Larvicultura de bagre sapo Pseudopimelodus atricaudus con diferentes tipos de alimentos

A pesar de la gran biodiversidad íctica colombiana, la piscicultura se limita a pocas especies, de las cuales gran parte son especies introducidas que podrían perturbar los ambientes naturales. Por tanto, es importante la diversificación con especies nativas, mediante el desarrollo de tecnologías de...

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Autores:
Alarcón Martínez, Luis Fernando
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2025
Institución:
Universidad de Córdoba
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional Unicórdoba
Idioma:
spa
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oai:repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co:ucordoba/9228
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/handle/ucordoba/9228
https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co
Palabra clave:
Artemia
Alevinaje
Conservación
Alimentos vivos
Piscicultura
Artemia
Conservation
Fry
Food live
Fish culture
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Copyright Universidad de Córdoba, 2025
id UCORDOBA2_1fe920a88c1c189070886e630156b8ed
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co:ucordoba/9228
network_acronym_str UCORDOBA2
network_name_str Repositorio Institucional Unicórdoba
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Larvicultura de bagre sapo Pseudopimelodus atricaudus con diferentes tipos de alimentos
title Larvicultura de bagre sapo Pseudopimelodus atricaudus con diferentes tipos de alimentos
spellingShingle Larvicultura de bagre sapo Pseudopimelodus atricaudus con diferentes tipos de alimentos
Artemia
Alevinaje
Conservación
Alimentos vivos
Piscicultura
Artemia
Conservation
Fry
Food live
Fish culture
title_short Larvicultura de bagre sapo Pseudopimelodus atricaudus con diferentes tipos de alimentos
title_full Larvicultura de bagre sapo Pseudopimelodus atricaudus con diferentes tipos de alimentos
title_fullStr Larvicultura de bagre sapo Pseudopimelodus atricaudus con diferentes tipos de alimentos
title_full_unstemmed Larvicultura de bagre sapo Pseudopimelodus atricaudus con diferentes tipos de alimentos
title_sort Larvicultura de bagre sapo Pseudopimelodus atricaudus con diferentes tipos de alimentos
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Alarcón Martínez, Luis Fernando
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Atencio García, Víctor Julio
Madariaga Mendoza, Diana Luz
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Alarcón Martínez, Luis Fernando
dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv Fernánadez Méndez, Christian Jesús
Ramírez Merlano, Juan Antonio
dc.subject.proposal.none.fl_str_mv Artemia
Alevinaje
Conservación
Alimentos vivos
Piscicultura
topic Artemia
Alevinaje
Conservación
Alimentos vivos
Piscicultura
Artemia
Conservation
Fry
Food live
Fish culture
dc.subject.keywords.none.fl_str_mv Artemia
Conservation
Fry
Food live
Fish culture
description A pesar de la gran biodiversidad íctica colombiana, la piscicultura se limita a pocas especies, de las cuales gran parte son especies introducidas que podrían perturbar los ambientes naturales. Por tanto, es importante la diversificación con especies nativas, mediante el desarrollo de tecnologías de producción sostenibles. El P. atricaudus es un Siluriforme que cuenta con características aprovechables para diversificar la piscicultura continental colombiana; además, es una especie que forma parte de la seguridad alimentaria de las poblaciones aledañas en el Bajo río Cauca. La larvicultura es una etapa crítica en la producción piscícola, en la que se viabilizan las larvas mediante un manejo adecuado de las condiciones y la alimentación, que garanticen mayores porcentajes de sobrevivencia e incrementen las posibilidades de éxito en las etapas posteriores del ciclo productivo de una especie. