Characterization of a wild strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for obtaining a biopreparation with probiotic profile

Generation of organic wastes is a worldwide environmental issue, although, if properly handled they may be a valuable source of animal nutrients. The objective was to determine the performance of a wild strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a biopreparation from ruminal content enriched with peels of f...

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Autores:
Arias, Jhoanna
Lara, cecilia
Salgado, Rodrigo
Torregroza, Angélica María
Torregroza, Ana
Tipo de recurso:
Article of investigation
Fecha de publicación:
2017
Institución:
Corporación Universitaria del Caribe - CECAR
Repositorio:
Repositorio Digital CECAR
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cecar.edu.co:cecar/10838
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.cecar.edu.co/handle/cecar/10838
Palabra clave:
Ananas comosus
Carica papaya
Musa sapientum
ruminal content
Rights
openAccess
License
Corporación universitaria del caribe - Cecar
id RepoCECAR2_2c10746e26be7dfc9da77a71fe73a6d5
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cecar.edu.co:cecar/10838
network_acronym_str RepoCECAR2
network_name_str Repositorio Digital CECAR
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Characterization of a wild strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for obtaining a biopreparation with probiotic profile
title Characterization of a wild strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for obtaining a biopreparation with probiotic profile
spellingShingle Characterization of a wild strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for obtaining a biopreparation with probiotic profile
Ananas comosus
Carica papaya
Musa sapientum
ruminal content
title_short Characterization of a wild strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for obtaining a biopreparation with probiotic profile
title_full Characterization of a wild strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for obtaining a biopreparation with probiotic profile
title_fullStr Characterization of a wild strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for obtaining a biopreparation with probiotic profile
title_full_unstemmed Characterization of a wild strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for obtaining a biopreparation with probiotic profile
title_sort Characterization of a wild strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for obtaining a biopreparation with probiotic profile
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Arias, Jhoanna
Lara, cecilia
Salgado, Rodrigo
Torregroza, Angélica María
Torregroza, Ana
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Arias, Jhoanna
Lara, cecilia
Salgado, Rodrigo
Torregroza, Angélica María
Torregroza, Ana
dc.contributor.researchgroup.none.fl_str_mv Gestión de la innovación empresarial y social
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Ananas comosus
Carica papaya
Musa sapientum
ruminal content
topic Ananas comosus
Carica papaya
Musa sapientum
ruminal content
description Generation of organic wastes is a worldwide environmental issue, although, if properly handled they may be a valuable source of animal nutrients. The objective was to determine the performance of a wild strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a biopreparation from ruminal content enriched with peels of fruits. Probiotic properties of the wild strain such as tolerance to bile salts, pH changes, changes in temperature, high concentrations of sodium chloride; additional to antagonism testing and gas production from glucose were verified in vitro. Microbial growth was evaluated in a medium prepared from clarified ruminal content 40 % v/v, enriched with peel wastes from papaya, pineapple and banana at 25, 50, and 75 % w/w concentrations. Results showed that wild strain had a higher growth in the medium obtained with 50 % w/v fruit wastes. Growth of the strain in this medium disclosed the highest biomass production at 40 hours (2.28x108 cfu·mL-1). The viability of the strain showed no important decrease during two months in the log scale of the inoculum. It is concluded that ruminal content enriched with fruit peels provides necessary nutrients for growth of the wild strain S. cerevisiae with probiotic characteristics and the biopreparation represents a supplement which may be useful not only at nutritional level but also to decrease environmental impact caused by these organic wastes.
publishDate 2017
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2017
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2025-09-02T16:11:20Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv ARIAS, Johanna M et al. Characterization of a wild strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for obtaining a biopreparation with probiotic profile. Bioagro [online]. 2017, vol.29, n.3 [citado 2025-09-02], pp.197-206. Disponible en: <http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1316-33612017000300005&lng=es&nrm=iso>. ISSN 1316-3361.
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cecar.edu.co/handle/cecar/10838
dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv 1316-3361
identifier_str_mv ARIAS, Johanna M et al. Characterization of a wild strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for obtaining a biopreparation with probiotic profile. Bioagro [online]. 2017, vol.29, n.3 [citado 2025-09-02], pp.197-206. Disponible en: <http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1316-33612017000300005&lng=es&nrm=iso>. ISSN 1316-3361.
1316-3361
url https://repositorio.cecar.edu.co/handle/cecar/10838
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv 206
dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv 197
dc.relation.citationvolume.none.fl_str_mv Volumen 3
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv BIOAGRO
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv AOAC. 1990. Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Washington, D.C.
