Smartphone dependency and its relationship with the meaning of life, psychological well-being and self-regulation in a sample of university students /

The problematic use of smartphones is increasingly common in the population; it is necessary to investigate both the associated factors and the relationship that this situation could have with relevant aspects such as the sense of life and subjective well-being. The objective of this study was orien...

Full description

Autores:
Klimenko, Olena
Muñoz-Figueroa, Jois Andrea
Hernández-Flórez, Nubia
Arroyave-Jaramillo, Diana Lucia
Londoño-Vásquez, David Alberto
Lhoeste-Charris, Álvaro
Gutiérrez-Vega, Ingrit
Tipo de recurso:
Article of investigation
Fecha de publicación:
2024
Institución:
Corporación Universitaria del Caribe - CECAR
Repositorio:
Repositorio Digital CECAR
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cecar.edu.co:cecar/10704
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.cecar.edu.co/handle/cecar/10704
Palabra clave:
Smartphone Dependence
Meaning of Life
Subjective Well-being
Self-regulation
Rights
openAccess
License
Derechos Reservados - Corporación Universitaria del Caribe CECAR
id RepoCECAR2_993822e8d24f314cdcb60d8653ff0756
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cecar.edu.co:cecar/10704
network_acronym_str RepoCECAR2
network_name_str Repositorio Digital CECAR
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Smartphone dependency and its relationship with the meaning of life, psychological well-being and self-regulation in a sample of university students /
title Smartphone dependency and its relationship with the meaning of life, psychological well-being and self-regulation in a sample of university students /
spellingShingle Smartphone dependency and its relationship with the meaning of life, psychological well-being and self-regulation in a sample of university students /
Smartphone Dependence
Meaning of Life
Subjective Well-being
Self-regulation
title_short Smartphone dependency and its relationship with the meaning of life, psychological well-being and self-regulation in a sample of university students /
title_full Smartphone dependency and its relationship with the meaning of life, psychological well-being and self-regulation in a sample of university students /
title_fullStr Smartphone dependency and its relationship with the meaning of life, psychological well-being and self-regulation in a sample of university students /
title_full_unstemmed Smartphone dependency and its relationship with the meaning of life, psychological well-being and self-regulation in a sample of university students /
title_sort Smartphone dependency and its relationship with the meaning of life, psychological well-being and self-regulation in a sample of university students /
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Klimenko, Olena
Muñoz-Figueroa, Jois Andrea
Hernández-Flórez, Nubia
Arroyave-Jaramillo, Diana Lucia
Londoño-Vásquez, David Alberto
Lhoeste-Charris, Álvaro
Gutiérrez-Vega, Ingrit
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Klimenko, Olena
Muñoz-Figueroa, Jois Andrea
Hernández-Flórez, Nubia
Arroyave-Jaramillo, Diana Lucia
Londoño-Vásquez, David Alberto
Lhoeste-Charris, Álvaro
Gutiérrez-Vega, Ingrit
dc.contributor.corporatename.none.fl_str_mv Corporación Universitaria del Caribe - CECAR
dc.contributor.researchgroup.none.fl_str_mv Dimensiones Humanas (DH)
dc.subject.proposal.none.fl_str_mv Smartphone Dependence
Meaning of Life
Subjective Well-being
Self-regulation
topic Smartphone Dependence
Meaning of Life
Subjective Well-being
Self-regulation
description The problematic use of smartphones is increasingly common in the population; it is necessary to investigate both the associated factors and the relationship that this situation could have with relevant aspects such as the sense of life and subjective well-being. The objective of this study was oriented to identify the presence of smartphone dependence in a sample of university students in Colombia, Cuba and Mexico and its possible association with the meaning of life, psychological well-being and self-regulation. It was the quantitative study with descriptive-correlational level and cross-sectional design, with the sample of 276 university students from these three countries, with the average age of M 23.5 (Dt 6.7), distributed in the range between 17 and 60 years. The Brief Mobile Phone Dependence Test, the Argentine adaptation of the meaning in life test and the Spanish adaptation of the scales of psychological well-being of Ryff were used. The results of study indicate a trend towards problematic cell phone use in the study sample, related to certain difficulties in commitment to the meaning of life and deficiencies at the level of self-regulation, especially at younger ages. Problematic smartphone use was associated with less sense of life, psychological well-being and self-regulation. As a main conclusion, the healthy use of technology is a priority goal for the education of young people, which requires delaying the age of initiation in the possession of cell phones and tablets, promotion of critical-reflective thinking skills, self-regulation and cognitive, executive, and metacognitive skills.
publishDate 2024
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2024
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2025-08-21T00:44:57Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_18ws
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/IFI
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 2587-0130
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cecar.edu.co/handle/cecar/10704
identifier_str_mv 2587-0130
url https://repositorio.cecar.edu.co/handle/cecar/10704
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv 54
dc.relation.citationissue.none.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv 36
dc.relation.citationvolume.none.fl_str_mv Volumen 8
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv Journal of Positive Psychology & Wellbeing
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv Bauman, Z. (2003). Liquid modernity. Mexico: Economic Culture Fund.
Brown, J. M., Miller, W. R., & Lawendowski, L. A. (1999). The self-regulation questionnaire. In L. Vandecreek and T. L. Jackson (eds). Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book. Vol. 17. Sarasota. FL: Professional Resources Press, 281–293.
