Production of industrial-interest colorants in microalgae and cyanobacteria: leveraging nutrient dynamics and photoperiod optimization

The exploration of the biodiversity of cyanobacteria and microalgae holds great promise for obtaining pigments of industrial interest. This study focused on the bioprospecting of these organisms to obtain pigments of industrial interest together with enriched biomass. We investigated the impact of p...

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Autores:
Contreras Ropero, Jefferson Eduardo
Barajas Solano, andres F
García-Martinez, Janet
Barajas Ferreira, Crisóstomo
Machuca Martínez, Fiderman
Contreras Ropero, Jefferson Eduardo
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2024
Institución:
Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
Repositorio:
Repositorio Digital UFPS
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/9148
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/9148
Palabra clave:
phycobiliproteins
Carotenoids
Arthrospira platensis UTEX1926
Scenedesmus sp
Cultivation Optimization
Optimización de cultivo
Rights
openAccess
License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
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oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/9148
network_acronym_str RUFPS2
network_name_str Repositorio Digital UFPS
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Production of industrial-interest colorants in microalgae and cyanobacteria: leveraging nutrient dynamics and photoperiod optimization
title Production of industrial-interest colorants in microalgae and cyanobacteria: leveraging nutrient dynamics and photoperiod optimization
spellingShingle Production of industrial-interest colorants in microalgae and cyanobacteria: leveraging nutrient dynamics and photoperiod optimization
phycobiliproteins
Carotenoids
Arthrospira platensis UTEX1926
Scenedesmus sp
Cultivation Optimization
Optimización de cultivo
title_short Production of industrial-interest colorants in microalgae and cyanobacteria: leveraging nutrient dynamics and photoperiod optimization
title_full Production of industrial-interest colorants in microalgae and cyanobacteria: leveraging nutrient dynamics and photoperiod optimization
title_fullStr Production of industrial-interest colorants in microalgae and cyanobacteria: leveraging nutrient dynamics and photoperiod optimization
title_full_unstemmed Production of industrial-interest colorants in microalgae and cyanobacteria: leveraging nutrient dynamics and photoperiod optimization
title_sort Production of industrial-interest colorants in microalgae and cyanobacteria: leveraging nutrient dynamics and photoperiod optimization
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Contreras Ropero, Jefferson Eduardo
Barajas Solano, andres F
García-Martinez, Janet
Barajas Ferreira, Crisóstomo
Machuca Martínez, Fiderman
Contreras Ropero, Jefferson Eduardo
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Contreras Ropero, Jefferson Eduardo
Barajas Solano, andres F
García-Martinez, Janet
Barajas Ferreira, Crisóstomo
Machuca Martínez, Fiderman
Contreras Ropero, Jefferson Eduardo
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv phycobiliproteins
Carotenoids
Arthrospira platensis UTEX1926
Scenedesmus sp
Cultivation Optimization
topic phycobiliproteins
Carotenoids
Arthrospira platensis UTEX1926
Scenedesmus sp
Cultivation Optimization
Optimización de cultivo
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Optimización de cultivo
description The exploration of the biodiversity of cyanobacteria and microalgae holds great promise for obtaining pigments of industrial interest. This study focused on the bioprospecting of these organisms to obtain pigments of industrial interest together with enriched biomass. We investigated the impact of photoperiod and concentration of C/N/P nutrient sources in heterotrophic cultures, controlling specific variables such as light intensity, volume, pH, temperature, air flow and time to produce phycobiliproteins in Arthrospira platensis UTEX1926 and total carotenoids in Scenedesmus sp. using a nonfactorial Plackett‒Burman design in STATISTICA 7.0 software. The biomass concentration was determined by dry weight, while the concentrations of phycocyanin and carotenoids were determined spectrophotometrically at specific wavelengths. Heterotrophic cultures demonstrated superior productivity, with phycocyanin and carotenoids achieving percentages of 7% and 0.4% (w/w), respectively, and an R2 value of 0.99. Among the influential parameters, potassium diphosphate and sodium bicarbonate played pivotal roles in the final deposition of carotenoids and phycocyanin, respectively, yielding concentrations of 96.5 mg/L phycocyanin and 6.5 mg/L carotenoids