Abreu-Abreu, A. 2012. Prebióticos, probióticos y simbióticos. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 77: 26-28
APHA. 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association. Washington, D.C.
Blomberg, A. 2000. Metabolic surprises in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during adaptation to saline conditions: questions, some answers and a model. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 182(1): 1-8
Bridson, E. 1994. The Development, Manufacture and Control of Microbiological Culture Media. Unipath. Bedford, UK
Cavazzoni, V., A. Adami and G. Castrovilli. 1998. Performance of broiler chickens supplemented with Bacillus coagulans as probiotic. British Poultry Science 30: 526-529.
DANE (Dirección Nacional de Estadística). 2014. Censo Nacional Agropuecuario. http://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas -por-tema/agropecuario/ (visited 07/28/2017).
Drisko, J., C. Giles and B. Bischoff. 2003. Probiotics in health maintenance and disease prevention. Altern. Med. Rev. 8(2): 143-155.
Duncan, S., K. Scott, A. Ramsay, H. Harmsen, W. Gjalt and S. Colin. 2013. Effects of alternative dietary substrates on competition between human colonic bacteria in an anaerobic fermentor system. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 69: 1136-1142.
FAO. 2006. Livestock's long shadow. Environmental issues and options. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. 290 p.
FAO. 2016. Probiotics in animal nutrition: production, impact and regulation. Animal Production and Health. Paper 179. Rome.
García, M., Y. López and A. Carcassés. 2012. Empleo de probióticos en los animales. Sitio Argentino de Producción Animal. 8 p. http:// produccion-animal.com.ar (visited 07/28/2017).
Gil, M., L. Vélez, L. d. Millán, M. Acosta, A. Díez, N. Cardona and G. Villa. 2011. Desarrollo de un producto de panadería con alto valor nutricional a partir de la harina obtenida del banano verde con cáscara: una nueva opción para el aprovechamiento de residuos de la industria de exportación. Producción+Limpia 6(1): 96-107
Guerrero, E. and F. Ramírez. 2004. Manejo ambiental de residuos en mataderos de pequeños municip
Gutiérrez, E., G. Medina, M. Roman, O. Florez and O. Martínez. 2002. Obtención y cuantificación de fibra dietaria a partir de residuos de algunas frutas comunes en Colombia. Vitae 9(1): 5-14
Lara, C. 2008. Chemical composition of a culture medium from bitter guava (Psidium araca) and its relation to the ruminals microorganisms nutrition. Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología 2: 44-49.
Lara, C., L. García and L. Oviedo. 2010. Medio de cultivo utilizando residuos-sólidos para el crecimiento de una bacteria nativa con potencial biofertilizante. Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología 12 (1): 103-112.
Leiva, S., M. Yáñez, L. Zaror, H. Rodríguez and H. García. 2004. Actividad antimicrobiana de actinomycetes aislados desde ambientes acuáticos del sur de Chile. Revista Médica de Chile 132: 151-159.
Lopera, M., J. Homez, M. Ordoñez and H. Pabon. 2009. Guía Ambiental Hortifruticula de Colombia. Edit. Nuevas Ediciones. Bogotá.
Lobaina, T., C. Rodríguez and R. Zhurbenko. 2007. Caracterización de un extracto de Ipomoea batatas para ser utilizado en calidad de base nutritiva en medios de cultivo. Rev. Cubana Med. Trop. 59(3): 218-26
Manovacía, N., A. Moreno, O. Mayorga and R. Barahona. 2008. Evaluation of the nutrient content and biomass production in Colombian and commercial yeast strains. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía (Medellín) 61(2): 4542-4553
Marín, Z., M. Cortes and O. Montoya. 2009. Evaluación de la viabilidad de crecimiento de la cepa nativa Lactobacillus plantarum lpbm10 y la cepa comercial Lactobacillus casei atcc 393 en pulpa de uchuva y en solución isotónica de glucosa. Vitae 16(2): 210-217.
Martínez, E., A. Torregroza, Ana. Torregroza and D. Mogollón. 2016. Efecto de la deshidratación osmótica-microondas sobre propiedades fisicoquímicas del mango (Mangifera indica L.) variedad Corazón. Agronomía Colombiana 34: 1236-1239.
Membré, J., M. Kubaczka and C. Chene. 1999. Combined effects of pH and sugar on growth rate of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, a bakery product spoilage yeast. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 69(2): 1136-1142.
Mitsui, K., H. Yasui, N. Nakamura and H. Kanazawa. 2005. Oligomerization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Na+/H+antiporter NHa1p: Implications for its antiporter activity Biochim. Biophys. 1720: 125-136.