Chan, S., Yeo, K., & Handayani, l. (2023). Types of smartphone usage and problematic smartphone use among adolescents: A review of literature. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 12 (2), 563-570, https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v12i2.22909
Chen, M., & Xiao, X. (2022) The effect of social media on the development of students’ affective variables. Front. Psychol. 13:1010766. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1010766
Chen, H., Dong, G., & Li, K. (2023). Overview on brain function enhancement of Internet addicts through exercise intervention: Based on reward-execution-decision cycle. Frontiers in psychiatry, 14, 1094583. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1094583
Chóliz, M. (2010). Mobile phone addiction: a point of issue. Addiction, 105(2), 373-374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02854.x
Chóliz, M. (2012). Mobile-phone addiction in adolescence: the test of mobile phone dependence (TMD). Progress in Health Sciences, 2(1), 33-44. https://www.academia.edu/25790048/Mobile_phone_addiction_in_adolescence_The_Test_of_Mobile_Phone_Dependence_TMD
Chóliz, M., Pinto, L., Phansalkar, S. S., Corr, E., Mujjahid, A., Flores, C., & Barrientos, P. E. (2016). Development of a brief multicultural version of the test of mobile phone dependence (TMD brief) questionnaire. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 650. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00650
Crumbaugh, J. C. & Maholick, L. T. (1964). An Experimental Study in Existentialism: The Psychometric Approach to Frankl's Concept of Noogenic Neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20(2), 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(196404)20:2<200::AID-JCLP2270200203>3.0.CO;2-U
Crumbaugh, J. C. & Maholick, L. T. (1969). Manual of Instructions for the Purpose in Life Test. Saratoga: Viktor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy
Csibi, S., Griffiths, M.D., Demetrovics, Z., & Attila Szabo (2021). Analysis of Problematic Smartphone Use Across Different Age Groups within the ‘Components Model of Addiction’. Int J Ment Health Addiction, 19, 616–631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00095-0
Csikszentmihalyi, M., Larson, R., & Prescott, S. (1977). The ecology of adolescent activity and experience. J. Youth Adolesc. 6, 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02138940
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). If we are so rich, why aren’t we happy? Am. Psychol. 54, 821–827. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.821
Díaz, D., Rodríguez-Carvajal, R., Blanco, A., Moreno-Jiménez, B., Gallardo, I., Valle, C., & Dierendonck, D. (2006). Adaptación española de las escalas de bienestar psicológico de Ryff. Psicothema, 18 (3), 572-577. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/727/72718337.pdf
Digital 2022 Global Overview Report (2022). Digital Report 2022: el informe sobre las tendencias digitales, redes sociales y mobile. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-global-overview-report
Ding, Y., Wan, X., Lu, G., Huang, H., Liang, Y., Yu, J., & Chen, C. (2022). The associations between smartphone addiction and self-esteem, self-control, and social support among Chinese adolescents: A meta-analysis. Front. Psychol. 13:1029323. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1029323
Dhanjal, H. (2019). Sources of meaning in life: A study of age and gender differences. IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review, 7(3), 536-544, https://www.proquest.com/docview/2618176101?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals
Dresp-Langley, B., & Hutt, A. (2022). Digital Addiction and Sleep. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(11), 6910. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116910
Dueñas, E. (2022). Problemas socio-existenciales derivados del alargamiento de la juventud en un contexto de precariedad. Revista Española de Sociología, 31 (4), a136, 1-19, https://doi.org/10.22325/fes/res.2022.136
Durao, M., Etchezahar, E., Ungaretti, J., & Calligaro, C. (2021). Propiedades psicométricas del Test de Dependencia al Teléfono Móvil (TDMB) en Argentina y sus relaciones con la impulsividad. Actualidades en Psicología, 35(130), 1-18. https://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ap.v34i129.41963
Elhai, J. D., Hall, B. J., Levine, J. C., & Dvorak, R. D. (2017). Types of smartphone usage and relations with problematic smartphone behaviors: The role of content consumption vs. social smartphone use. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 11(2), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2017-2-3
Garzón Umerenkova, A., de la Fuente, J., Martínez-Vicente, J., Zapata Sevillano, L., Pichardo M., & García-Berbén, A. (2017). Validation of the Spanish Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SSSRQ) through Rasch Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 8: 276. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.0027
Girela-Serrano, B., Spiers, A, Ruotong, L., Gangadia, Sh., Toledano, M., & Di Simplicio, M. (2022). Impact of mobile phones and wireless devices use on children and adolescents’ mental health: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, Publish on line: 16 june, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02012-8
Golovchanova, N., Owiredua, C., Boersma, K., Andershed, H., & Hellfeldt, K. (2021). Presence of Meaning in Life in Older Men and Women: The Role of Dimensions of Frailty and Social Support. Front. Psychol. 12:730724. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.7307242022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02012-8
Gottfried, A. E. (2016). Adaptación argentina del PIL Test (Test de Sentido en la Vida) de Crumbaugh y Maholick. Revista de Psicología, 12(23). http://bibliotecadigital.uca.edu.ar/repositorio/revistas/adaptacion-argentina-pil-test.pdf
Hosen, I., al Mamun, F., Tajuddin, M., Zaib Abbasi, A., Zou, L., Guo, T., & Mamun, M. (2021). Prevalence and Associated Factors of Problematic Smartphone Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Bangladeshi Study. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 14, 3797-3805, https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S325126
Hallauer, C. J., Rooney, E. A., Billieux, J., Hall, B. J., & Elhai, J. D. (2022). Mindfulness mediates relations between anxiety with problematic smartphone use severity. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 16(1), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2022-1-4
Horwood, S., Anglim, J., Mallawaarachchi, S. (2021). Problematic smartphone use in a large nationally representative sample: Age, reporting biases, and technology concerns. Computers in Human Behavior, 122, 106848, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106848.
