Gender Disparities and Their Impact on the Professional Experiences of Female Neurosurgery Residents in Germany: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Despite advancements in gender equality within neurosurgery, the field continues to encounter challenges related to the under-representation of women and reports of gender-based disparities. This study examines the impact of these disparities on the experiences, professional development, and well-be...
- Autores:
-
Mazin Omer
Thuy Linh Nguyen
Akram A. Alhamdan
Kathrin Machetanz
Dorothea Nistor-Gallo
Ina Moritz
Tatiana Rivera Ramirez
Da Bin Kim
Anna C. Lawson McLean
Stefanie Maurer
Jussi P. Posti
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2024
- Institución:
- Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Digital UFPS
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/9164
- Acceso en línea:
- https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/9164
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2024.11.067
- Palabra clave:
- Female residents
Gender discrimination
Germany
Mentorship
Neurosurgical training
Workplace environment
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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Gender Disparities and Their Impact on the Professional Experiences of Female Neurosurgery Residents in Germany: A Cross-Sectional Survey |
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Gender Disparities and Their Impact on the Professional Experiences of Female Neurosurgery Residents in Germany: A Cross-Sectional Survey |
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Gender Disparities and Their Impact on the Professional Experiences of Female Neurosurgery Residents in Germany: A Cross-Sectional Survey Female residents Gender discrimination Germany Mentorship Neurosurgical training Workplace environment |
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Gender Disparities and Their Impact on the Professional Experiences of Female Neurosurgery Residents in Germany: A Cross-Sectional Survey |
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Gender Disparities and Their Impact on the Professional Experiences of Female Neurosurgery Residents in Germany: A Cross-Sectional Survey |
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Gender Disparities and Their Impact on the Professional Experiences of Female Neurosurgery Residents in Germany: A Cross-Sectional Survey |
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Gender Disparities and Their Impact on the Professional Experiences of Female Neurosurgery Residents in Germany: A Cross-Sectional Survey |
| title_sort |
Gender Disparities and Their Impact on the Professional Experiences of Female Neurosurgery Residents in Germany: A Cross-Sectional Survey |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Mazin Omer Thuy Linh Nguyen Akram A. Alhamdan Kathrin Machetanz Dorothea Nistor-Gallo Ina Moritz Tatiana Rivera Ramirez Da Bin Kim Anna C. Lawson McLean Stefanie Maurer Jussi P. Posti |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Mazin Omer Thuy Linh Nguyen Akram A. Alhamdan Kathrin Machetanz Dorothea Nistor-Gallo Ina Moritz Tatiana Rivera Ramirez Da Bin Kim Anna C. Lawson McLean Stefanie Maurer Jussi P. Posti |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Female residents Gender discrimination Germany Mentorship Neurosurgical training Workplace environment |
| topic |
Female residents Gender discrimination Germany Mentorship Neurosurgical training Workplace environment |
| description |
Despite advancements in gender equality within neurosurgery, the field continues to encounter challenges related to the under-representation of women and reports of gender-based disparities. This study examines the impact of these disparities on the experiences, professional development, and well-being of female neurosurgery residents in Germany, identifying specific challenges within the neurosurgical community. |
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2024 |
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2024-11-11 |
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2025-03-04T15:40:54Z |
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2025-03-04T15:40:54Z |
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eng |
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eng |
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Vol.194 No.123484 (2025) |
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8750 |
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123484 (2025) |
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World Neurosurg. (2025) 194:123484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2024.11.067 |