Moser, S. and D. Savage. 2001. Bile salt hydrolase activity and resistance to toxicity of conjugated bile salts are unrelated properties in Lactobacilli. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 67(8): 3476-3480.
Mossel, D., B. Moreno and C. Struijk. 2003. Microbiología de Los Alimentos. Edit. Acribia. Zaragoza, Spain.
Ohgaki, R., N. Nakamura, K. Mitsui and H. Kanazawa. 2005. Characterization of the ion transport activity of the budding yeast Na+ /H+ antiporter, NHA1P, using isolated secretory vesicles. Bioch. Biophys. Acta. 1712: 185-196
Ortiz, D., M. St.Pierre, A. Abdulmessih and I. Arias. 1997. A yeast ATP-binding cassettetype protein medianting ATP-dependent bile acid transport. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 15358-15365.
Pascual, M. and V. Calderón. 2000. Microbiología Alimentaria. Metodología Analítica para alimentos y bebidas. Edit. Díaz de Santos. Madrid.
Rendueles, M. and M. Díaz. 2014. Biotecnología industrial. Arbor CPC 190-768(a155): 13 p.
Rep, M., M. Krantz, J. Thevelein and S. Hohmann. 2000. The transcriptional response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to osmotic shock. Hot1p and Msn2p/Msn4p are required for the induction of subsets of high osmolarity glycerol pathway-dependent genes. J. Biol Chem. 275(12): 8290-300.
Rodón, A., L. Samaniego, R. Bocourt, S. Rodríguez, G. Milián, M. Ramilla and M. Pérez. 2004. Ciencia y Tecnología Alimentaria. 6(1): 56-63.
Rubio, A. 2008. Identificación preliminar in vitro de propiedades probióticas en cepas de S. cerevisiae. MVZ 13(1): 1157-1169.
Salmines, S., A. Ouwenhand and Y. Lee. 1999. Probiotics: how should they be defined. Trends of Food Science and Technology 10: 107-110.
Saval, S. 2012. Aprovechamiento de residuos agroindustriales: pasado, presente y futuro. BioTecnología 16(2): 14-46.
Seema, R. 2015. Probiotics in valorization of innate immunity across various animal models. Journal of Functional Foods 14: 549-561.
Serrano, R. 1996. Salt tolerance in plants and microorganisms: toxicity targets and defense responses. Int. Rev. of Cyt. 165: 1-52.
Sychrovae, H., J. Ramírez and A. Peña. 1999. Involvement of Nha1 antiporter in regulation of intracellular pH in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol. Let. 171(2): 167-172.
Tao, W., J. Deschenes and J. Fassler. 1999. Intracellular glycerol levels modulate the activity of Sln1p, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae two-component regulator. J Biol Chem. 274(1): 360-367.
Uicab-Brito, L. A. and C. A. Sandoval. 2003. Uso del contenido ruminal y algunos residuos de la industria cárnica en la elaboración de composta. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 2: 45-63.
Valdovinos, M. 2013. Microbiota intestinal en los trastornos digestivos. Probióticos, prebióticos y simbióticos. Revista de Gastroenterología de México 78: 25-27
Viegas, C., P. Almeida, M. Cavaco and I. SáCorreia. 1998. The H-ATPase in the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is activated during growth latency in octanoic acid-supplemented medium accompanying the decrease in intracellular pH and cell viability. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 64(2): 779-783.
Yato, G. and J. Orihuela. 2015. Uso de fuentes no convencionales de nitrógeno en la fertilización del maíz (Zea mays L.) en Cañete (Perú). I: Rendimiento y extracción de N, P y K. Ecología Aplicada 14(2): 157-162.