Hu, Q., Liu, Q., & Wang, Z. (2022). Meaning in life as a mediator between interpersonal alienation and smartphone addiction in the context of Covid-19: a three-wave longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior, 127, 107058. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2021.107058
Ionescu, C. G., & Licu, M. (2023). Are TikTok Algorithms Influencing Users’ Self-Perceived Identities and Personal Values? A Mini Review. Social Sciences, 12 (8), 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12080465
Iso-Ahola, S.E., & Baumeister, R.F. (2023). Leisure and meaning in life. Front. Psychol. 14:1074649. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1074649
Joshi, S.C., Woodward, J., & Woltering, S. (2022). Cell phone use distracts young adults from academic work with limited benefit to self-regulatory behavior. Curr Psychol (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03830-4
Joshi, S. C., Woltering, S., & Woodward, J. (2023). Cell Phone Social Media Use and Psychological Well-Being in Young Adults: Implications for Internet-Related Disorders. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(2), 1197. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021197
Li, X., & Chan, M. (2022). Smartphone uses and emotional and psychological well-being in China: The attenuating role of perceived information overload. Behaviour and Information Technology, 41 (11), 2427-2437, https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2021.1929489
Lipovetsky, G. (2000). The era of the void. Essay on contemporary individualism. Ed. Anagrama S.A., Barcelona. https://catedradatos.com.ar/media/lipovetsky-La-era-del-vacio.pdf
Lyons, D., Kiyak, C., Cetinkaya, D., Hodge, S., & McAlaney, J. (2022). Design and Development of a Mobile Application to Combat Digital Addiction and Dissociative States During Phone Usage. 2022 IEEE International Conference on e-Business Engineering (ICEBE), Bournemouth, United Kingdom, 204-209, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEBE55470.2022.00043.
Maseda, P., Osete, Y., Pérez, G., Reglero, M., Sánchez, M., Sierra, L., & Vila, A. (2022). El sentido de vida en los jóvenes: redes sociales, relaciones significativas y actividades de ocio. Revista de estudios de juventud, 95, 59-72, http://www.injuve.es/sites/default/files/tema4_revista95.pdf
Mengistu, N., Habtamu, E., Kassaw, C., Madoro, D., Molla, W., Wudneh, A., Abebe, L., Duko, B. (2023). Problematic smartphone and social media use among undergraduate students during the COVID19 pandemic: In the case of southern Ethiopia universities. PLoS ONE, 18(1), e0280724 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280724
Mohammadi, M., Sarvestani, M., & Nouroozi, S. (2020). Mobile Phone Use in Education and Learning by Faculty Members of Technical-Engineering Groups: Concurrent Mixed Methods Design. Front. Educ. 5:16. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00016
Kayis, A. R., Satici, B., Deniz, M. E., Satici, S. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). Fear of COVID-19, loneliness, smartphone addiction, and mental wellbeing among the turkish general population: a serial mediation model. Behaviour and Information Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2021.1933181/SUPPL_FILE/TBIT_A_1933181_SM7287.DOCX
Klimenko, O. (2014). Crisis del ser en la sociedad contemporánea. Psicoespacios, 8 (12), 497-508, http://revistas.iue.edu.co/index.php/Psicoespacios
Koç, T., & Turan, A. H. (2020). The Relationships among Social Media Intensity, Smartphone Addiction, and subjective wellbeing of turkish College students. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16:5(5), 1999–2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11482-020-09857-8. 16.
Kõiv, K., & Saks, K. (2023). The role of self-directed learning while supporting NEET-youth: theoretical model based on systematic literature review, International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 28:1, https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2023.2242446
Kumar Behera, R., & Kumar, M. (2023). Smartphone addiction among university students: difference in gender and academic streams. The Online Journal of Distance Education and e-Learning, 11 (4), 3114-3122, https://www.tojdel.net/journals/tojdel/articles/v11i04/v11i04-13.pdf
Kusuma, A. (2020). Impact of social media on youth. Department of Comptuing andInformaticsBournemouth University Bournemouth, Great Britain, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347437746_Impact_of_Social_Media_on_Youth
Paabort, H., Flynn, P., Beilmann, M., & Petrescu, C. (2023). Policy responses to real world challenges associated with NEET youth: a scoping review. Front. Sustain. Cities 5:1154464. https:// doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2023.1154464
Pichardo, C., Justicia, F., de la Fuente, J., Martínez-Vicente, J. M., & Berbén, A. B. (2014). Factor structure of the self-regulation questionnaire (SRQ) at Spanish Universities. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17, E62. https:// doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2014.63
Pomytkina, L., Gudmanian, A., Kovtun, O., & Yahodzinsky, S. (2020). Personal choice: strategic life decision-making and conscience. E3S Web of Conferences, 164, 10021. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016410021
Pradeep, B., Shenoy, A.B., Shahane, S., Srividya R., Arelingaiah, M., D´Souza, R., Garady, L., Jyoti, M., Rachele, S., Dixit, A., Shetty, G., Lingaiah, P Rajneesh, Sh., & Gururaj, G. (2022). Age, gender, peers, life skills and quality of life influence risk of cell phone addiction among college teachers in Karnataka, India: a state level epidemiological analysis. BMC Public Health, 22, 180, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12575-5
Rahmani, H., & Groot, W. (2023). Risk Factors of Being a Youth Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET): A Scoping Review. International Journal of Educational Research, 120, 102198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2023.102198.
