Diálogos afro-hemisféricos. Soul music y transnacionalismo negro en contextos afrolatinoamericanos

El auge de los movimientos por la liberación negra en EEUU de los años 1960 y 1970 fue acompañado por el ascenso de la música soul como expresión de una nueva autoafirmación y estética negra. Este artículo explora las huellas de la poco estudiada popularización de los slogans y símbolos...

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Autores:
Steinitz, Matti
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2023
Institución:
Universidad de Cartagena
Repositorio:
Repositorio Universidad de Cartagena
Idioma:
spa
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oai:repositorio.unicartagena.edu.co:11227/19912
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11227/19912
https://doi.org/10.32997/pa-2023-4188
Palabra clave:
Black Transnationalism
Black Power
Soul music
USA
Brazil
Panamá
Transnacionalismo negro
Black Power
música soul
Estados Unidos
Brasil
Panamá
Rights
openAccess
License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
id UCART2_5f52be0c652c91e28ea1c90d00414fa4
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.unicartagena.edu.co:11227/19912
network_acronym_str UCART2
network_name_str Repositorio Universidad de Cartagena
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Diálogos afro-hemisféricos. Soul music y transnacionalismo negro en contextos afrolatinoamericanos
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv Afro-hemispheric dialogues. Soul music and black transnationalism in Afro-Latin American contexts
title Diálogos afro-hemisféricos. Soul music y transnacionalismo negro en contextos afrolatinoamericanos
spellingShingle Diálogos afro-hemisféricos. Soul music y transnacionalismo negro en contextos afrolatinoamericanos
Black Transnationalism
Black Power
Soul music
USA
Brazil
Panamá
Transnacionalismo negro
Black Power
música soul
Estados Unidos
Brasil
Panamá
title_short Diálogos afro-hemisféricos. Soul music y transnacionalismo negro en contextos afrolatinoamericanos
title_full Diálogos afro-hemisféricos. Soul music y transnacionalismo negro en contextos afrolatinoamericanos
title_fullStr Diálogos afro-hemisféricos. Soul music y transnacionalismo negro en contextos afrolatinoamericanos
title_full_unstemmed Diálogos afro-hemisféricos. Soul music y transnacionalismo negro en contextos afrolatinoamericanos
title_sort Diálogos afro-hemisféricos. Soul music y transnacionalismo negro en contextos afrolatinoamericanos
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Steinitz, Matti
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Steinitz, Matti
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Black Transnationalism
Black Power
Soul music
USA
Brazil
Panamá
topic Black Transnationalism
Black Power
Soul music
USA
Brazil
Panamá
Transnacionalismo negro
Black Power
música soul
Estados Unidos
Brasil
Panamá
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Transnacionalismo negro
Black Power
música soul
Estados Unidos
Brasil
Panamá
description El auge de los movimientos por la liberación negra en EEUU de los años 1960 y 1970 fue acompañado por el ascenso de la música soul como expresión de una nueva autoafirmación y estética negra. Este artículo explora las huellas de la poco estudiada popularización de los slogans y símbolos del movimiento Black Power por medio de la música soul en contextos afrolatinoamericanos. Se discute tanto el potencial emancipador de estas manifestaciones de un transnacionalismo negro hemisférico como el repudio por parte de intelectuales y élites nacionalistas en Latinoamérica que veían en estos flujos diaspóricos una  amenaza para las ideologías dominantes del mestizaje y de la democracia racial.
publishDate 2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2023-04-13T00:00:00Z
2025-07-25T21:27:14Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2023-04-13T00:00:00Z
2025-07-25T21:27:14Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2023-04-13
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 2
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Alberto, Paulina. “When Rio Was Black: Soul Music, National Culture, and the Politics of Racial Comparison in 1970s Brazil.” Hispanic American Historical Review 89/1 (2009): 3-39.
Andrews, George Reid. Afro-Latin America, 1800-2000. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2004.
Baraka, Amiri. Blues People: Negro Music in White America, New York: Harper Perennial, 1999 [1963].
Bataan, Joe. Entrevista personal, 13 de Setiembre, 2018.
Bourdieu, Pierre /Loïc Wacquant: “On the Cunning of Imperialist Reason”. Theory, Culture, Society 16/ 1 (1999): 31-58.
Brown, Carlos. Entrevista personal. 2 de Abril, 2017.
Carvalho, José Jorge de. Las culturas afroamericanas en Iberoamérica: Lo negociable y lo innegociable. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2005.
Conniff, Michael. Black Labor on a White Canal - Panamá, 1904-1981. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985.
