El Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista 8: Validación de una breve medida de personalidad narcisista

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de construir y validar una forma corta del Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista (NPI). El NPI es la medida más ampliamente aplicada para la evaluación de los rasgos narcisistas de la personalidad y, por lo tanto, es de gran relevancia para muchas pregu...

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Autores:
Schmalbach, Bjarne
Zenger, Markus
Nanette Tibubos, Ana
Borkenhagen, Ada
Strauss, Bernhard
Brähler, Elmar
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Universidad de San Buenaventura
Repositorio:
Repositorio USB
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co:10819/25854
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/10819/25854
https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4855
Palabra clave:
Narcissism
personality trait
assessment
short scale
norm values
narcisismo
rasgo de la personalidad
evaluación
escala corta
valores de la norma
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openAccess
License
International Journal of Psychological Research - 2020
id SANBUENAV2_1e0270e68883f781327057344b022b32
oai_identifier_str oai:bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co:10819/25854
network_acronym_str SANBUENAV2
network_name_str Repositorio USB
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv El Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista 8: Validación de una breve medida de personalidad narcisista
dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv El Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista 8: Validación de una breve medida de personalidad narcisista
title El Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista 8: Validación de una breve medida de personalidad narcisista
spellingShingle El Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista 8: Validación de una breve medida de personalidad narcisista
Narcissism
personality trait
assessment
short scale
norm values
narcisismo
rasgo de la personalidad
evaluación
escala corta
valores de la norma
title_short El Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista 8: Validación de una breve medida de personalidad narcisista
title_full El Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista 8: Validación de una breve medida de personalidad narcisista
title_fullStr El Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista 8: Validación de una breve medida de personalidad narcisista
title_full_unstemmed El Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista 8: Validación de una breve medida de personalidad narcisista
title_sort El Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista 8: Validación de una breve medida de personalidad narcisista
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Schmalbach, Bjarne
Zenger, Markus
Nanette Tibubos, Ana
Borkenhagen, Ada
Strauss, Bernhard
Brähler, Elmar
dc.contributor.author.eng.fl_str_mv Schmalbach, Bjarne
Zenger, Markus
Nanette Tibubos, Ana
Borkenhagen, Ada
Strauss, Bernhard
Brähler, Elmar
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Narcissism
personality trait
assessment
short scale
norm values
topic Narcissism
personality trait
assessment
short scale
norm values
narcisismo
rasgo de la personalidad
evaluación
escala corta
valores de la norma
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv narcisismo
rasgo de la personalidad
evaluación
escala corta
valores de la norma
description El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de construir y validar una forma corta del Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista (NPI). El NPI es la medida más ampliamente aplicada para la evaluación de los rasgos narcisistas de la personalidad y, por lo tanto, es de gran relevancia para muchas preguntas de investigación en personalidad y psicología social. Para desarrollar la escala corta, primero encontramos la solución óptima de ocho ítems entre todas las combinaciones válidas de los ítems NPI-15 en una submuestra exploratoria (n = 1,165) de nuestra muestra representativa completa de la población general alemana. Luego validamos este modelo en una submuestra confirmatoria (n = 1,126). Además, examinamos su invariancia entre grupos de edad y sexo, así como su confiabilidad y validez constructiva y predictiva, comparándola con el NPI-15. Nuestros resultados indican que el NPI-8 es una medida válida y confiable de la personalidad narcisista con pérdidas mínimas en comparación con la versión de 15 ítems. Particularmente donde se desea brevedad y una evaluación económica, se debe considerar el NPI-8.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2020-08-20T02:38:00Z
2025-07-31T16:12:21Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2020-08-20T02:38:00Z
2025-07-31T16:12:21Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020-08-20
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 2011-2084
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10819/25854
dc.identifier.url.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4855
identifier_str_mv 10.21500/20112084.4855
2011-7922
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url https://hdl.handle.net/10819/25854
https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4855
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dc.relation.citationedition.eng.fl_str_mv Núm. 2 , Año 2020 : Volume 13(2)
dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv 77
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dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv 68
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dc.relation.ispartofjournal.eng.fl_str_mv International Journal of Psychological Research