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar cuatro tipos de alimentos en la larvicultura de P. atricaudus. El experimento se desarrolló en el Instituto de Investigaciones Piscícolas de la Universidad de Córdoba (CINPIC) mediante dos ensayos. En el primer ensayo (manejo de la primera alimentación), se utilizaron 1200 larvas vitelínicas, distribuidas en 12 acuarios de 5 L de volumen útil (20 larvas/L). Durante diez días, fueron alimentadas con cuatro tipos de alimentos al inicio de la alimentación exógena: nauplios de Artemia (NA), zooplancton silvestre <400 µm (ZS<400 µm), zooplancton silvestre >400 µm (ZS>400 µm) y cistos de Artemia descapsulados (CA), todos suministrados a razón de 10 presas/mL. Posteriormente, se realizó un ensayo de alevinaje (ensayo 2), en el cual se evaluó el efecto de la primera alimentación en el alevinaje durante 23 días, con las dos mejores presas del ensayo anterior (NA y ZS>400 µm). Se manejó una densidad de 50 individuos/m3, realizándose una transición de tres días a dieta seca con 38.0% de proteína bruta. Se caracterizaron morfológicamente las larvas al inicio de la alimentación exógena mediante análisis merístico y morfométrico, se analizaron histológicamente los pliegues intestinales y se evaluó el desempeño zootécnico en ambos ensayos. Los resultados sugieren que P. atricaudus inicia la alimentación exógena a las 30 horas post-eclosión, con un ancho máximo de la abertura bucal de 611.4±11.7 µm, una longitud total de 5.2±0.01 mm y un peso total de 1.5±0.02 mg. En el primer ensayo, las mayores ganancias en longitud (13.7±0.2 mm) y peso (94.6±1.8 mg) se registraron en las larvas alimentadas con ZS>400 µm (p<0.05). Asimismo, este tratamiento presentó la mayor sobrevivencia (91.2±2.2%), con diferencias significativas respecto a NA (73.2±2.5%) y CA (47.0±8.7%). Al evaluar la influencia de la primera alimentación en el alevinaje, los individuos del tratamiento NA mostraron el mejor crecimiento (p<0.05), mientras que la sobrevivencia y resistencia al estrés no mostraron diferencias significativas (NA y ZS>400 µm; p>0.05). Los resultados del presente estudio sugieren que el manejo de la primera alimentación de P. atricaudus es posible con zooplancton silvestre mayor de 400 µm o con nauplios de Artemia, produciendo juveniles de buena calidad en la fase de alevinaje.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2025-06-27T21:17:13Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2025-06-27T21:17:13Z
2026-06-27
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2025-06-27
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/handle/ucordoba/9228
dc.identifier.instname.none.fl_str_mv Universidad de Córdoba
dc.identifier.reponame.none.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Unicórdoba
dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co
url https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/handle/ucordoba/9228
https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co
identifier_str_mv Universidad de Córdoba
Repositorio Institucional Unicórdoba
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
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spelling Atencio García, Víctor Julio2a6da80d-2a7e-431d-8b91-e9ea69d8b9f7-1Madariaga Mendoza, Diana Luzc349da50-3b16-4db6-a3b6-330d78ae9053-1Alarcón Martínez, Luis Fernandod4caf221-4419-46b9-b443-60a8e5a3d9ce-1Fernánadez Méndez, Christian Jesúsefc6bff9-c04d-411b-b0ae-5f1c4d16fe60-1Ramírez Merlano, Juan Antonio761b0e38-387e-4112-9158-c3611e2636f8-12025-06-27T21:17:13Z2026-06-272025-06-27T21:17:13Z2025-06-27https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/handle/ucordoba/9228Universidad de CórdobaRepositorio Institucional Unicórdobahttps://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.coA pesar de la gran biodiversidad íctica colombiana, la piscicultura se limita a pocas especies, de las cuales gran parte son especies introducidas que podrían perturbar los ambientes naturales. Por tanto, es importante la