Ratan, Z.A., Parrish, A.-M., Alotaibi, M.S., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2022). Prevalence of Smartphone Addiction and Its Association with Sociodemographic, Physical and Mental Well-Being: A Cross-Sectional Study among the Young Adults of Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19, 16583. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph192416583
Rathod, A. S., Ingole, A., Gaidhane, A., & Choudhari, S. (2022). Psychological Morbidities Associated with Excessive Usage of Smartphones Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Review. Cureus, 14(10): e30756. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30756
Rosenthal, A., Levin, M.E., Garland, E.L., & Romanczuk-Seiferth, N. (2021). Mindfulness in Treatment Approaches for Addiction — Underlying Mechanisms and Future Directions. Curr Addict Rep, 8, 282–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00372-w
Ryan, D.A., & Boland, P. (2021). A scoping review of occupational therapy interventions in the treatment of people with substance use disorders. Irish Journal of Occupational Therapy, 49 (2), 104-114. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOT-11-2020-0017
Terán Prieto, A. (2019). Ciberadicciones. Adicción a las nuevas tecnologías (NTIC). En: AEPap (ed.). Congreso de Actualización Pediatría 2019. Madrid: Lúa Ediciones 3.0; 131-141. https://www.aepap.org/sites/default/files/pags._131-142_ciberadicciones.pdf
Sapien Labs (2023). Age of First Smartphone/Tablet and Mental Wellbeing Outcomes. https://sapienlabs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Sapien-Labs-Age-of-First-Smartphone-and-Mental-Wellbeing-Outcomes.pdf
Singh, R., & Munderia, R. (2022). Relationship Between Four Needs of Meaningand Smartphone Usage. In A. C.-K. Chan et al. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Meaning in Life International Conference 2022 - Cultivating, Promoting, and Enhancing Meaning in Life Across Cultures and Life Span (MIL 2022). Atlantis Press, 112–125, https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-096-1_9
Şimşek, O.M., Kaya, A.B., Çevık, O. & Koçak, O. (2023). How is the problematic smartphone use affected by social support? A research model supported by the mediation of Ikigai. Curr Psychol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04362-1
Sohn, S.Y., Rees, P., Wildridge, B., Nicola, J. K., & Carter, B. (2019). Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental health outcomes amongst children and young people: a systematic review, meta-analysis and GRADE of the evidence. BMC Psychiatry, 19, 356. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2350-x
Sundaram, A. (2018). The dark side of social media: a reality becoming more contemporary by the day. Asian Social Science, 14 (1), 23-38, https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v14n1p23
Sung-Min, S., & Byoung-Jin, J. (2022). Effects of Smartphone Overdependence and the Quality of Friendship on Depression among High School Students. Occupational Terapy International, 2022, Article ID 3932326, 7 pages, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3932326
Świątek, A. H., Szcześniak, M., Aleksandrowicz, B., Zaczkowska, D., Wawer, W., & Ścisłowska, M. (2023). Problematic Smartphone Use and Social Media Fatigue: The Mediating Role of Self-Control. Psychology research and behavior management, 16, 211–222. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S389806
Tábora Cruz, O. (2021). Efecto de las distracciones por el uso del teléfono celular durante la conducción. Infraestructura Vial, 23(42), 61-70. https://dx.doi.org/10.15517/iv.v23i42.46667
Tangmunkongvorakul, A., Musumari, P.M., Thongpibul, K., Srithanaviboonchai, K., Techasrivichien, T., Suguimoto, S.P., Ono-Kihara, M., & Kihara, M. (2019). Association of excessive smartphone use with psychological well-being among university students in Chiang Mai, Thailand. PLoS ONE 14(1): e0210294. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0210294
Valdivia Campos, I. (2022). ¿Qué es la generación de cristal? Concepto y sus características. Universidad Privada Del Norte, [Blog], https://blogs.upn.edu.pe/salud/2022/05/02/que-es-la-generacion-de-cristal-concepto-y-sus-caracteristicas/
van Deursen, A. J. A. M. (2020). Digital Inequality during a pandemic: quantitative study of differences in COVID-19–Related internet uses and outcomes among the General Population. Journal Of Medical Internet Research, 22(8), e20073. https://doi.org/10.2196/20073
Vujić, A., & Szabo, A. (2022). Hedonic use, stress, and life satisfaction as predictors of smartphone addiction. Addictive behaviors reports, 15, 100411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100411
Wan, X., Huang, H., Jia, R., Liang, D., Lu, G., & Chen, C. (2022). Association between mobile phone addiction and social support among mainland Chinese teenagers: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in public health, 10, 911560. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.911560
Wu, Y. Y., & Chou, W. H. (2023). Smartphone addiction, gender and interpersonal attachment: A cross-sectional analytical survey in Taiwan. Digital health, 9, 20552076231177134. https://doi.org/10.1177/205520762311771
Zeng, Y., Zhang, J., Wei, J., & Li, S. (2022). The Impact of Undergraduates' Social Isolation on Smartphone Addiction: The Roles of Academic Anxiety and Social Media Use. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(23), 15903. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315903
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Derechos Reservados - Corporación Universitaria del Caribe CECAR
dc.rights.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv Derechos Reservados - Corporación Universitaria del Caribe CECAR
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv 19 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.place.none.fl_str_mv Colombia