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spelling Arias, JhoannaLara, ceciliaSalgado, RodrigoTorregroza, Angélica MaríaTorregroza, AnaGestión de la innovación empresarial y social2025-09-02T16:11:20Z2017ARIAS, Johanna M et al. Characterization of a wild strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for obtaining a biopreparation with probiotic profile. Bioagro [online]. 2017, vol.29, n.3 [citado 2025-09-02], pp.197-206. Disponible en: <http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1316-33612017000300005&lng=es&nrm=iso>. ISSN 1316-3361.https://repositorio.cecar.edu.co/handle/cecar/108381316-3361Generation of organic wastes is a worldwide environmental issue, although, if properly handled they may be a valuable source of animal nutrients. The objective was to determine the performance of a wild strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a biopreparation from ruminal content enriched with peels of fruits. Probiotic properties of the wild strain such as tolerance to bile salts, pH changes, changes in temperature, high concentrations of sodium chloride; additional to antagonism testing and gas production from glucose were verified in vitro. Microbial growth was evaluated in a medium prepared from clarified ruminal content 40 % v/v, enriched with peel wastes from papaya, pineapple and banana at 25, 50, and 75 % w/w concentrations. Results showed that wild strain had a higher growth in the medium obtained with 50 % w/v fruit wastes. Growth of the strain in this medium disclosed the highest biomass production at 40 hours (2.28x108 cfu·mL-1). The viability of the strain showed no important decrease during two months in the log scale of the inoculum. It is concluded that ruminal content enriched with fruit peels provides necessary nutrients for growth of the wild strain S. cerevisiae with probiotic characteristics and the biopreparation represents a supplement which may be useful not only at nutritional level but also to decrease environmental impact caused by these organic wastes.La generación de desechos orgánicos es un problema medioambiental mundial, aunque, si se maneja adecuadamente, puede ser una valiosa fuente de nutrientes para animales. El objetivo fue determinar el rendimiento de una cepa silvestre de Saccharomyces cerevisiae en un biopreparado a partir de contenido ruminal enriquecido con cáscaras de frutas. Se verificaron in vitro las propiedades probióticas de la cepa como tolerancia a sales biliares, cambios de pH, cambios de temperatura y altas concentraciones de cloruro de sodio, así como de pruebas de antagonismo y producción de gas a partir de la glucosa. Se evaluó el crecimiento microbiano en el medio elaborado a partir del contenido ruminal al 40% v/v, enriquecido con desechos de cáscaras de papaya, piña y banano en concentraciones de 25, 50 y 75 %. El mayor crecimiento se produjo en el medio con 50 % de desechos de frutas y la cepa reveló la mayor producción de biomasa a las 40 horas (2,28x108 ufc·mL-1). Su viabilidad no presentó disminución importante en la escala logarítmica del inóculo durante dos meses. Se concluye que el contenido ruminal enriquecido con cáscaras de frutas al 50 %, proporciona los nutrientes necesarios para el crecimiento de S. cerevisiae con características probióticas, y el biopreparado representa un suplemento que no solo puede ser benéfico a nivel nutricional, sino que también disminuiría el impacto ambiental ocasionado por estos desechos orgánicos.Innovación en ticInnovación socialInnovación tecnológica para el desarrollo de productos con insumos de la región10 páginasapplication/pdfengCorporación universitaria del caribe - Cecarhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Characterization of a wild strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for obtaining a biopreparation with probiotic profileArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Colombia206197Volumen 3BIOAGROAOAC. 1990. Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Washington, D.C.Abreu-Abreu, A. 2012. Prebióticos, probióticos y simbióticos. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 77: 26-28APHA. 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association. Washington, D.C.Blomberg, A. 2000. Metabolic surprises in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during adaptation to saline conditions: questions, some answers and a model. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 182(1): 1-8Bridson, E. 1994. The Development, Manufacture and Control of Microbiological Culture Media. Unipath. Bedford, UKCavazzoni, V., A. Adami and G. Castrovilli. 1998. Performance of broiler chickens supplemented with Bacillus coagulans as probiotic. British Poultry Science 30: 526-529.DANE (Dirección Nacional de Estadística). 2014. Censo Nacional Agropuecuario. http://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas -por-tema/agropecuario/ (visited 07/28/2017).Drisko, J., C. Giles and B. Bischoff. 2003. Probiotics in health maintenance and disease prevention. Altern. Med. Rev. 8(2): 143-155.Duncan, S., K. Scott, A. Ramsay, H. Harmsen, W. Gjalt and S. Colin. 