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Mazin OmerThuy Linh NguyenAkram A. AlhamdanKathrin MachetanzDorothea Nistor-GalloIna MoritzTatiana Rivera RamirezDa Bin KimAnna C. Lawson McLeanStefanie MaurerJussi P. Posti2025-03-04T15:40:54Z2025-03-04T15:40:54Z2024-11-11https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/9164https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2024.11.067Despite advancements in gender equality within neurosurgery, the field continues to encounter challenges related to the under-representation of women and reports of gender-based disparities. This study examines the impact of these disparities on the experiences, professional development, and well-being of female neurosurgery residents in Germany, identifying specific challenges within the neurosurgical community.8 Páginasapplication/pdfengworld neurosurgeryEstados UnidosThis is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878875024019272Gender Disparities and Their Impact on the Professional Experiences of Female Neurosurgery Residents in Germany: A Cross-Sectional SurveyArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Vol.194 No.123484 (2025)8750123484 (2025)1878194World Neurosurg. (2025) 194:123484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2024.11.067Female residentsGender discriminationGermanyMentorshipNeurosurgical trainingWorkplace environment1. Weiss M, Dogan R, Eisenberg U, et al. Path to success: female leaders in German neurosurgery. Neurosurg Rev. 2023;46:269.2. Hernández-Durán S, Kim E, Ivan D, Rosseau G, Murphy M. Four athenase europe’s first female neurosurgeons. J Clin Neurosci. 2021;86:332-336.3. Woodfield J, Copley PC, Hughes M, Edlmann E. The gender gap in european neurosurgical conference presentations. Neurosurg Focus. 2021;50:E7.4. Johnson GW, Almgren-Bell A, Skidmore A, et al. Representation of female neurosurgeons as abstract authors at neurological surgery conferences. J Neurosurg. 2022;137:1180-1186.5. Forster M-T, Behrens M, Isabella NistorGallo D, Weiss M, Maurer S, Anna Cecilia Lawson McLean. Gender disparity in German neurosurgery. J Neurosurg. 2021;136:1141-1146.6. Aspalter M, Linni K, Metzger P, Hölzenbein T. Female choice for surgical specialties: development in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland over the past decade. Eur Surg. 2014;46:234-238.7. Hassan T, Kakkilaya A, Huang A, Kakkilaya A, Downey K, Powell K. Exploring the gender gap in neurosurgery: a cross-sectional analysis of preresidency publications among neurosurgery residents. Health Science Reports. 2024;7:e70054.8. Chen JX, Chang EH, Deng F, et al. Autonomy in the operating room: a multicenter study of gender disparities during surgical training. J Grad Med Educ. 2021;13:666-672.9. Odell T, Toor H, Takayanagi A, et al. Gender disparity in academic neurosurgery. Cureus. 2019; 11:e4628.10. Xepoleas MD, Munabi NCO, Auslander A, Magee WP, Yao CA. The experiences of female surgeons around the world: a scoping review. Hum Resour Health. 2020;18:1-28.11. Benzil DL, Muraszko KM, Soni P, Air EL, Orrico KO, Rutka JT. Toward an understanding of sexual harassment in neurosurgery. J Neurosurg. 2020;1:1-10.12. Leschber G. From female surgical resident to academic leaders: challenges and pathways forward. J Thorac Dis. 2021;13:480.13. Wolfert C, Rohde V, Mielke D, HernándezDurán S. Female neurosurgeons in europe—on a prevailing14. Ferrari L, Mari V, Parini S, et al. Discrimination toward women in surgery: a systematic scoping review. Ann Surg. 2022;276:1-8.15. Chesak SS, Salinas M, Abraham H, et al. Experiences of gender inequity among women physicians across career stages: findings from participant focus groups. Women’s Health Reports. 2022;3:359-368.16. Newman C, Templeton K, Chin ELo. Inequity and women physicians: time to change millennia of societal beliefs. Perm J. 2020;24.17. Sydney MR, Chanenchuk T, Altieri M, et al. One step ahead: Finding mentors at all stages of a surgical career. Am J Surg. 2023;226:729-731.18. Wen HL, Wong C, Jain SR, et al. The unspoken reality of gender bias in surgery: a qualitative systematic review. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0246420.19. Bundesärztekammer. Ergebnisse der Ärzte-Statistik zum 31.12.2022. Bundesärztekammer; 2022. Available at: https://www.bundesaerztekammer. de/baek/ueber-uns/aerztestatistik/2022. Accessed July 15, 2024.20. Dossani RH, Terrell D, Kosty JA, et al. Gender disparities in academic rank achievement in neurosurgery: a critical assessment. J Neurosurg. 2019;133:1922-1927.21. Govender V, Penn-Kekana L. Gender biases and discrimination: a review of health care interpersonal interactions. Global Publ Health. 