publishDate 2024
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2024-07-15
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2025-02-27T15:31:58Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2025-02-27T15:31:58Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
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dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Vol.26 No.2 (2024)
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 16
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 2 (2024)
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 26
dc.relation.cites.none.fl_str_mv Contreras-Ropero, J.E., Barajas-Solano, A.F., García-Martínez, J.B., Barajas-Ferreira, C., Machuca-Martínez, F. Production of industrial-interest colorants in microalgae and cyanobacteria: leveraging nutrient dynamics and photoperiod optimization. Ingeniería y Competitividad, 2024, 26(2) e-21413679
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dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 16 Páginas
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Ingeniería y Competitividad
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Cali- Colombia
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spelling Contreras Ropero, Jefferson EduardoBarajas Solano, andres FGarcía-Martinez, JanetBarajas Ferreira, CrisóstomoMachuca Martínez, FidermanContreras Ropero, Jefferson Eduardovirtual::2635-12025-02-27T15:31:58Z2025-02-27T15:31:58Z2024-07-15https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/914810.25100/iyc. v26i2.13679The exploration of the biodiversity of cyanobacteria and microalgae holds great promise for obtaining pigments of industrial interest. This study focused on the bioprospecting of these organisms to obtain pigments of industrial interest together with enriched biomass. We investigated the impact of photoperiod and concentration of C/N/P nutrient sources in heterotrophic cultures, controlling specific variables such as light intensity, volume, pH, temperature, air flow and time to produce phycobiliproteins in Arthrospira platensis UTEX1926 and total carotenoids in Scenedesmus sp. using a nonfactorial Plackett‒Burman design in STATISTICA 7.0 software. The biomass concentration was determined by dry weight, while the concentrations of phycocyanin and carotenoids were determined spectrophotometrically at specific wavelengths. Heterotrophic cultures demonstrated superior productivity, with phycocyanin and carotenoids achieving percentages of 7% and 0.4% (w/w), respectively, and an R2 value of 0.99. Among the influential parameters, potassium diphosphate and sodium bicarbonate played pivotal roles in the final deposition of carotenoids and phycocyanin, respectively, yielding concentrations of 96.5 mg/L phycocyanin and 6.5 mg/L carotenoidsLa exploración de la biodiversidad de cianobacterias y microalgas es muy prometedora para la obtención de pigmentos de interés industrial. Este estudio se centra en la bioprospección de estos organismos para obtener pigmentos de interés industrial junto con biomasa enriquecida. Investigamos el impacto del fotoperiodo y la concentración de fuentes de nutrientes C/N/P en cultivos heterótrofos, controlando variables específicas como la intensidad luminosa, volumen, pH, temperatura, flujo de aire y tiempo para la producción de ficobiliproteínas en Arthrospira platensis UTEX1926 y carotenoides totales en Scenedesmus sp. Empleando un diseño Plackett‒Burman no factorial en el software STATISTICA 7.0. La concentración de biomasa fue determinada por peso seco, mientras que la concentración de ficocianinas y carotenoides fueron determinadas espectrofotométricamente a longitudes de onda específicas. Los cultivos heterótrofos demostraron una productividad superior, alcanzando las ficocianinas y los carotenoides porcentajes del 7% y el 0,4% (% p/p) respectivamente, y un notable valor R2 de 0,99. Entre los parámetros influyentes, el difosfato potásico y el bicarbonato sódico desempeñaron