2013. Effects of alternative dietary substrates on competition between human colonic bacteria in an anaerobic fermentor system. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 69: 1136-1142.FAO. 2006. Livestock's long shadow. Environmental issues and options. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. 290 p.FAO. 2016. Probiotics in animal nutrition: production, impact and regulation. Animal Production and Health. Paper 179. Rome.García, M., Y. López and A. Carcassés. 2012. Empleo de probióticos en los animales. Sitio Argentino de Producción Animal. 8 p. http:// produccion-animal.com.ar (visited 07/28/2017).Gil, M., L. Vélez, L. d. Millán, M. Acosta, A. Díez, N. Cardona and G. Villa. 2011. Desarrollo de un producto de panadería con alto valor nutricional a partir de la harina obtenida del banano verde con cáscara: una nueva opción para el aprovechamiento de residuos de la industria de exportación. Producción+Limpia 6(1): 96-107Guerrero, E. and F. Ramírez. 2004. Manejo ambiental de residuos en mataderos de pequeños municipGutiérrez, E., G. Medina, M. Roman, O. Florez and O. Martínez. 2002. Obtención y cuantificación de fibra dietaria a partir de residuos de algunas frutas comunes en Colombia. Vitae 9(1): 5-14Lara, C. 2008. Chemical composition of a culture medium from bitter guava (Psidium araca) and its relation to the ruminals microorganisms nutrition. Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología 2: 44-49.Lara, C., L. García and L. Oviedo. 2010. Medio de cultivo utilizando residuos-sólidos para el crecimiento de una bacteria nativa con potencial biofertilizante. Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología 12 (1): 103-112.Leiva, S., M. Yáñez, L. Zaror, H. Rodríguez and H. García. 2004. Actividad antimicrobiana de actinomycetes aislados desde ambientes acuáticos del sur de Chile. Revista Médica de Chile 132: 151-159.Lopera, M., J. Homez, M. Ordoñez and H. Pabon. 2009. Guía Ambiental Hortifruticula de Colombia. Edit. Nuevas Ediciones. Bogotá.Lobaina, T., C. Rodríguez and R. Zhurbenko. 2007. Caracterización de un extracto de Ipomoea batatas para ser utilizado en calidad de base nutritiva en medios de cultivo. Rev. Cubana Med. Trop. 59(3): 218-26Manovacía, N., A. Moreno, O. Mayorga and R. Barahona. 2008. Evaluation of the nutrient content and biomass production in Colombian and commercial yeast strains. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía (Medellín) 61(2): 4542-4553Marín, Z., M. Cortes and O. Montoya. 2009. Evaluación de la viabilidad de crecimiento de la cepa nativa Lactobacillus plantarum lpbm10 y la cepa comercial Lactobacillus casei atcc 393 en pulpa de uchuva y en solución isotónica de glucosa. Vitae 16(2): 210-217.Martínez, E., A. Torregroza, Ana. Torregroza and D. Mogollón. 2016. Efecto de la deshidratación osmótica-microondas sobre propiedades fisicoquímicas del mango (Mangifera indica L.) variedad Corazón. Agronomía Colombiana 34: 1236-1239.Membré, J., M. Kubaczka and C. Chene. 1999. Combined effects of pH and sugar on growth rate of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, a bakery product spoilage yeast. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 69(2): 1136-1142.Mitsui, K., H. Yasui, N. Nakamura and H. Kanazawa. 2005. Oligomerization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Na+/H+antiporter NHa1p: Implications for its antiporter activity Biochim. Biophys. 1720: 125-136.Moser, S. and D. Savage. 2001. Bile salt hydrolase activity and resistance to toxicity of conjugated bile salts are unrelated properties in Lactobacilli. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 67(8): 3476-3480.Mossel, D., B. Moreno and C. Struijk. 2003. Microbiología de Los Alimentos. Edit. Acribia. Zaragoza, Spain.Ohgaki, R., N. Nakamura, K. Mitsui and H. Kanazawa. 2005. Characterization of the ion transport activity of the budding yeast Na+ /H+ antiporter, NHA1P, using isolated secretory vesicles. Bioch. Biophys. Acta. 1712: 185-196Ortiz, D., M. St.Pierre, A. Abdulmessih and I. Arias. 1997. A yeast ATP-binding cassettetype protein medianting ATP-dependent bile acid transport. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 15358-15365.Pascual, M. and V. Calderón. 2000. Microbiología Alimentaria. Metodología Analítica para alimentos y bebidas. Edit. Díaz de Santos. Madrid.Rendueles, M. and M. Díaz. 2014. Biotecnología industrial. Arbor CPC 190-768(a155): 13 p.Rep, M., M. Krantz, J. Thevelein and S. Hohmann. 2000. The transcriptional response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to osmotic shock. Hot1p and Msn2p/Msn4p are required for the induction of subsets of high osmolarity glycerol pathway-dependent genes. J. Biol Chem. 275(12): 8290-300.Rodón, A., L. Samaniego, R. Bocourt, S. Rodríguez, G. Milián, M. Ramilla and M. Pérez. 2004. 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03:00:27.598https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Corporación universitaria del caribe - Cecaropen.accesshttps://repositorio.cecar.edu.coRepositorio Digital de la Corporación Universitaria Del Caribe (Cecar)biblioteca@cecar.edu.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