Corinealdi, Kaysha. “Envisioning Multiple Citizenships: West Indian Panamanians and Creating Community in the Canal Zone Neocolony”, in: The Global South, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Fall 2012): 87-106.
Davis, Angela. Women, Culture, and Politics. New York: Random House, 1989.
Dulitzky, Ariel. “A Region in Denial: Racial Discrimination and Racism in Latin America”. Neither Enemies nor Friends: Latinos, Blacks, Afro-Latinos. Anani Dzidienyo and Suzanne Oboler (eds.). London: Palgrave, 2005. 39-59.
Flores, Juan. From Bomba to Hip Hop: Puerto Rican Culture and Latino Identity. New York: Columbia UP, 2000.
Ford, Tanisha. Liberated Threads: Black Women, Style, and the Global Politics of Soul. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2015.
Frias, Lena. “Black Rio: o orgulho (importado) de ser negro no brasil”. Jornal do Brasil, Caderno B, 17 de julio, 1976, 1, 4-6.
Gilroy, Paul. There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack. London: Routledge, 1987.
_____ The Black Atlantic – Modernity and Double Consciousness. London: Verso, 1993.
Gomez Menjivar, Jennifer y Hector Nicolas Ramos Flores, eds. Hemispheric Blackness and the Exigencies of Accountability. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 2022.
Hanchard, Michael. Orpheus and Power – The Movimento Negro of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil, 1945-1988. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
_____ “Black Transnationalism, Africana Studies, and the 21st Century.” Journal of Black Studies 35/2 (2004): 139-153.
Jiménez Román, Miriam and Juan Flores (eds.). The Afro-Latin@ Reader: History and Culture in the United States. Durham: Duke UP, 2010.
Kelley, Robin D.G. Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination. Boston: Beacon Press, 2002.
Laó-Montes, Agustín and Arlene Davila (eds). Mambo Montage – The Latinization of New York. New York: Columbia UP, 2001.
_____ “Cartografía del campo político afrodescendiente en América Latina“, En Debates sobre ciudadanía y políticas raciales en las Américas Negras.ed. Claudia Mosquera Rosero-Labbé, Agustín Laó-Montes, César Rodríguez Garavito (eds.). Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2010. 279-316.
_____ Contrapunteos Diaspóricos: Cartografías Políticas de Nuestra Afroamérica. Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia, 2020.
_____ “’Unfinished Migrations’: Commentary and Response”. African Studies Review 43/1 (2000): 54-60.
Lowe de Goodin, Melva. “Entrevista personal”, Abril 3, 2022.
Lewis, Earl. “To Turn As on A Pivot: Writing African American History into a History of Overlapping Diasporas”. The American Historical Review 100/3 (1995): 765-787.
Lipsitz, George. Dangerous Crossroads – Popular Music, Postmodernism and the Politics of Place. Verso, 199.
Lordi, Emily, The Meaning of Soul: Black Music and Resilience since the 1960s. Durham: Duke University Press, 2020.
Luciano, Felipe. Entrevista personal, 30 de Setiembre, 2022.
Masiki, Trent & Regina Marie Mills. “Introduction: Bridging African American and Latina/o/x Studies.” The Black Scholar 52:1 (2022). 1-4.
Medeiros, Carlos Alberto. “Black Rio: Music, Politics, and Black Identity,” en: Black Power in Hemispheric Perspective – Movements, Cultures, and Resistance in the Black Americas. Wilfried Raussert & Matti Steinitz (eds.). New Orleans University Press, 2022. 239-250.
Nwankwo, Ifeoma Kiddoe. “The Promises and Perils of US African-American Hemispherism: Latin America in Martin Delany´s Blake and Gayl Jones´s Mosquito.” Hemispheric American Studies: Essays Beyond the Nation. Caroline Levander and Robert Levine, (eds.). Nueva Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2008. 187-204.
Olivera, Asfilofio. Entrevista personal. April 1, 2019.
Raussert, Wilfried & Matti Steinitz (eds.). Black Power in Hemispheric Perspective – Movements, Cultures, and Resistance in the Black Americas. New Orleans University Press: 2022.
Pérez-Price, Ariel. Pionero: La historia de Luis Russell. Panamá: 2021.
Púlido Ritter, Luis. “Lord Cobra: del cosmopolitismo decimonónico y del folklorismo al cosmopolitismo diaspórico”. Istmo 20 (2010): 3.
Rivera-Rideau, Petra R., Jennifer A. Jones, and Tianna S. Paschel, eds. Afro-Latin@s in Movement: Critical Approaches to Blackness and Transnationalism in the Americas. New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2016.
