWJ1eWUsIGV4aGliZSBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBlamVjdXRhIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUgbyBlamVjdXRhIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUgZW4gZm9ybWEgZGlnaXRhbCBsYSBPYnJhIG8gY3VhbHF1aWVyIE9icmEgRGVyaXZhZGEgdSBPYnJhIENvbGVjdGl2YSwgVXN0ZWQgZGViZSBtYW50ZW5lciBpbnRhY3RhIHRvZGEgbGEgaW5mb3JtYWNpw7NuIGRlIGRlcmVjaG8gZGUgYXV0b3IgZGUgbGEgT2JyYSB5IHByb3BvcmNpb25hciwgZGUgZm9ybWEgcmF6b25hYmxlIHNlZ8O6biBlbCBtZWRpbyBvIG1hbmVyYSBxdWUgVXN0ZWQgZXN0w6kgdXRpbGl6YW5kbzogKGkpIGVsIG5vbWJyZSBkZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwgc2kgZXN0w6EgcHJvdmlzdG8gKG8gc2V1ZMOzbmltbywgc2kgZnVlcmUgYXBsaWNhYmxlKSwgeS9vIChpaSkgZWwgbm9tYnJlIGRlIGxhIHBhcnRlIG8gbGFzIHBhcnRlcyBxdWUgZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwgeS9vIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIGh1YmllcmVuIGRlc2lnbmFkbyBwYXJhIGxhIGF0cmlidWNpw7NuICh2LmcuLCB1biBpbnN0aXR1dG8gcGF0cm9jaW5hZG9yLCBlZGl0b3JpYWwsIHB1YmxpY2FjacOzbikgZW4gbGEgaW5mb3JtYWNpw7NuIGRlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBkZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUsIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZSBzZXJ2aWNpb3MgbyBkZSBvdHJhcyBmb3JtYXMgcmF6b25hYmxlczsgZWwgdMOtdHVsbyBkZSBsYSBPYnJhIHNpIGVzdMOhIHByb3Zpc3RvOyBlbiBsYSBtZWRpZGEgZGUgbG8gcmF6b25hYmxlbWVudGUgZmFjdGlibGUgeSwgc2kgZXN0w6EgcHJvdmlzdG8sIGVsIElkZW50aWZpY2Fkb3IgVW5pZm9ybWUgZGUgUmVjdXJzb3MgKFVuaWZvcm0gUmVzb3VyY2UgSWRlbnRpZmllcikgcXVlIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIGVzcGVjaWZpY2EgcGFyYSBzZXIgYXNvY2lhZG8gY29uIGxhIE9icmEsIHNhbHZvIHF1ZSB0YWwgVVJJIG5vIHNlIHJlZmllcmEgYSBsYSBub3RhIHNvYnJlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBvIGEgbGEgaW5mb3JtYWNpw7NuIHNvYnJlIGVsIGxpY2VuY2lhbWllbnRvIGRlIGxhIE9icmE7IHkgZW4gZWwgY2FzbyBkZSB1bmEgT2JyYSBEZXJpdmFkYSwgYXRyaWJ1aXIgZWwgY3LDqWRpdG8gaWRlbnRpZmljYW5kbyBlbCB1c28gZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBlbiBsYSBPYnJhIERlcml2YWRhICh2LmcuLCAiVHJhZHVjY2nDs24gRnJhbmNlc2EgZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBkZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwsIiBvICJHdWnDs24gQ2luZW1hdG9ncsOhZmljbyBiYXNhZG8gZW4gbGEgT2JyYSBvcmlnaW5hbCBkZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwiKS4gVGFsIGNyw6lkaXRvIHB1ZWRlIHNlciBpbXBsZW1lbnRhZG8gZGUgY3VhbHF1aWVyIGZvcm1hIHJhem9uYWJsZTsgZW4gZWwgY2Fzbywgc2luIGVtYmFyZ28sIGRlIE9icmFzIERlcml2YWRhcyB1IE9icmFzIENvbGVjdGl2YXMsIHRhbCBjcsOpZGl0byBhcGFyZWNlcsOhLCBjb21vIG3DrW5pbW8sIGRvbmRlIGFwYXJlY2UgZWwgY3LDqWRpdG8