diversificación con especies nativas, mediante el desarrollo de tecnologías de producción sostenibles. El P. atricaudus es un Siluriforme que cuenta con características aprovechables para diversificar la piscicultura continental colombiana; además, es una especie que forma parte de la seguridad alimentaria de las poblaciones aledañas en el Bajo río Cauca. La larvicultura es una etapa crítica en la producción piscícola, en la que se viabilizan las larvas mediante un manejo adecuado de las condiciones y la alimentación, que garanticen mayores porcentajes de sobrevivencia e incrementen las posibilidades de éxito en las etapas posteriores del ciclo productivo de una especie. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar cuatro tipos de alimentos en la larvicultura de P. atricaudus. El experimento se desarrolló en el Instituto de Investigaciones Piscícolas de la Universidad de Córdoba (CINPIC) mediante dos ensayos. En el primer ensayo (manejo de la primera alimentación), se utilizaron 1200 larvas vitelínicas, distribuidas en 12 acuarios de 5 L de volumen útil (20 larvas/L). Durante diez días, fueron alimentadas con cuatro tipos de alimentos al inicio de la alimentación exógena: nauplios de Artemia (NA), zooplancton silvestre <400 µm (ZS<400 µm), zooplancton silvestre >400 µm (ZS>400 µm) y cistos de Artemia descapsulados (CA), todos suministrados a razón de 10 presas/mL. Posteriormente, se realizó un ensayo de alevinaje (ensayo 2), en el cual se evaluó el efecto de la primera alimentación en el alevinaje durante 23 días, con las dos mejores presas del ensayo anterior (NA y ZS>400 µm). Se manejó una densidad de 50 individuos/m3, realizándose una transición de tres días a dieta seca con 38.0% de proteína bruta. Se caracterizaron morfológicamente las larvas al inicio de la alimentación exógena mediante análisis merístico y morfométrico, se analizaron histológicamente los pliegues intestinales y se evaluó el desempeño zootécnico en ambos ensayos. Los resultados sugieren que P. atricaudus inicia la alimentación exógena a las 30 horas post-eclosión, con un ancho máximo de la abertura bucal de 611.4±11.7 µm, una longitud total de 5.2±0.01 mm y un peso total de 1.5±0.02 mg. En el primer ensayo, las mayores ganancias en longitud (13.7±0.2 mm) y peso (94.6±1.8 mg) se registraron en las larvas alimentadas con ZS>400 µm (p<0.05). Asimismo, este tratamiento presentó la mayor sobrevivencia (91.2±2.2%), con diferencias significativas respecto a NA (73.2±2.5%) y CA (47.0±8.7%). Al evaluar la influencia de la primera alimentación en el alevinaje, los individuos del tratamiento NA mostraron el mejor crecimiento (p<0.05), mientras que la sobrevivencia y resistencia al estrés no mostraron diferencias significativas (NA y ZS>400 µm; p>0.05). Los resultados del presente estudio sugieren que el manejo de la primera alimentación de P. atricaudus es posible con zooplancton silvestre mayor de 400 µm o con nauplios de Artemia, produciendo juveniles de buena calidad en la fase de alevinaje.Despite Colombia's vast ichthyological biodiversity, aquaculture is limited to a few species, many of which are introduced and may disrupt natural environments. Therefore, diversification with native species is essential through the development of sustainable production technologies. The Pseudopimelodus. atricaudus, a Siluriform species, possesses advantageous characteristics for expanding Colombia's inland aquaculture. Additionally, this species plays a crucial role in the food security of communities near the Lower Cauca River. Larviculture is a critical stage in fish production, where larvae viability is ensured through proper environmental and feeding management, increasing survival rates and enhancing the likelihood of success in later stages of the production cycle. This study aimed to evaluate four types of feed in the larviculture of P. atricaudus. The experiment was conducted at the Fish Research Institute of the