2008;3: 90-103.22. Khoushhal Z, Hussain MA, Greco E, et al. Prevalence and causes of attrition among surgical residents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA surgery. 2017;152:265-272.23. Hope C, Reilly J-J, Griffiths G, Lund J, Humes D. Factors associated with attrition and performance throughout surgical training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg. 2021;45:429-442.24. Yeo HL, Abelson JS, Symer MM, et al. Association of time to attrition in surgical residency with individual resident and programmatic factors. JAMA surgery. 2018;153:511-517.25. Ying Z, Joyce K, Simeone DM, Chen H, Velazquez OC. Is there still a glass ceiling for women in academic surgery? Ann Surg. 2011;253: 637-643.26. Bruce AN, Battista A, Plankey MW, Johnson LB, Marshall MB. Perceptions of gender-based discrimination during surgical training and practice. Med Educ Online. 2015;20:25923.27. Choi J, Lee J-E, Choi B, Kim J, Lee SE. Experiences and perceptions of gender discrimination and equality among Korean surgeons: results of a survey of the Korean surgical society. J Kor Med Sci. 2021;36:e323.28. Schlick CJR, Ellis RJ, Etkin CD, et al. Experiences of gender discrimination and sexual harassment among residents in general surgery programs across the us. JAMA surgery. 2021;156:942-952.29. Arya S, Franco-Mesa C, Erben Y. An analysis of gender disparities amongst United States medical students, general surgery residents, vascular surgery trainees, and the vascular surgery workforce. J Vasc Surg. 2022;75:5-9.30. Garozzo D, Rispoli R, Graziano F, et al. Women in neurosurgery: historical path to selfsegregation and proposal for an integrated future. Front Surg. 2022;9:908540.31. Broggi G. Giovani medici, le donne raddoppiano gli uomini. Interview on Corriere della Sera. 2005;22: 21-23.32. Scerrati A, Angelini C, Madoglio A, et al. Status of women in neurosurgery: results from a national survey in Italy. World Neurosurgery. 2023;18:100149.33. Dawson PL. Cutting for equity—reconstructing the culture of surgery that is still toxic for women surgeons. Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics. 2019;9: 215-219.34. Susan PP, Schneider MS. Sexual harassment of female doctors by patients. N Engl J Med. 1993;329: 1936-1939.35. McKinley SK, Pendleton VE, Ott QC, et al, Anna Alaska Pendleton. A multi-institutional study of patient-derived gender-based discrimination experienced by resident physicians. Am J Surg. 2021;221:309-314.36. FitzGerald C, Hurst S. Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review. BMC Med Ethics. 2017;18:1-18.37. Dellasega C, Aruma J-F, Andreae DA. The impact of patient prejudice on minoritized female physicians. Front Public Health. 2022;10:902294.38. Feinmann J. Bias against female doctors won’t end until evidence based interventions are mandatory. BMJ. 2019;364:l637.39. Fnais N, Soobiah C, Chen MH, et al. Harassment and discrimination in medical training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Med. 2014; 89:817-827.40. Hu Y-Y, Ellis RJ, Hewitt DB, et al. Discrimination, abuse, harassment, and burnout in surgical residency training. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1741-1752.41. Hennein R, Gorman H, Chung V, Lowe SR. Gender discrimination among women healthcare workers during the covid-19 pandemic: findings from a mixed methods study. PLoS One. 2023;18: e028136742. Coe I. Feminism is for everybody. Lancet. 2019;393: 493.43. Flint JH, Jahangir AA, Browner BD, Mehta S. The value of mentorship in orthopaedic surgery resident education: the residents’ perspective. JBJS. 2009;91:1017-1022.PublicationORIGINALGender Disparities and Their Impact on the Professional Experiences of Female Neurosurgery Residents in Germany_ A Cross-Sectional Survey.pdfGender Disparities and Their Impact on the Professional Experiences of Female Neurosurgery Residents in Germany_ A Cross-Sectional Survey.pdfArtículo de Investigaciónapplication/pdf607977https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/bitstreams/8ad85da8-ef90-4ddf-8cc3-8e2b7ae1a1ef/downloada0b93f9b0a05e5c8caae15a4fd7ebad6MD51trueAnonymousREADLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/bitstreams/762f4b8c-b546-4da3-92f7-0f5020bb570b/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52falseAnonymousREADTEXTGender Disparities and Their Impact on the Professional Experiences of Female Neurosurgery Residents in Germany_ A Cross-Sectional Survey.pdf.txtGender Disparities and Their Impact on the Professional Experiences of Female Neurosurgery Residents in Germany_ A Cross-Sectional 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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