dc.relation.references.eng.fl_str_mv Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(4), 440-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.03.002 Back, M. D., Küfner, A. C., Dufner, M., Gerlach, T. M., Rauthmann, J. F., & Denissen, J. J. (2013). Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(6), 1013-1037. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034431 Burton, J. P., & Hoobler, J. M. (2011). Aggressive reactions to abusive supervision: The role of interactional justice and narcissism. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52(4), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00886.x Campbell, W.K. & Foster, J.D. (2007). The narcissistic self: Background, an extended agency model, and ongoing controversies. In C. Sedikides & S. Spencer (Eds.), Frontiers in Social Psychology: The Self (pp. 115-138). Psychology Press. Chalmers, R. P. (2012). mirt: A multidimensional item response theory package for the R environment. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(6), 1-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i06 Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834 Corry, N., Merritt, R. D., Mrug, S., & Pamp, B. (2008). The factor structure of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(6), 593-600. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802388590 Davis, C., Dionne, M., & Shuster, B. (2001). Physical and psychological correlates of appearance orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(1), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869%2800%2900006-4 Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046 Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2001). Narcissism and motivation. Psychological Inquiry, 12(4), 216-219. Federal Statistical Office of Germany (2019). Bevölkerung [Population]. https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/_inhalt.html. Frances, A., Sacks, M., & Aronoff, M. S. (1977). Depersonalization: a self-relations perspective. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 58, 325-331. Freud, S. (1955). On narcissism: An introduction. Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1914) Gentile, B., Miller, J. D., Hoffman, B. J., Reidy, D. E., Zeichner, A., & Campbell, W. K. (2013). A test of two brief measures of grandiose narcissism: The Narcissistic Personality Inventory–13 and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1120-1136. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033192 Green, S. B., & Yang, Y. (2009). Reliability of summed item scores using structural equation modeling: An alternative to coefficient alpha. Psychometrika, 74(1), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-008-9100-1 Grijalva, E., Newman, D. A., Tay, L., Donnellan, M. B., Harms, P. D., Robins, R. W., & Yan, T. (2015). Gender differences in narcissism: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 141(2), 261. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038231 Hermann, A. D., Brunell, A. B., & Foster, J. D. (2018). Handbook of Trait Narcissism: Key Advances, Research Methods, and Controversies. Springer. Herrmann, C., Scholz, K. H., & Kreuzer, H. (1991). Psychologic screening of patients of a cardiologic acute care clinic with the German version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 41(2), 83-92. Hinz, A., & Brähler, E. (2011). Normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in the general German population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 71(2), 74-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.01.005 Jonkmann, K., Becker, M., Marsh, H. W., Lüdtke, O., & Trautwein, U. (2012). Personality traits moderate the Big-Fish–Little-Pond Effect of academic self-concept. Learning and Individual Differences, 22(6), 736-746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.07.020 Joreskog, K. G., & Moustaki, I. (2001). Factor analy- sis of ordinal variables: A comparison of three approaches. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36, 347-387. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327906347-387 Jorgensen, T. D., Pornprasertmanit, S., Schoemann, A. M., & Rosseel, Y. (2018). semTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling. R package version 0.5-0. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=semTools Kamata, A., & Bauer, D. J. (2008). A note on the relation between factor analytic and item response theory models. Structural Equation Modeling, 15, 136-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701758406 Kristensen, T. S., Hannerz, H., Hogh, A., & Borg, V. (2005). The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire-a tool for the assessment and improvement of the psychosocial work environment. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 31(6), 438-449. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.948 Lasch, C. (2018). The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations. W.W. Norton & Company. Li, C. H. (2016). Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behavior Research Methods, 48(3), 936-949. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0619-7 Michal, M., Kaufhold, J., Overbeck, G., & Grabhorn, R. (2006). Narcissistic regulation of the self and interpersonal problems in depersonalized patients. Psychopathology, 39(4), 192-198. https://doi.org/10.1159/000093523 Michal, M., Zwerenz, R., Tschan, R., Edinger, J., Lichy, M., Knebel, A., Tuin, I. & Beutel, M. (2010). Screening nach Depersonalisation-Derealisation mittels zweier Items der Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale. PPmP-Psychotherapie· Psychosomatik· Medizinische Psychologie, 60(05), 175-179. Milfont, T. L., & Fischer, R. (2010). Testing measurement invariance across groups: Applications in crosscultural research. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3(1), 111-130. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.857 Millsap, R. E., & Yun-Tein, J. (2004). Assessing factorial invariance in ordered-categorical measures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(3), 479-515. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327906MBR3903_4 Nübling, M., Stößel, U., Hasselhorn, H. M., Michaelis, M., & Hofmann, F. (2006). Measuring psychological stress and strain at work-Evaluation of the COPSOQ Questionnaire in Germany. GMS Psycho-Social Medicine, 3, Doc05. Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45(2), 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1979.45.2.590 Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02 Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74. Schultze, M. (2018). stuart: Subtests Using Algorithmic Rummaging Techniques. R package version 0.7.3. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=stuart Schütz, A., Marcus, B., & Sellin, I. (2004). Measuring narcissism as a personality construct: Psychometric properties of a long and a short version of the German Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Diagnostica, 50(4), 202-218. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924.50.4.202 Sierra, M., & Berrios, G. E. (2000). The Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale: a new instrument for the measurement of depersonalisation. Psychiatry Research, 93(2), 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00100-1 Spangenberg, L., Romppel, M., Bormann, B., Hofmeister, D., Brähler, E., & Strauß, B. (2013). Psychometrische Überprüfung einer Kurzform des Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-15): Dimensionalität und psychometrische Eigenschaften des NPI-15 in einer repräsentativen Bevölkerungsstichprobe. PPmP-Psychotherapie· Psychosomatik· Medizinische Psychologie, 63(08), 341-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1333288 Soyer, R. B., Rovenpor, J. L., & Kopelman, R. E. (1999). Narcissism and achievement motivation as related to three facets of the sales role: Attraction, satisfaction and performance. Journal of Business and psychology, 14(2), 285-304. Tibubos, A. N., Grammes, J., Beutel, M. E., Michal, M., Schmutzer, G., & Brähler, E. (2018). Emotion regulation strategies moderate the relationship of fatigue with depersonalization and derealization symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 571-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.079 Twenge, J. M. (2013). The evidence for generation me and against generation we. Emerging Adulthood, 1(1), 11-16. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2167696812466548 Wu, H., & Estabrook, R. (2016). Identification of confirmatory factor analysis models of different levels of invariance for ordered categorical outcomes. Psychometrika, 81(4), 1014-1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-016-9506-0 Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., Piotrowski, J., Rogoza, R., Baran, T., Hitokoto, H., & Maltby, J. (2018). Cross-cultural invariance of NPI-13: Entitlement as culturally specific, leadership and grandiosity as culturally universal. International Journal of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12487 Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
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spelling Schmalbach, BjarneZenger, MarkusNanette Tibubos, AnaBorkenhagen, AdaStrauss, BernhardBrähler, Elmar2020-08-20T02:38:00Z2025-07-31T16:12:21Z2020-08-20T02:38:00Z2025-07-31T16:12:21Z2020-08-20El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de construir y validar una forma corta del Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista (NPI). El NPI es la medida más ampliamente aplicada para la evaluación de los rasgos narcisistas de la personalidad y, por lo tanto, es de gran relevancia para muchas preguntas de investigación en personalidad y psicología social. Para desarrollar la escala corta, primero encontramos la solución óptima de ocho ítems entre todas las combinaciones válidas de los ítems NPI-15 en una submuestra exploratoria (n = 1,165) de nuestra muestra representativa completa de la población general alemana. Luego validamos este modelo en una submuestra confirmatoria (n = 1,126). Además, examinamos su invariancia entre grupos de edad y sexo, así como su confiabilidad y validez constructiva y predictiva, comparándola con el NPI-15. Nuestros resultados indican que el NPI-8 es una medida válida y confiable de la personalidad narcisista con pérdidas mínimas en comparación con la versión de 15 ítems. Particularmente donde se desea brevedad y una evaluación económica, se debe considerar el NPI-8.The present study was conducted with the aim of constructing and validating a short form of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). The NPI is the most widely-applied measure for the assessment of narcissistic personality traits and, therefore, it is of great relevance for many research questions in personality and social psychology. To develop the short scale, we first found the optimal eight-item solution among all valid combinations of the NPI-15 items in an exploratory subsample (n = 1,165) of our complete representative sample of the German general population. We then validated this model in a confirmatory subsample (n = 1,126). Additionally, we examined its invariance across age groups and sex, as well as its reliability,  as well as construct and predictive validity —comparing it to the NPI-15. Our results indicate that the NPI-8 is a valid and reliable measure of narcissistic personality with minimal losses compared to the 15-item version. Particularly where brevity and an economical assessment are desired, the NPI-8 should be considered.application/pdf10.21500/20112084.48552011-79222011-2084https://hdl.handle.net/10819/25854https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4855engUniversidad San Buenaventura - USB (Colombia)https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/download/4855/3703Núm. 2 , Año 2020 : Volume 13(2)7726813International Journal of Psychological ResearchAmes, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(4), 440-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.03.002 Back, M. D., Küfner, A. C., Dufner, M., Gerlach, T. M., Rauthmann, J. F., & Denissen, J. J. (2013). Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(6), 1013-1037. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034431 Burton, J. P., & Hoobler, J. M. (2011). Aggressive reactions to abusive supervision: The role of interactional justice and narcissism. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52(4), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00886.x Campbell, W.K. & Foster, J.D. (2007). The narcissistic self: Background, an extended agency model, and ongoing controversies. In C. Sedikides & S. Spencer (Eds.), Frontiers in Social Psychology: The Self (pp. 115-138). Psychology Press. Chalmers, R. P. (2012). mirt: A multidimensional item response theory package for the R environment. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(6), 1-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i06 Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834 Corry, N., Merritt, R. D., Mrug, S., & Pamp, B. (2008). The factor structure of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(6), 593-600. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802388590 Davis, C., Dionne, M., & Shuster, B. (2001). Physical and psychological correlates of appearance orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(1), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869%2800%2900006-4 Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046 Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2001). Narcissism and motivation. Psychological Inquiry, 12(4), 216-219. Federal Statistical Office of Germany (2019). Bevölkerung [Population]. https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/_inhalt.html. Frances, A., Sacks, M., & Aronoff, M. S. (1977). Depersonalization: a self-relations perspective. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 58, 325-331. Freud, S. (1955). On narcissism: An introduction. Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1914) Gentile, B., Miller, J. D., Hoffman, B. J., Reidy, D. E., Zeichner, A., & Campbell, W. K. (2013). A test of two brief measures of grandiose narcissism: The Narcissistic Personality Inventory–13 and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1120-1136. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033192 Green, S. B., & Yang, Y. (2009). Reliability of summed item scores using structural equation modeling: An alternative to coefficient alpha. Psychometrika, 74(1), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-008-9100-1 Grijalva, E., Newman, D. A., Tay, L., Donnellan, M. B., Harms, P. D., Robins, R. W., & Yan, T. (2015). Gender differences in narcissism: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 141(2), 261. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038231 Hermann, A. D., Brunell, A. B., & Foster, J. D. (2018). Handbook of Trait Narcissism: Key Advances, Research Methods, and Controversies. Springer. Herrmann, C., Scholz, K. H., & Kreuzer, H. (1991). Psychologic screening of patients of a cardiologic acute care clinic with the German version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 41(2), 83-92. Hinz, A., & Brähler, E. (2011). Normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in the general German population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 71(2), 74-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.01.005 Jonkmann, K., Becker, M., Marsh, H. W., Lüdtke, O., & Trautwein, U. (2012). Personality traits moderate the Big-Fish–Little-Pond Effect of academic self-concept. Learning and Individual Differences, 22(6), 736-746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.07.020 Joreskog, K. G., & Moustaki, I. (2001). Factor analy- sis of ordinal variables: A comparison of three approaches. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36, 347-387. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327906347-387 Jorgensen, T. D., Pornprasertmanit, S., Schoemann, A. M., & Rosseel, Y. (2018). semTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling. R package version 0.5-0. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=semTools Kamata, A., & Bauer, D. J. (2008). A note on the relation between factor analytic and item response theory models. Structural Equation Modeling, 15, 136-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701758406 Kristensen, T. S., Hannerz, H., Hogh, A., & Borg, V. (2005). 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Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.xInternational Journal of Psychological Research - 2020info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/view/4855Narcissismpersonality traitassessmentshort scalenorm valuesnarcisismorasgo de la personalidadevaluaciónescala cortavalores de la normaEl Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista 8: Validación de una breve medida de personalidad narcisistaEl Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista 8: Validación de una breve medida de personalidad narcisistaArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPublicationOREORE.xmltext/xml2813https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co/bitstreams/a013bf40-25e1-491d-a7a4-0c9a5e9e7f6e/download4501eff216efb8d37802a0c4f2f946afMD5110819/25854oai:bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.co:10819/258542025-07-31 11:12:21.623https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/https://bibliotecadigital.usb.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad de San Buenaventura Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.com

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