institution Corporación Universitaria del Caribe - CECAR
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cecar.edu.co/bitstreams/816b0dfc-6eef-4a86-9f8f-32a3c5645fd3/download
https://repositorio.cecar.edu.co/bitstreams/496147c6-3289-47d6-8b76-6d320725eaec/download
https://repositorio.cecar.edu.co/bitstreams/7167a3a1-2235-47b6-9fd0-b624c1ee1455/download
https://repositorio.cecar.edu.co/bitstreams/0ea2d956-7e89-410c-ad50-267fbf5cb848/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv c63fe4d80f00e08a841a6bf5d8797302
b76e7a76e24cf2f94b3ce0ae5ed275d0
39005dd879e7efe1fde659e2b64dc182
e3df8da45539554b0bd16a5965f1575d
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Digital de la Corporación Universitaria Del Caribe (Cecar)
repository.mail.fl_str_mv biblioteca@cecar.edu.co
_version_ 1851054132329185280
spelling Klimenko, OlenaMuñoz-Figueroa, Jois AndreaHernández-Flórez, NubiaArroyave-Jaramillo, Diana LuciaLondoño-Vásquez, David AlbertoLhoeste-Charris, ÁlvaroGutiérrez-Vega, IngritCorporación Universitaria del Caribe - CECARDimensiones Humanas (DH)2025-08-21T00:44:57Z20242587-0130https://repositorio.cecar.edu.co/handle/cecar/10704The problematic use of smartphones is increasingly common in the population; it is necessary to investigate both the associated factors and the relationship that this situation could have with relevant aspects such as the sense of life and subjective well-being. The objective of this study was oriented to identify the presence of smartphone dependence in a sample of university students in Colombia, Cuba and Mexico and its possible association with the meaning of life, psychological well-being and self-regulation. It was the quantitative study with descriptive-correlational level and cross-sectional design, with the sample of 276 university students from these three countries, with the average age of M 23.5 (Dt 6.7), distributed in the range between 17 and 60 years. The Brief Mobile Phone Dependence Test, the Argentine adaptation of the meaning in life test and the Spanish adaptation of the scales of psychological well-being of Ryff were used. The results of study indicate a trend towards problematic cell phone use in the study sample, related to certain difficulties in commitment to the meaning of life and deficiencies at the level of self-regulation, especially at younger ages. Problematic smartphone use was associated with less sense of life, psychological well-being and self-regulation. As a main conclusion, the healthy use of technology is a priority goal for the education of young people, which requires delaying the age of initiation in the possession of cell phones and tablets, promotion of critical-reflective thinking skills, self-regulation and cognitive, executive, and metacognitive skills.Deporte, actividad física y salud.Desarrollo cognitivo, salud mental y neuropsicología.Gestión ciudadana y del estado en el desarrollo organizacional, social y comunitario.Vulnerabilidad social y grupos poblacionales.19 páginasapplication/pdfspaDerechos Reservados - Corporación Universitaria del Caribe CECARhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Smartphone dependency and its relationship with the meaning of life, psychological well-being and self-regulation in a sample of university students /Artículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_18wsTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/IFIinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Colombia54136Volumen 8Journal of Positive Psychology & WellbeingBauman, Z. (2003). Liquid modernity. Mexico: Economic Culture Fund.Brown, J. M., Miller, W. R., & Lawendowski, L. A. (1999). The self-regulation questionnaire. In L. Vandecreek and T. L. Jackson (eds). Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book. Vol. 17. Sarasota. FL: Professional Resources Press, 281–293.Chan, S., Yeo, K., & Handayani, l. (2023). Types of smartphone usage and problematic smartphone use among adolescents: A review of literature. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 12 (2), 563-570, https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v12i2.22909Chen, M., & Xiao, X. (2022) The effect of social media on the development of students’ affective variables. Front. Psychol. 13:1010766. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1010766Chen, H., Dong, G., & Li, K. (2023). Overview on brain function enhancement of Internet addicts through exercise intervention: Based on reward-execution-decision cycle. Frontiers in psychiatry, 14, 1094583. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1094583Chóliz, M. (2010). Mobile phone addiction: a point of issue. Addiction, 105(2), 373-374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02854.xChóliz, M. (2012). Mobile-phone addiction in adolescence: the test of mobile phone dependence (TMD). Progress in Health Sciences, 2(1), 33-44. https://www.academia.edu/25790048/Mobile_phone_addiction_in_adolescence_The_Test_of_Mobile_Phone_Dependence_TMDChóliz, M., Pinto, L., Phansalkar, S. S., Corr, E., Mujjahid, A., Flores, C., & Barrientos, P. E. (2016). Development of a brief multicultural version of the test of mobile phone dependence (TMD brief) questionnaire. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 650. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00650Crumbaugh, J. C. & Maholick, L. T. (1964). An Experimental Study in Existentialism: The Psychometric Approach to Frankl's Concept of Noogenic Neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20(2), 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(196404)20:2<200::AID-JCLP2270200203>3.0.CO;2-UCrumbaugh, J. C. & Maholick, L. T. (1969). Manual of Instructions for the Purpose in Life Test. Saratoga: Viktor Frankl Institute of LogotherapyCsibi, S., Griffiths, M.D., Demetrovics, Z., & Attila Szabo (2021). Analysis of Problematic Smartphone Use Across Different Age Groups within the ‘Components Model of Addiction’. Int J Ment Health Addiction, 19, 616–631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00095-0Csikszentmihalyi, M., Larson, R., & Prescott, S. (1977). The ecology of adolescent activity and experience. J. Youth Adolesc. 