University of Córdoba (CINPIC) in two trials. In the first trial (first feeding management), 1,200 yolk-sac larvae were distributed in 12 aquaria with a usable volume of 5 L (20 larvae/L). For ten days, they were fed with four different prey types at the onset of exogenous feeding: Artemia nauplii (NA), wild zooplankton <400 µm (ZS<400 µm), wild zooplankton >400 µm (ZS>400 µm), and decapsulated Artemia cysts (CA), all provided at a density of 10 prey/mL. Subsequently, a fry trial (Trial 2) was conducted to assess the effect of initial feeding on the fry over 23 days, using the two best-performing prey from the previous trial (NA and ZS>400 µm). A stocking density of 50 individuals/m³ was used, transitioning to a dry diet with 38.0% crude protein over three days. Morphological characterization of larvae at the onset of exogenous feeding was performed through meristic and morphometric analysis, intestinal folds were histologically examined, and zootechnical performance was evaluated in both trials. Results suggest that P. atricaudus begins exogenous feeding at 30 hours post-hatching, with a maximum mouth gape width of 611.4±11.7 µm, a total length of 5.2±0.01 mm, and a total weight of 1.5±0.02 mg. In the first trial, the highest gains in length (13.7±0.2 mm) and weight (94.6±1.8 mg) were recorded in larvae fed ZS>400 µm (p<0.05). Likewise, this treatment resulted in the highest survival rate (91.2±2.2%), with significant differences compared to NA (73.2±2.5%) and CA (47.0±8.7%). When evaluating the influence of first feeding on the fry, individuals from the NA treatment exhibited the highest growth (p<0.05), whereas survival and stress resistance showed no significant differences (NA and ZS>400 µm; p>0.05). The findings of this study suggest that the first feeding of P. atricaudus can be successfully managed with wild zooplankton larger than 400 µm or Artemia nauplii, yielding high-quality juveniles during the fry.INTRODUCCIÓNOBJETIVOSObjetivo generalObjetivos especificosTaxonomía de P. atricaudusBioecologia de P. atricaudusManejo de primera alimentación y larviculturaArtemia como alimento vivoZooplancton silvestreDesafíos en la larvicultura de nuevas especies de pecesMATERIALES Y MÉTODOSLocalizaciónObtención de larvas de primera alimentación exógenaCaracterización morfológica y morfométrica de larvas de P. atricaudus al inicio de alimentación exógenaENSAYO DE MANEJO DE LA PRIMERA ALIMENTACIÓNAnálisis del crecimiento, sobrevivencia y resistencia al estrés en el manejo de la primera alimentación de P. atricaudusCaracterísticas del intestino de larvas de P. atricaudusENSAYO DE ALEVINAJEAnálisis del crecimiento, sobrevivencia y prueba de resistencia al estrés en el alevinaje de P. atricaudusCALIDAD DEL AGUAANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICOASPECTOS ÉTICOSRESULTADOSCARACTERIZACIÓN MORFOLÓGICA Y MORFOMÉTRICA DE LARVAS DE P. atricaudus AL INICIO DE LA PRIMERA ALIMENTACIÓN EXÓGENAENSAYO DE MANEJO DE LA PRIMERA ALIMENTACIÓN EXÓGENAParámetros zootécnicosHistología intestinalCalidad del aguaENSAYO DE ALEVINAJECalidad del aguaDISCUSIÓNCARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOLÓGICAS Y MORFOMÉTRICAS DE P. atricaudus AL INICIO DE LA ALIMENTACIÓN EXÓGENADESEMPEÑO ZOOTÉCNICO EN EL MANEJO DE LA PRIMERA ALIMENTACIÓNDESEMPEÑO ZOOTÉCNICO EN EL ALEVINAJECALIDAD DEL AGUACONCLUSIONESREFERENCIASANEXOSMaestríaMagíster en Acuicultura Tropical Trabajos de Investigación y/o ExtensiónspaUniversidad de CórdobaFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria y ZootecniaMontería, Córdoba, ColombiaMaestría en Acuicultura TropicalCopyright Universidad de Córdoba, 2025https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cfLarvicultura de bagre sapo Pseudopimelodus atricaudus con diferentes tipos de alimentosTrabajo de grado - Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMAdriaens, D., Aerts, P., & Verraes, W. 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