papeles fundamentales en la deposición final de carotenoides y ficocianinas, respectivamente, alcanzando concentraciones de 96,5 mg/L de ficocianinas y 6,5 mg/L de carotenoides16 Páginasapplication/pdfengIngeniería y CompetitividadCali- ColombiaThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike4.0 International Licensehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0123-30332024000200014Production of industrial-interest colorants in microalgae and cyanobacteria: leveraging nutrient dynamics and photoperiod optimizationArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Vol.26 No.2 (2024)162 (2024)126Contreras-Ropero, J.E., Barajas-Solano, A.F., García-Martínez, J.B., Barajas-Ferreira, C., Machuca-Martínez, F. Production of industrial-interest colorants in microalgae and cyanobacteria: leveraging nutrient dynamics and photoperiod optimization. Ingeniería y Competitividad, 2024, 26(2) e-21413679phycobiliproteinsCarotenoidsArthrospira platensis UTEX1926Scenedesmus spCultivation OptimizationOptimización de cultivoMesquita SDS, Teixeira CMLL, Servulo EFC. Carotenoids: Properties, applications and market. Rev Virtual Quim (Brazil). 2017;9(2):672–688. Disponible en: https://doi. org/10.21577/1984-6835.20170040Carocho M, Barreiro MF, Morales P, Ferreira ICFR. Adding molecules to food, pros and cons: a review on synthetic and natural food additives. Compr rev food sci f (Estados Unidos). 2014;13(4):377-399. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/1541- 4337.12065Doguc DK, Aylak F, Ilhan I, Kulac E, Gultekin F. Are there any marked effects of prenatal exposure to food colourings on neurobehaviour and learning process in rat offspring. Nutr Neurosci (Inglaterra). 2015;18(1):12–21. Disponible en: https://doi.org /10.1179/1476830513Y.0000000095.Khazi MI, Demirel Z, Dalay MC. Evaluation of growth and phycobiliprotein composition of cyanobacteria isolates cultivated in different nitrogen sources. J Appl Phycol (Países Bajos). 2018;30(3):1513–23. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10811-018-1398-1Mulders KJM, Lamers PP, Martens DE, Wijffels RH. Phototrophic pigment production with microalgae: Biological constraints and opportunities. J Phycol (Países Bajos). 2014;50(2):229–42. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12173Koller M, Muhr A, Braunegg G. Microalgae as versatile cellular factories for valued products. Algal Res (Países Bajos). 2014;6:52–63. Disponible en: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.algal.2014.09.002Wijffels RH, Kruse O, Hellingwerf KJ. Potential of industrial biotechnology with cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae. Curr Opin Biotechnol (Inglaterra). 2013;24(3):405–13. 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Effects of Nitrogen Availability on the Antioxidant Activity and Carotenoid Content of the Microalgae Nephroselmis sp. Marine Drugs. 2020;18(9), 453. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18090453Yaakob, M. A., Mohamed, R. M. S. R., Gokare, R. A., & Rao, A. R. (2021). Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus on microalgal growth, biomass, lipid, and fatty acid production: an overview. Cells. 2021;10(2), 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ cells10020393Chia MA, Lombardi AT, Da Graça Gama Melão M. Growth and biochemical composition of Chlorella vulgaris in different growth media. Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias. 2013;85(4):1427-1438. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201393312Publication67865c7c-83d4-4c2f-a6bd-c7c3fb9804a6virtual::2635-167865c7c-83d4-4c2f-a6bd-c7c3fb9804a6virtual::2635-1ORIGINALExamining Value Generation activities in agro-industrial Chains_ A.pdfExamining Value Generation activities in agro-industrial Chains_ A.pdfArtículo de Investigaciónapplication/pdf1373106https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/bitstreams/d29517c8-2909-4219-a80e-c88e8eda58e7/downloadd29ba632c559a6fcf5792a0a2196d295MD51trueAnonymousREADLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/bitstreams/048a0e55-ab18-4c56-b06d-e19e659aeccc/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52falseAnonymousREADTEXTExamining Value Generation activities in agro-industrial Chains_ A.pdf.txtExamining Value Generation activities in agro-industrial Chains_ A.pdf.txtExtracted 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