gZGUgY3VhbHF1aWVyIG90cm8gYXV0b3IgY29tcGFyYWJsZSB5IGRlIHVuYSBtYW5lcmEsIGFsIG1lbm9zLCB0YW4gZGVzdGFjYWRhIGNvbW8gZWwgY3LDqWRpdG8gZGUgb3RybyBhdXRvciBjb21wYXJhYmxlLiAgCmQuIFBhcmEgZXZpdGFyIHRvZGEgY29uZnVzacOzbiwgZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgYWNsYXJhIHF1ZSwgY3VhbmRvIGxhIG9icmEgZXMgdW5hIGNvbXBvc2ljacOzbiBtdXNpY2FsOgoKaS4gUmVnYWzDrWFzIHBvciBpbnRlcnByZXRhY2nDs24geSBlamVjdWNpw7NuIGJham8gbGljZW5jaWFzIGdlbmVyYWxlcy4gRWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgc2UgcmVzZXJ2YSBlbCBkZXJlY2hvIGV4Y2x1c2l2byBkZSBhdXRvcml6YXIgbGEgZWplY3VjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBvIGxhIGVqZWN1Y2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgZGlnaXRhbCBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIHkgZGUgcmVjb2xlY3Rhciwgc2VhIGluZGl2aWR1YWxtZW50ZSBvIGEgdHJhdsOpcyBkZSB1bmEgc29jaWVkYWQgZGUgZ2VzdGnDs24gY29sZWN0aXZhIGRlIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yIHkgZGVyZWNob3MgY29uZXhvcyAocG9yIGVqZW1wbG8sIFNBWUNPKSwgbGFzIHJlZ2Fsw61hcyBwb3IgbGEgZWplY3VjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBvIHBvciBsYSBlamVjdWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhIGRpZ2l0YWwgZGUgbGEgb2JyYSAocG9yIGVqZW1wbG8gV2ViY2FzdCkgbGljZW5jaWFkYSBiYWpvIGxpY2VuY2lhcyBnZW5lcmFsZXMsIHNpIGxhIGludGVycHJldGFjacOzbiBvIGVqZWN1Y2nDs24gZGUgbGEgb2JyYSBlc3TDoSBwcmltb3JkaWFsbWVudGUgb3JpZW50YWRhIHBvciBvIGRpcmlnaWRhIGEgbGEgb2J0ZW5jacOzbiBkZSB1bmEgdmVudGFqYSBjb21lcmNpYWwgbyB1bmEgY29tcGVuc2FjacOzbiBtb25ldGFyaWEgcHJpdmFkYS4KaWkuIFJlZ2Fsw61hcyBwb3IgRm9ub2dyYW1hcy4gRWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgc2UgcmVzZXJ2YSBlbCBkZXJlY2hvIGV4Y2x1c2l2byBkZSByZWNvbGVjdGFyLCBpbmRpdmlkdWFsbWVudGUgbyBhIHRyYXbDqXMgZGUgdW5hIHNvY2llZGFkIGRlIGdlc3Rpw7NuIGNvbGVjdGl2YSBkZSBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciB5IGRlcmVjaG9zIGNvbmV4b3MgKHBvciBlamVtcGxvLCBsb3MgY29uc2FncmFkb3MgcG9yIGxhIFNBWUNPKSwgdW5hIGFnZW5jaWEgZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgbXVzaWNhbGVzIG8gYWxnw7puIGFnZW50ZSBkZXNpZ25hZG8sIGxhcyByZWdhbMOtYXMgcG9yIGN1YWxxdWllciBmb25vZ3JhbWEgcXVlIFVzdGVkIGNyZWUgYSBwYXJ0aXIgZGUgbGEgb2JyYSAo4oCcdmVyc2nDs24gY292ZXLigJ0pIHkgZGlzdHJpYnV5YSwgZW4gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZWwgcsOpZ2ltZW4gZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IsIHNpIGxhIGNyZWFjacOzbiBvIGRpc3RyaWJ1Y2nDs24gZGUgZXNhIHZlcnNpw7NuIGNvdmVyIGVzdMOhIHByaW1vcmRpYWxtZW50ZSBkZXN0aW5hZGEgbyBkaXJpZ2lkYSBhIG9idGVuZXIgdW5hIHZlbnRhamEgY29tZXJjaWFsIG8gdW5hIGNvbXBlbnNhY2nDs24gbW9uZXRhcmlhIHByaXZhZGEuCiAgICAgIAplLiBHZXN0acOzbiBkZSBEZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBBdXRvciBzb2JyZSBJbnRlcnByZXRhY2lvbmVzIHkgRWplY3VjaW9uZXMgRGlnaXRhbGVzIChXZWJDYXN0aW5nKS4gUGFyYSBldml0YXIgdG9kYSBjb25mdXNpw7NuLCBlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBhY2xhcmEgcXVlLCBjdWFuZG8gbGEgb2JyYSBzZWEgdW4gZm9ub2dyYW1hLCBlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBzZSByZXNlcnZhIGVsIGRlcmVjaG8gZXhjbHVzaXZvIGRlIGF1dG9yaXphciBsYSBlamVjdWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhIGRpZ2l0YWwgZGUgbGEgb2JyYSAocG9yIGVqZW1wbG8sIHdlYmNhc3QpIHkgZGUgcmVjb2xlY3RhciwgaW5kaXZpZHVhbG1lbnRlIG8gYSB0cmF2w6lzIGRlIHVuYSBzb2NpZWRhZCBkZSBnZXN0acOzbiBjb2xlY3RpdmEgZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IgeSBkZXJlY2hvcyBjb25leG9zIChwb3IgZWplbXBsbywgQUNJTlBSTyksIGxhcyByZWdhbMOtYXMgcG9yIGxhIGVqZWN1Y2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgZGlnaXRhbCBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIChwb3IgZWplbXBsbywgd2ViY2FzdCksIHN1amV0YSBhIGxhcyBkaXNwb3NpY2lvbmVzIGFwbGljYWJsZXMgZGVsIHLDqWdpbWVuIGRlIERlcmVjaG8gZGUgQXV0b3IsIHNpIGVzdGEgZWplY3VjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBkaWdpdGFsIGVzdMOhIHByaW1vcmRpYWxtZW50ZSBkaXJpZ2lkYSBhIG9idGVuZXIgdW5hIHZlbnRhamEgY29tZXJjaWFsIG8gdW5hIGNvbXBlbnNhY2nDs24gbW9uZXRhcmlhIHByaXZhZGEuCiAgCjUuIFJlcHJlc2VudGFjaW9uZXMsIEdhcmFudMOtYXMgeSBMaW1pdGFjaW9uZXMgZGUgUmVzcG9uc2FiaWxpZGFkLgpBIE1FTk9TIFFVRSBMQVMgUEFSVEVTIExPIEFDT1JEQVJBTiBERSBPVFJBIEZPUk1BIFBPUiBFU0NSSVRPLCBFTCBMSUNFTkNJQU5URSBPRlJFQ0UgTEEgT0JSQSAoRU4gRUwgRVNUQURPIEVOIEVMIFFVRSBTRSBFTkNVRU5UUkEpIOKAnFRBTCBDVUFM4oCdLCBTSU4gQlJJTkRBUiBHQVJBTlTDjUFTIERFIENMQVNFIEFMR1VOQSBSRVNQRUNUTyBERSBMQSBPQlJBLCBZQSBTRUEgRVhQUkVTQSwgSU1QTMONQ0lUQSwgTEVHQUwgTyBDVUFMUVVJRVJBIE9UUkEsIElOQ0xVWUVORE8sIFNJTiBMSU1JVEFSU0UgQSBFTExBUywgR0FSQU5Uw41BUyBERSBUSVRVTEFSSURBRCwgQ09NRVJDSUFCSUxJREFELCBBREFQVEFCSUxJREFEIE8gQURFQ1VBQ0nDk04gQSBQUk9Qw5NTSVRPIERFVEVSTUlOQURPLCBBVVNFTkNJQSBERSBJTkZSQUNDScOTTiwgREUgQVVTRU5DSUEgREUgREVGRUNUT1MgTEFURU5URVMgTyBERSBPVFJPIFRJUE8sIE8gTEEgUFJFU0VOQ0lBIE8gQVVTRU5DSUEgREUgRVJST1JFUywgU0VBTiBPIE5PIERFU0NVQlJJQkxFUyAoUFVFREFOIE8gTk8gU0VSIEVTVE9TIERFU0NVQklFUlRPUykuIEFMR1VOQVMgSlVSSVNESUNDSU9ORVMgTk8gUEVSTUlURU4gTEEgRVhDTFVTScOTTiBERSBHQVJBTlTDjUFTIElNUEzDjUNJVEFTLCBFTiBDVVlPIENBU08gRVNUQSBFWENMVVNJw5NOIFBVRURFIE5PIEFQTElDQVJTRSBBIFVTVEVELgogIAo2LiBMaW1pdGFjacOzbiBkZSByZXNwb25zYWJpbGlkYWQuCkEgTUVOT1MgUVVFIExPIEVYSUpBIEVYUFJFU0FNRU5URSBMQSBMRVkgQVBMSUNBQkxFLCBFTCBMSUNFTkNJQU5URSBOTyBTRVLDgSBSRVNQT05TQUJMRSBBTlRFIFVTVEVEIFBPUiBEQcORTyBBTEdVTk8sIFNFQSBQT1IgUkVTUE9OU0FCSUxJREFEIEVYVFJBQ09OVFJBQ1RVQUwsIFBSRUNPTlRSQUNUVUFMIE8gQ09OVFJBQ1RVQUwsIE9CSkVUSVZBIE8gU1VCSkVUSVZBLCBTRSBUUkFURSBERSBEQcORT1MgTU9SQUxFUyBPIFBBVFJJTU9OSUFMRVMsIERJUkVDVE9TIE8gSU5ESVJFQ1RPUywgUFJFVklTVE9TIE8gSU1QUkVWSVNUT1MgUFJPRFVDSURPUyBQT1IgRUwgVVNPIERFIEVTVEEgTElDRU5DSUEgTyBERSBMQSBPQlJBLCBBVU4gQ1VBTkRPIEVMIExJQ0VOQ0lBTlRFIEhBWUEgU0lETyBBRFZFUlRJRE8gREUgTEEgUE9TSUJJTElEQUQgREUgRElDSE9TIERBw5FPUy4gQUxHVU5BUyBMRVlFUyBOTyBQRVJNSVRFTiBMQSBFWENMVVNJw5NOIERFIENJRVJUQSBSRVNQT05TQUJJTElEQUQsIEVOIENVWU8gQ0FTTyBFU1RBIEVYQ0xVU0nDk04gUFVFREUgTk8gQVBMSUNBUlNFIEEgVVNURUQuCiAgCjcuIFTDqXJtaW5vLgkKYS4gRXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSB5IGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBvdG9yZ2Fkb3MgZW4gdmlydHVkIGRlIGVsbGEgdGVybWluYXLDoW4gYXV0b23DoXRpY2FtZW50ZSBzaSBVc3RlZCBpbmZyaW5nZSBhbGd1bmEgY29uZGljacOzbiBlc3RhYmxlY2lkYSBlbiBlbGxhLiBTaW4gZW1iYXJnbywgbG9zIGluZGl2aWR1b3MgbyBlbnRpZGFkZXMgcXVlIGhhbiByZWNpYmlkbyBPYnJhcyBEZXJpdmFkYXMgbyBDb2xlY3RpdmFzIGRlIFVzdGVkIGRlIGNvbmZvcm1pZGFkIGNvbiBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhLCBubyB2ZXLDoW4gdGVybWluYWRhcyBzdXMgbGljZW5jaWFzLCBzaWVtcHJlIHF1ZSBlc3RvcyBpbmRpdmlkdW9zIG8gZW50aWRhZGVzIHNpZ2FuIGN1bXBsaWVuZG8gw61udGVncmFtZW50ZSBsYXMgY29uZGljaW9uZXMgZGUgZXN0YXMgbGljZW5jaWFzLiBMYXMgU2VjY2lvbmVzIDEsIDIsIDUsIDYsIDcsIHkgOCBzdWJzaXN0aXLDoW4gYSBjdWFscXVpZXIgdGVybWluYWNpw7NuIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEuCmIuIFN1amV0YSBhIGxhcyBjb25kaWNpb25lcyB5IHTDqXJtaW5vcyBhbnRlcmlvcmVzLCBsYSBsaWNlbmNpYSBvdG9yZ2FkYSBhcXXDrSBlcyBwZXJwZXR1YSAoZHVyYW50ZSBlbCBwZXLDrW9kbyBkZSB2aWdlbmNpYSBkZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IgZGUgbGEgb2JyYSkuIE5vIG9ic3RhbnRlIGxvIGFudGVyaW9yLCBlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBzZSByZXNlcnZhIGVsIGRlcmVjaG8gYSBwdWJsaWNhciB5L28gZXN0cmVuYXIgbGEgT2JyYSBiYWpvIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGxpY2VuY2lhIGRpZmVyZW50ZXMgbyBhIGRlamFyIGRlIGRpc3RyaWJ1aXJsYSBlbiBsb3MgdMOpcm1pbm9zIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgZW4gY3VhbHF1aWVyIG1vbWVudG87IGVuIGVsIGVudGVuZGlkbywgc2luIGVtYmFyZ28sIHF1ZSBlc2EgZWxlY2Npw7NuIG5vIHNlcnZpcsOhIHBhcmEgcmV2b2NhciBlc3RhIGxpY2VuY2lhIG8gcXVlIGRlYmEgc2VyIG90b3JnYWRhICwgYmFqbyBsb3MgdMOpcm1pbm9zIGRlIGVzdGEgbGljZW5jaWEpLCB5IGVzdGEgbGljZW5jaWEgY29udGludWFyw6EgZW4gcGxlbm8gdmlnb3IgeSBlZmVjdG8gYSBtZW5vcyBxdWUgc2VhIHRlcm1pbmFkYSBjb21vIHNlIGV4cHJlc2EgYXRyw6FzLiBMYSBMaWNlbmNpYSByZXZvY2FkYSBjb250aW51YXLDoSBzaWVuZG8gcGxlbmFtZW50ZSB2aWdlbnRlIHkgZWZlY3RpdmEgc2kgbm8gc2UgbGUgZGEgdMOpcm1pbm8gZW4gbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGluZGljYWRhcyBhbnRlcmlvcm1lbnRlLgogIAo4LiBWYXJpb3MuCmEuIENhZGEgdmV6IHF1ZSBVc3RlZCBkaXN0cmlidXlhIG8gcG9uZ2EgYSBkaXNwb3NpY2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgbGEgT2JyYSBvIHVuYSBPYnJhIENvbGVjdGl2YSwgZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgb2ZyZWNlcsOhIGFsIGRlc3RpbmF0YXJpbyB1bmEgbGljZW5jaWEgZW4gbG9zIG1pc21vcyB0w6lybWlub3MgeSBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBxdWUgbGEgbGljZW5jaWEgb3RvcmdhZGEgYSBVc3RlZCBiYWpvIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEuCmIuIFNpIGFsZ3VuYSBkaXNwb3NpY2nDs24gZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSByZXN1bHRhIGludmFsaWRhZGEgbyBubyBleGlnaWJsZSwgc2Vnw7puIGxhIGxlZ2lzbGFjacOzbiB2aWdlbnRlLCBlc3RvIG5vIGFmZWN0YXLDoSBuaSBsYSB2YWxpZGV6IG5pIGxhIGFwbGljYWJpbGlkYWQgZGVsIHJlc3RvIGRlIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgeSwgc2luIGFjY2nDs24gYWRpY2lvbmFsIHBvciBwYXJ0ZSBkZSBsb3Mgc3VqZXRvcyBkZSBlc3RlIGFjdWVyZG8sIGFxdcOpbGxhIHNlIGVudGVuZGVyw6EgcmVmb3JtYWRhIGxvIG3DrW5pbW8gbmVjZXNhcmlvIHBhcmEgaGFjZXIgcXVlIGRpY2hhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBzZWEgdsOhbGlkYSB5IGV4aWdpYmxlLgpjLiBOaW5nw7puIHTDqXJtaW5vIG8gZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgc2UgZXN0aW1hcsOhIHJlbnVuY2lhZGEgeSBuaW5ndW5hIHZpb2xhY2nDs24gZGUgZWxsYSBzZXLDoSBjb25zZW50aWRhIGEgbWVub3MgcXVlIGVzYSByZW51bmNpYSBvIGNvbnNlbnRpbWllbnRvIHNlYSBvdG9yZ2FkbyBwb3IgZXNjcml0byB5IGZpcm1hZG8gcG9yIGxhIHBhcnRlIHF1ZSByZW51bmNpZSBvIGNvbnNpZW50YS4KZC4gRXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSByZWZsZWphIGVsIGFjdWVyZG8gcGxlbm8gZW50cmUgbGFzIHBhcnRlcyByZXNwZWN0byBhIGxhIE9icmEgYXF1w60gbGljZW5jaWFkYS4gTm8gaGF5IGFycmVnbG9zLCBhY3VlcmRvcyBvIGRlY2xhcmFjaW9uZXMgcmVzcGVjdG8gYSBsYSBPYnJhIHF1ZSBubyBlc3TDqW4gZXNwZWNpZmljYWRvcyBlbiBlc3RlIGRvY3VtZW50by4gRWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgbm8gc2UgdmVyw6EgbGltaXRhZG8gcG9yIG5pbmd1bmEgZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIGFkaWNpb25hbCBxdWUgcHVlZGEgc3VyZ2lyIGVuIGFsZ3VuYSBjb211bmljYWNpw7NuIGVtYW5hZGEgZGUgVXN0ZWQuIEVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgbm8gcHVlZGUgc2VyIG1vZGlmaWNhZGEgc2luIGVsIGNvbnNlbnRpbWllbnRvIG11dHVvIHBvciBlc2NyaXRvIGRlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSB5IFVzdGVkLgo=

Potencial de bioacumulación de metales pesados por plantas vasculares acuáticas en una zona minera de Ayapel, Córdoba

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