Rivera, Raquel Z. “Hip-Hop, Puerto Ricans, and Ethnoracial Identities in New York.” Mambo Montage – The Latinization of New York, edited by Agustín Laó-Montes and Arlene Dávila. Columbia UP, 2001. 235-262.
Rivero, Yeidy. Tuning Out Blackness: Race and Nation in the History of Puerto Rican Television. Duke UP Books, 2005.
Slate, Nico, ed. Black Power Beyond Borders. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
Smethurst, James. The Black Arts Movement: Literary Nationalism in the 1960s and 1970s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.
Stam, Robert and Ella Shohat. Race in Translation – Culture Wars Around the Postcolonial Atlantic. New York: New York UP, 2012.
Steinitz, Matti. “Black Power in a paraíso racial? The Black Rio movement, U.S. Soul music, and Afro-Brazilian mobilizations under military rule (1970-1976)”. En: Politics of Entanglement: Connecting Transnational Flows and Local Perspectives. Publisher: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier/Bilingual Press, 2017. 13-30.
––––– " ‘Calling Out Around the World’: How Soul Music Transnationalized the African American Freedom Struggle in the Black Power Era (1965-1975)”. En Sonic Politics: Music and Social Movements in the Americas. Olaf Kaltmeier & Wilfried Raussert (eds.). Routledge, 2019. 88-106.
––––– “We got Latin Soul! Transbarrio Dialogues and Afro-Latin Identity Formation in New York’s Puerto Rican Community during the Age of Black Power (1966–1972).” Human Rights in the Americas. Ed. Luz Kirschner, Maria Herrera Sobek, and Francisco Lomeli. New York/London: Routledge, 2021. 243–262.
––––– “Soulful Sancocho - Soul Music and Practices of Hemispheric Black Transnationalism in 1960s and 1970s Panama.” The Black Scholar 52/1 (2022): 15-26.
Swan, Quito. “Transnationalism”. Keywords for African American Studies. Erica R. Edwards, Roderick A. Ferguson, and Jeffrey O. G. Ogbar (eds.). New York: New York UP, 2018. 209-213.
Torres, Andrés. Between Melting Pot and Mosaic – African Americans and Puerto Ricans in the New York Political Economy. Temple University Press, 1995.
Valero, Silvia. “Los negros se toman la palabra.” Primer Congreso de Cultura Negra de las Americas: debates al interior de las comisiones y plenarias. Bogotá, Cartagena: Universidad Javeriana, Universidad de Cartagena, CEA, 2020.
Vincent, Rickey. Party Music: The Inside Story of the Black Panthers’ Band and How Black Power Transformed Soul Music. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2013.
Wimmer, Andreas and Nina Glick Schiller. “Methodological nationalism and beyond: nation-state building, migration and the social sciences.” Global Networks 2/4 (2002): 301–33.
Zapata Olivella, Manuel. ¡Levántate mulato! ‘Por mi raza hablará el espíritu’. Bogotá: Rei Andes, 1990.
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spelling Steinitz, Matti2023-04-13T00:00:00Z2025-07-25T21:27:14Z2023-04-13T00:00:00Z2025-07-25T21:27:14Z2023-04-13https://hdl.handle.net/11227/1991210.32997/pa-2023-41882805-7090https://doi.org/10.32997/pa-2023-4188El auge de los movimientos por la liberación negra en EEUU de los años 1960 y 1970 fue acompañado por el ascenso de la música soul como expresión de una nueva autoafirmación y estética negra. Este artículo explora las huellas de la poco estudiada popularización de los slogans y símbolos del movimiento Black Power por medio de la música soul en contextos afrolatinoamericanos. Se discute tanto el potencial emancipador de estas manifestaciones de un transnacionalismo negro hemisférico como el repudio por parte de intelectuales y élites nacionalistas en Latinoamérica que veían en estos flujos diaspóricos una  amenaza para las ideologías dominantes del mestizaje y de la democracia racial.The rise of the U.S. African American freedom struggle was accompanied by the emergence of Soul music as an expression of a new black self-affirmation and aesthetics. This article traces the understudied popularization of the slogans and symbols of Black Power through Soul music in Afro-Latin American contexts. It discusses both the emancipatory potential of these manifestations of a hemispheric black transnationalism and the repudiation by intellectuals and nationalist elites in Latin America who saw in these diasporic flows a threat to the dominant ideologies of mestizaje and democracia racial.application/pdfspaUniversidad de CartagenaPerspectivas Afrohttps://revistas.unicartagena.edu.co/index.php/PersAfro/article/download/4188/333737023512Alberto, Paulina. “When Rio Was Black: Soul Music, National Culture, and the Politics of Racial Comparison in 1970s Brazil.” Hispanic American Historical Review 89/1 (2009): 3-39.Andrews, George Reid. Afro-Latin America, 1800-2000. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2004.Baraka, Amiri. Blues People: Negro Music in White America, New York: Harper Perennial, 1999 [1963].Bataan, Joe. Entrevista personal, 13 de Setiembre, 2018.Bourdieu, Pierre /Loïc Wacquant: “On the Cunning of Imperialist Reason”. Theory, Culture, Society 16/ 1 (1999): 31-58.Brown, Carlos. Entrevista personal. 2 de Abril, 2017.Carvalho, José Jorge de. Las culturas afroamericanas en Iberoamérica: Lo negociable y lo innegociable. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2005.Conniff, Michael. Black Labor on a White Canal - Panamá, 1904-1981. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985.Corinealdi, Kaysha. “Envisioning Multiple Citizenships: West Indian Panamanians and Creating Community in the Canal Zone Neocolony”, in: The Global South, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Fall 2012): 87-106.Davis, Angela. Women, Culture, and Politics. New York: Random House, 1989.Dulitzky, Ariel. “A Region in Denial: Racial Discrimination and Racism in Latin America”. Neither Enemies nor Friends: Latinos, Blacks, Afro-Latinos. Anani Dzidienyo and Suzanne Oboler (eds.). London: Palgrave, 2005. 39-59.Flores, Juan. From Bomba to Hip Hop: Puerto Rican Culture and Latino Identity. New York: Columbia UP, 2000.Ford, Tanisha. Liberated Threads: Black Women, Style, and the Global Politics of Soul. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2015.Frias, Lena. “Black Rio: o orgulho (importado) de ser negro no brasil”. Jornal do Brasil, Caderno B, 17 de julio, 1976, 1, 4-6.Gilroy, Paul. There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack. London: Routledge, 1987._____ The Black Atlantic – Modernity and Double Consciousness. London: Verso, 1993.Gomez Menjivar, Jennifer y Hector Nicolas Ramos Flores, eds. Hemispheric Blackness and the Exigencies of Accountability. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 2022.Hanchard, Michael. Orpheus and Power – The Movimento Negro of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil, 1945-1988. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994._____ “Black Transnationalism, Africana Studies, and the 21st Century.” Journal of Black Studies 35/2 (2004): 139-153.Jiménez Román, Miriam and Juan Flores (eds.). The Afro-Latin@ Reader: History and Culture in the United States. Durham: Duke UP, 2010.Kelley, Robin D.G. Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination. Boston: Beacon Press, 2002.Laó-Montes, Agustín and Arlene Davila (eds). Mambo Montage – The Latinization of New York. New York: Columbia UP, 2001._____ “Cartografía del campo político afrodescendiente en América Latina“, En Debates sobre ciudadanía y políticas raciales en las Américas Negras.ed. Claudia Mosquera Rosero-Labbé, Agustín Laó-Montes, César Rodríguez Garavito (eds.). Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2010. 279-316._____ Contrapunteos Diaspóricos: Cartografías Políticas de Nuestra Afroamérica. Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia, 2020._____ “’Unfinished Migrations’: Commentary and Response”. African Studies Review 43/1 (2000): 54-60.Lowe de Goodin, Melva. “Entrevista personal”, Abril 3, 2022.Lewis, Earl. “To Turn As on A Pivot: Writing African American History into a History of Overlapping Diasporas”. The American Historical Review 100/3 (1995): 765-787.Lipsitz, George. Dangerous Crossroads – Popular Music, Postmodernism and the Politics of Place. Verso, 199.Lordi, Emily, The Meaning of Soul: Black Music and Resilience since the 1960s. Durham: Duke University Press, 2020.Luciano, Felipe. Entrevista personal, 30 de Setiembre, 2022.Masiki, Trent & Regina Marie Mills. “Introduction: Bridging African American and Latina/o/x Studies.” The Black Scholar 52:1 (2022). 1-4.Medeiros, Carlos Alberto. “Black Rio: Music, Politics, and Black Identity,” en: Black Power in Hemispheric Perspective – Movements, Cultures, and Resistance in the Black Americas. Wilfried Raussert & Matti Steinitz (eds.). New Orleans University Press, 2022. 239-250.Nwankwo, Ifeoma Kiddoe. “The Promises and Perils of US African-American Hemispherism: Latin America in Martin Delany´s Blake and Gayl Jones´s Mosquito.” Hemispheric American Studies: Essays Beyond the Nation. Caroline Levander and Robert Levine, (eds.). Nueva Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2008. 