6, 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02138940Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). If we are so rich, why aren’t we happy? Am. Psychol. 54, 821–827. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.821Díaz, D., Rodríguez-Carvajal, R., Blanco, A., Moreno-Jiménez, B., Gallardo, I., Valle, C., & Dierendonck, D. (2006). Adaptación española de las escalas de bienestar psicológico de Ryff. Psicothema, 18 (3), 572-577. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/727/72718337.pdfDigital 2022 Global Overview Report (2022). Digital Report 2022: el informe sobre las tendencias digitales, redes sociales y mobile. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-global-overview-reportDing, Y., Wan, X., Lu, G., Huang, H., Liang, Y., Yu, J., & Chen, C. (2022). The associations between smartphone addiction and self-esteem, self-control, and social support among Chinese adolescents: A meta-analysis. Front. Psychol. 13:1029323. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1029323Dhanjal, H. (2019). Sources of meaning in life: A study of age and gender differences. IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review, 7(3), 536-544, https://www.proquest.com/docview/2618176101?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Scholarly%20JournalsDresp-Langley, B., & Hutt, A. (2022). Digital Addiction and Sleep. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(11), 6910. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116910Dueñas, E. (2022). Problemas socio-existenciales derivados del alargamiento de la juventud en un contexto de precariedad. Revista Española de Sociología, 31 (4), a136, 1-19, https://doi.org/10.22325/fes/res.2022.136Durao, M., Etchezahar, E., Ungaretti, J., & Calligaro, C. (2021). Propiedades psicométricas del Test de Dependencia al Teléfono Móvil (TDMB) en Argentina y sus relaciones con la impulsividad. Actualidades en Psicología, 35(130), 1-18. https://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ap.v34i129.41963Elhai, J. D., Hall, B. J., Levine, J. C., & Dvorak, R. D. (2017). Types of smartphone usage and relations with problematic smartphone behaviors: The role of content consumption vs. social smartphone use. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 11(2), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2017-2-3Garzón Umerenkova, A., de la Fuente, J., Martínez-Vicente, J., Zapata Sevillano, L., Pichardo M., & García-Berbén, A. (2017). Validation of the Spanish Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SSSRQ) through Rasch Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 8: 276. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.0027Girela-Serrano, B., Spiers, A, Ruotong, L., Gangadia, Sh., Toledano, M., & Di Simplicio, M. (2022). Impact of mobile phones and wireless devices use on children and adolescents’ mental health: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, Publish on line: 16 june, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02012-8Golovchanova, N., Owiredua, C., Boersma, K., Andershed, H., & Hellfeldt, K. (2021). Presence of Meaning in Life in Older Men and Women: The Role of Dimensions of Frailty and Social Support. Front. Psychol. 12:730724. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.7307242022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02012-8Gottfried, A. E. (2016). Adaptación argentina del PIL Test (Test de Sentido en la Vida) de Crumbaugh y Maholick. Revista de Psicología, 12(23). http://bibliotecadigital.uca.edu.ar/repositorio/revistas/adaptacion-argentina-pil-test.pdfHosen, I., al Mamun, F., Tajuddin, M., Zaib Abbasi, A., Zou, L., Guo, T., & Mamun, M. (2021). Prevalence and Associated Factors of Problematic Smartphone Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Bangladeshi Study. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 14, 3797-3805, https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S325126Hallauer, C. J., Rooney, E. A., Billieux, J., Hall, B. J., & Elhai, J. D. (2022). Mindfulness mediates relations between anxiety with problematic smartphone use severity. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 16(1), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2022-1-4Horwood, S., Anglim, J., Mallawaarachchi, S. (2021). Problematic smartphone use in a large nationally representative sample: Age, reporting biases, and technology concerns. Computers in Human Behavior, 122, 106848, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106848.Hu, Q., Liu, Q., & Wang, Z. (2022). Meaning in life as a mediator between interpersonal alienation and smartphone addiction in the context of Covid-19: a three-wave longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior, 127, 107058. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2021.107058Ionescu, C. G., & Licu, M. (2023). Are TikTok Algorithms Influencing Users’ Self-Perceived Identities and Personal Values? A Mini Review. Social Sciences, 12 (8), 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12080465Iso-Ahola, S.E., & Baumeister, R.F. (2023). Leisure and meaning in life. Front. Psychol. 14:1074649. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1074649Joshi, S.C., Woodward, J., & Woltering, S. (2022). Cell phone use distracts young adults from academic work with limited benefit to self-regulatory behavior. Curr Psychol (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03830-4Joshi, S. C., Woltering, S., & Woodward, J. (2023). Cell Phone Social Media Use and Psychological Well-Being in Young Adults: Implications for Internet-Related Disorders. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(2), 1197. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021197Li, X., & Chan, M. (2022). Smartphone uses and emotional and psychological well-being in China: The attenuating role of perceived information overload. Behaviour and Information Technology, 41 (11), 2427-2437, https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2021.1929489Lipovetsky, G. (2000). The era of the void. Essay on contemporary individualism. Ed. Anagrama S.A., Barcelona. https://catedradatos.com.ar/media/lipovetsky-La-era-del-vacio.pdfLyons, D., Kiyak, C., Cetinkaya, D., Hodge, S., & McAlaney, J. (2022). Design and Development of a Mobile Application to Combat Digital Addiction and Dissociative States During Phone Usage. 2022 IEEE International Conference on e-Business Engineering (ICEBE), Bournemouth, United Kingdom, 204-209, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEBE55470.2022.00043.Maseda, P., Osete, Y., Pérez, G., Reglero, M., Sánchez, M., Sierra, L., & Vila, A. (2022). El sentido de vida en los jóvenes: redes sociales, relaciones significativas y actividades de ocio. Revista de estudios de juventud, 95, 59-72, http://www.injuve.es/sites/default/files/tema4_revista95.pdfMengistu, N., Habtamu, E., Kassaw, C., Madoro, D., Molla, W., Wudneh, A., Abebe, L., Duko, B. (2023). Problematic smartphone and social media use among undergraduate students during the COVID19 pandemic: In the case of southern Ethiopia universities. PLoS ONE, 18(1), e0280724 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280724Mohammadi, M., Sarvestani, M., & Nouroozi, S. (2020). Mobile Phone Use in Education and Learning by Faculty Members of Technical-Engineering Groups: Concurrent Mixed Methods Design. Front. Educ. 5:16. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00016Kayis, A. R., Satici, B., Deniz, M. E., Satici, S. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). Fear of COVID-19, loneliness, smartphone addiction, and mental wellbeing among the turkish general population: a serial mediation model. Behaviour and Information Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2021.1933181/SUPPL_FILE/TBIT_A_1933181_SM7287.DOCXKlimenko, O. (2014). Crisis del ser en la sociedad contemporánea. Psicoespacios, 8 (12), 497-508, http://revistas.iue.edu.co/index.php/PsicoespaciosKoç, T., & Turan, A. H. (2020). The Relationships among Social Media Intensity, Smartphone Addiction, and subjective wellbeing of turkish College students. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16:5(5), 1999–2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11482-020-09857-8. 16.Kõiv, K., & Saks, K. (2023). The role of self-directed learning while supporting NEET-youth: theoretical model based on systematic literature review, International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 28:1, https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2023.2242446Kumar Behera, R., & Kumar, M. (2023). Smartphone addiction among university students: difference in gender and academic streams. The Online Journal of Distance Education and e-Learning, 11 (4), 3114-3122, https://www.tojdel.net/journals/tojdel/articles/v11i04/v11i04-13.pdfKusuma, A. (2020). Impact of social media on youth. Department of Comptuing andInformaticsBournemouth University Bournemouth, Great Britain, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347437746_Impact_of_Social_Media_on_YouthPaabort, H., Flynn, P., Beilmann, M., & Petrescu, C. (2023). Policy responses to real world challenges associated with NEET youth: a scoping review. Front. Sustain. Cities 5:1154464. https:// doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2023.1154464Pichardo, C., Justicia, F., de la Fuente, J., Martínez-Vicente, J. M., & Berbén, A. B. (2014). Factor structure of the self-regulation questionnaire (SRQ) at Spanish Universities. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17, E62. https:// doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2014.63Pomytkina, L., Gudmanian, A., Kovtun, O., & Yahodzinsky, S. (2020). Personal choice: strategic life decision-making and conscience. E3S Web of Conferences, 164, 10021. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016410021Pradeep, B., Shenoy, A.B., Shahane, S., Srividya R., Arelingaiah, M., D´Souza, R., Garady, L., Jyoti, M., Rachele, S., Dixit, A., Shetty, G., Lingaiah, P Rajneesh, Sh., & Gururaj, G. (2022). Age, gender, peers, life skills and quality of life influence risk of cell phone addiction among college teachers in Karnataka, India: a state level epidemiological analysis. BMC Public Health, 22, 180, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12575-5Rahmani, H., & Groot, W. (2023). Risk Factors of Being a Youth Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET): A Scoping Review. International Journal of Educational Research, 120, 102198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2023.102198.Ratan, Z.A., Parrish, A.-M., Alotaibi, M.S., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2022). Prevalence of Smartphone Addiction and Its Association with Sociodemographic, Physical and Mental Well-Being: A Cross-Sectional Study among the Young Adults of Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19, 16583. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph192416583Rathod, A. S., Ingole, A., Gaidhane, A., & Choudhari, S. (2022). Psychological Morbidities Associated with Excessive Usage of Smartphones Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Review. Cureus, 14(10): e30756. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30756Rosenthal, A., Levin, M.E., Garland, E.L., & Romanczuk-Seiferth, N. (2021). Mindfulness in Treatment Approaches for Addiction — Underlying Mechanisms and Future Directions. Curr Addict Rep, 8, 282–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00372-wRyan, D.A., & Boland, P. (2021). A scoping review of occupational therapy interventions in the treatment of people with substance use disorders. Irish Journal of Occupational Therapy, 49 (2), 104-114. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOT-11-2020-0017Terán Prieto, A. (2019). Ciberadicciones. Adicción a las nuevas tecnologías (NTIC). En: AEPap (ed.). Congreso de Actualización Pediatría 2019. Madrid: Lúa Ediciones 3.0; 131-141. https://www.aepap.org/sites/default/files/pags._131-142_ciberadicciones.pdfSapien Labs (2023). Age of First Smartphone/Tablet and Mental Wellbeing Outcomes. https://sapienlabs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Sapien-Labs-Age-of-First-Smartphone-and-Mental-Wellbeing-Outcomes.pdfSingh, R., & Munderia, R. (2022). Relationship Between Four Needs of Meaningand Smartphone Usage. In A. C.-K. Chan et al. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Meaning in Life International Conference 2022 - Cultivating, Promoting, and Enhancing Meaning in Life Across Cultures and Life Span (MIL 2022). Atlantis Press, 112–125, https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-096-1_9Şimşek, O.M., Kaya, A.B., Çevık, O. & Koçak, O. (2023). How is the problematic smartphone use affected by social support? A research model supported by the mediation of Ikigai. Curr Psychol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04362-1Sohn, S.Y., Rees, P., Wildridge, B., Nicola, J. K., & Carter, B. (2019). Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental health outcomes amongst children and young people: a systematic review, meta-analysis and GRADE of the evidence. BMC Psychiatry, 19, 356. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2350-xSundaram, A. (2018). The dark side of social media: a reality becoming more contemporary by the day. Asian Social Science, 14 (1), 23-38, https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v14n1p23Sung-Min, S., & Byoung-Jin, J. (2022). Effects of Smartphone Overdependence and the Quality of Friendship on Depression among High School Students. Occupational Terapy International, 2022, Article ID 3932326, 7 pages, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3932326Świątek, A. H., Szcześniak, M., Aleksandrowicz, B., Zaczkowska, D., Wawer, W., & Ścisłowska, M. (2023). Problematic Smartphone Use and Social Media Fatigue: The Mediating Role of Self-Control. Psychology research and behavior management, 16, 211–222. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S389806Tábora Cruz, O. (2021). Efecto de las distracciones por el uso del teléfono celular durante la conducción. Infraestructura Vial, 23(42), 61-70. https://dx.doi.org/10.15517/iv.v23i42.46667Tangmunkongvorakul, A., Musumari, P.M., Thongpibul, K., Srithanaviboonchai, K., Techasrivichien, T., Suguimoto, S.P., Ono-Kihara, M., & Kihara, M. (2019). Association of excessive smartphone use with psychological well-being among university students in Chiang Mai, Thailand. PLoS ONE 14(1): e0210294. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0210294Valdivia Campos, I. (2022). ¿Qué es la generación de cristal? Concepto y sus características. Universidad Privada Del Norte, [Blog], https://blogs.upn.edu.pe/salud/2022/05/02/que-es-la-generacion-de-cristal-concepto-y-sus-caracteristicas/van Deursen, A. J. A. M. (2020). Digital Inequality during a pandemic: quantitative study of differences in COVID-19–Related internet uses and outcomes among the General Population. Journal Of Medical Internet Research, 22(8), e20073. https://doi.org/10.2196/20073Vujić, A., & Szabo, A. (2022). Hedonic use, stress, and life satisfaction as predictors of smartphone addiction. Addictive behaviors reports, 15, 100411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100411Wan, X., Huang, H., Jia, R., Liang, D., Lu, G., & Chen, C. (2022). Association between mobile phone addiction and social support among mainland Chinese teenagers: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in public health, 10, 911560. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.911560Wu, Y. Y., & Chou, W. H. (2023). Smartphone addiction, gender and interpersonal attachment: A cross-sectional analytical survey in Taiwan. Digital health, 9, 20552076231177134. https://doi.org/10.1177/205520762311771Zeng, Y., Zhang, J., Wei, J., & Li, S. (2022). The Impact of Undergraduates' Social Isolation on Smartphone Addiction: The Roles of Academic Anxiety and Social Media Use. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(23), 15903. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315903Smartphone DependenceMeaning of LifeSubjective Well-beingSelf-regulationPublicationORIGINALdocument.pdfdocument.pdfapplication/pdf317887https://repositorio.cecar.edu.co/bitstreams/816b0dfc-6eef-4a86-9f8f-32a3c5645fd3/downloadc63fe4d80f00e08a841a6bf5d8797302MD51trueAnonymousREADLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814837https://repositorio.cecar.edu.co/bitstreams/496147c6-3289-47d6-8b76-6d320725eaec/downloadb76e7a76e24cf2f94b3ce0ae5ed275d0MD52falseAnonymousREADTEXTdocument.pdf.txtdocument.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain66772https://repositorio.cecar.edu.co/bitstreams/7167a3a1-2235-47b6-9fd0-b624c1ee1455/download39005dd879e7efe1fde659e2b64dc182MD53falseAnonymousREADTHUMBNAILdocument.pdf.jpgdocument.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg14554https://repositorio.cecar.edu.co/bitstreams/0ea2d956-7e89-410c-ad50-267fbf5cb848/downloade3df8da45539554b0bd16a5965f1575dMD54falseAnonymousREADcecar/10704oai:repositorio.cecar.edu.co:cecar/107042025-08-21 03:00:13.848https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Derechos Reservados - Corporación Universitaria del Caribe CECARopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cecar.edu.coRepositorio Digital de la Corporación Universitaria Del Caribe (Cecar)biblioteca@cecar.edu.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

Publicaciones similares