El transporte terrestre de bovinos y sus implicaciones en el bienestar animal: Revisión

Introducción: el transporte de los bovinos desde las fincas hasta las plantas frigoríficas se realiza generalmente por vía terrestre. El transporte produce estrés y afecta el bienestar animal, lo que incide negativamente en la calidad e inocuidad de la carne. Además, produce pérdidas económicas por...

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2022
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Universidad de Caldas
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Repositorio Institucional U. Caldas
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spa
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https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/23733
https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/5504
Palabra clave:
bienestar animal
contusiones
legislación sanitaria
transporte
animal welfare
contusions
sanitary legislation
transportation
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Revista Biosalud - 2010
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv El transporte terrestre de bovinos y sus implicaciones en el bienestar animal: Revisión
Ground transportation of bovines and its implications in the animals’ welfare: A revision
title El transporte terrestre de bovinos y sus implicaciones en el bienestar animal: Revisión
spellingShingle El transporte terrestre de bovinos y sus implicaciones en el bienestar animal: Revisión
bienestar animal
contusiones
legislación sanitaria
transporte
animal welfare
contusions
sanitary legislation
transportation
title_short El transporte terrestre de bovinos y sus implicaciones en el bienestar animal: Revisión
title_full El transporte terrestre de bovinos y sus implicaciones en el bienestar animal: Revisión
title_fullStr El transporte terrestre de bovinos y sus implicaciones en el bienestar animal: Revisión
title_full_unstemmed El transporte terrestre de bovinos y sus implicaciones en el bienestar animal: Revisión
title_sort El transporte terrestre de bovinos y sus implicaciones en el bienestar animal: Revisión
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv bienestar animal
contusiones
legislación sanitaria
transporte
animal welfare
contusions
sanitary legislation
transportation
topic bienestar animal
contusiones
legislación sanitaria
transporte
animal welfare
contusions
sanitary legislation
transportation
description Introducción: el transporte de los bovinos desde las fincas hasta las plantas frigoríficas se realiza generalmente por vía terrestre. El transporte produce estrés y afecta el bienestar animal, lo que incide negativamente en la calidad e inocuidad de la carne. Además, produce pérdidas económicas por decomisos, contusiones de diferente grado, mortalidad, pérdidas de peso vivo, bajo rendimiento de la canal y alteración de las variables organolépticas de la carne, entre otros aspectos. Colombia cuenta con legislación sanitaria actualizada sobre el transporte de ganado bovino y bufalino, que es un requerimiento de implementación para la industria cárnica. Objetivos: presentar las implicaciones del transporte en el bienestar animal y describir los lineamientos para efectuar un transporte adecuado, de acuerdo con la legislación sanitaria colombiana y  las recomendaciones internacionales de la Organización Mundial de Salud Animal (OIE).
publishDate 2022
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2022-03-17T00:37:02Z
2022-03-17T00:37:02Z
2022-03-17
2025-10-08T21:16:34Z
2025-10-08T21:16:34Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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Biosalud
María GA, Villarroel M, Sañudo C, Olleta JL, Gebresenbet G. Effect of transport time and ageing on aspects of beef quality. Meat Sci 2003;65:1335-40.
Fisher AD, Colditz IG, Lee C, Ferguson DM. The influence of land transport on animal welfare in extensive farming systems. Journal of Vet Behav 2009;4:157-62.
Amtmann VA, Gallo C, Van Schaik G, Tadich N. Relaciones entre el manejo ante-mortem, variables sanguíneas indicadoras de estrés y pH de la canal en novillos. Arch Med Vet 2006;38(3):259-64.
Muchenje V, Dzama K, Chimonyo M, Strydom PE, Hugo A, Raats JG. Some biochemical aspects pertaining to beef eating quality and consumer health: A review. Food Chem 2009;112:279-89.
Ferguson DM, Warner RD. Have we underestimated the impact of pre-slaughter on meat quality in ruminants? Meat Sci 2008;80:12-9.
De Witte K. Development of the Australian Animal Welfare standards and guidelines for the land transport of livestock: Process and philosophical considerations. J Vet Behav 2009;4:148-56.
Grandin T. Transferring results of behavioral research to industry to improve animal welfare on the farm, ranch and the slaughter plant. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2003;81:215-28.