187-204.Olivera, Asfilofio. Entrevista personal. April 1, 2019.Raussert, Wilfried & Matti Steinitz (eds.). Black Power in Hemispheric Perspective – Movements, Cultures, and Resistance in the Black Americas. New Orleans University Press: 2022.Pérez-Price, Ariel. Pionero: La historia de Luis Russell. Panamá: 2021.Púlido Ritter, Luis. “Lord Cobra: del cosmopolitismo decimonónico y del folklorismo al cosmopolitismo diaspórico”. Istmo 20 (2010): 3.Rivera-Rideau, Petra R., Jennifer A. Jones, and Tianna S. Paschel, eds. Afro-Latin@s in Movement: Critical Approaches to Blackness and Transnationalism in the Americas. New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2016.Rivera, Raquel Z. “Hip-Hop, Puerto Ricans, and Ethnoracial Identities in New York.” Mambo Montage – The Latinization of New York, edited by Agustín Laó-Montes and Arlene Dávila. Columbia UP, 2001. 235-262.Rivero, Yeidy. Tuning Out Blackness: Race and Nation in the History of Puerto Rican Television. Duke UP Books, 2005.Slate, Nico, ed. Black Power Beyond Borders. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.Smethurst, James. The Black Arts Movement: Literary Nationalism in the 1960s and 1970s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.Stam, Robert and Ella Shohat. Race in Translation – Culture Wars Around the Postcolonial Atlantic. New York: New York UP, 2012.Steinitz, Matti. “Black Power in a paraíso racial? The Black Rio movement, U.S. Soul music, and Afro-Brazilian mobilizations under military rule (1970-1976)”. En: Politics of Entanglement: Connecting Transnational Flows and Local Perspectives. Publisher: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier/Bilingual Press, 2017. 13-30.––––– " ‘Calling Out Around the World’: How Soul Music Transnationalized the African American Freedom Struggle in the Black Power Era (1965-1975)”. En Sonic Politics: Music and Social Movements in the Americas. Olaf Kaltmeier & Wilfried Raussert (eds.). Routledge, 2019. 88-106.––––– “We got Latin Soul! Transbarrio Dialogues and Afro-Latin Identity Formation in New York’s Puerto Rican Community during the Age of Black Power (1966–1972).” Human Rights in the Americas. Ed. Luz Kirschner, Maria Herrera Sobek, and Francisco Lomeli. New York/London: Routledge, 2021. 243–262.––––– “Soulful Sancocho - Soul Music and Practices of Hemispheric Black Transnationalism in 1960s and 1970s Panama.” The Black Scholar 52/1 (2022): 15-26.Swan, Quito. “Transnationalism”. Keywords for African American Studies. Erica R. Edwards, Roderick A. Ferguson, and Jeffrey O. G. Ogbar (eds.). New York: New York UP, 2018. 209-213.Torres, Andrés. Between Melting Pot and Mosaic – African Americans and Puerto Ricans in the New York Political Economy. Temple University Press, 1995.Valero, Silvia. “Los negros se toman la palabra.” Primer Congreso de Cultura Negra de las Americas: debates al interior de las comisiones y plenarias. Bogotá, Cartagena: Universidad Javeriana, Universidad de Cartagena, CEA, 2020.Vincent, Rickey. Party Music: The Inside Story of the Black Panthers’ Band and How Black Power Transformed Soul Music. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2013.Wimmer, Andreas and Nina Glick Schiller. “Methodological nationalism and beyond: nation-state building, migration and the social sciences.” Global Networks 2/4 (2002): 301–33.Zapata Olivella, Manuel. ¡Levántate mulato! ‘Por mi raza hablará el espíritu’. Bogotá: Rei Andes, 1990.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessEsta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.https://revistas.unicartagena.edu.co/index.php/PersAfro/article/view/4188Black TransnationalismBlack PowerSoul musicUSABrazilPanamáTransnacionalismo negroBlack Powermúsica soulEstados UnidosBrasilPanamáDiálogos afro-hemisféricos. Soul music y transnacionalismo negro en contextos afrolatinoamericanosAfro-hemispheric dialogues. Soul music and black transnationalism in Afro-Latin American contextsArtículo de revistainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articlePublicationOREORE.xmltext/xml2559https://repositorio.unicartagena.edu.co/bitstreams/53d4a2e9-5cce-4962-802a-14cbdbd6522d/downloada0679ec33240b16df88555831dcf6941MD5111227/19912oai:repositorio.unicartagena.edu.co:11227/199122025-07-25 16:27:14.607https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0metadata.onlyhttps://repositorio.unicartagena.edu.coBiblioteca Digital Universidad de Cartagenabdigital@metabiblioteca.com

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