Minka NS, Ayo JO. Effects of loading behaviour and road transport stress on traumatic injuries in cattle transported by road during the hot-dry season. Livestock Sci 2007;107:91-5.
Rojas H, Stuardo L, Benavides D. Políticas y prácticas de bienestar animal en los países de América: estudio preliminar. Rev sci tech off int epiz 2005;24(2): 549-65.
OIE Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal. Código Sanitario para los animales terrestres 2010. Título 7. Bienestar de los animales. Disponible en: http://oie.int/esp/normes/mcode/E_summry.htm [Consultado en noviembre 2010].
Resolución 002341/2007, del Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario ICA. (Boletín del Estado, número 46730, 24-09-07).
Broom DM. The effects of land transport on animal welfare. Rev sci tech Off Int Epiz 2005;24(2):683-91.
Cockram MS, Baxter EM, Smith LA, Bell S, Howard CM, Prescott RJ, et al. Effect of driver behaviour, driving events and road type on the stability and resting behaviour of sheep in transit. Anim Sci 2004;79:165-76
Villarroel M, María GA, Sierra I, Sañudo C, García-Belenguer S, Gebresenbet G. Critical points in the transport of cattle to slaughter in Spain that may compromise the animal`s welfare. Vet Rec 2001;149:173-76.
Mach N, Bach A, Velarde A, Devant M. Association between animal, transportation, slaughterhouse practices, and meat pH in beef. Meat Sci 2008;78:232-38.
Gallo C. Transporte e bem-estar animal. Ciênc vet tróp 2008;11(suppl 1):70-9.
Grandin T, Gallo C. Chapter 9: Cattle transport. In: T. Grandin. eds. Livestock Handling and Transport. 3rd ed, CABI, Wallingford, UK; 2007. p. 134-54.
Gallo C, Tadich TA. Chapter 10: South America. In: M.C. Appleby MC, V. Cussen V, L. Garcés L, L Lambert L,and J. Turner J. eds. Long distance transport and welfare of farm animals. 1st ed. CABI, Wallingford, UK; 2008. p. 261-87.
Gallo C, Warris P, Knowles T, Negrón R, Valdés A, Mencarini I. Densidades de carga utilizadas para el transporte de bovinos destinados a matadero en Chile. Arch Med Vet 2005;37(2):155-9.
Gallo C. Using scientific evidence to inform public policy on the long distance transportation of animals in South America. Vet Ital 2008;44(1):113-20.
Gallo C, Pérez S, Sanhueza C, Gasic J. Efectos del tiempo de transporte de novillos previo al faenamiento sobre el comportamiento, las pérdidas de peso y algunas características de la canal. Arch Med Vet 2000;32(2):157-70.
Gallo C, Espinoza A, Gasic J. Efectos del transporte por camión durante 36 horas con y sin período de descanso sobre el peso vivo y algunos aspectos de calidad de carne en bovinos. Arc Med Vet 2001;33(1):43-53.
Gallo C, Lizondo G, Knowles G. Effects of journey and lairage time on steers transported to slaughter in Chile. Vet Rec 2003;152:361-4.
Grupta S, Earley B, Crowe MA. Effect of 12-hour road transportation on physiological, immunological and hematological parameters in bulls housed at different space allowances. Vet J 2007;173:605-16.
Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Haley DB, Church S, Woods J, O´byrne T. An education and training programme for livestock transporters in Canada. Vet Ital 2008;44(1):273-83.
Gavinelli A, Ferrara M, Simonin D. Formulating policies for the welfare of animals during long distance transportation. Vert Ital 2008;44(1):71-86.
Van de Water G, Verjans F, Geers R. The effect of short distance transport under commercial conditions on the physiology of slaughter calves; pH and colour profiles of veal. Livestock Produc Sci 2003;82:171-9.
Edge MK, Barnett JL. Development of animal welfare standards for the livestock transport industry: process, challenges, and implementation. J Vet Behav 2009;4:187-92.
Hambrecht E, Eissen JJ, Newman DJ, Smith CH, Versteen MW, Den Hartog LA. Preslaughter handling effects on pork quality and glycolytic potential in two muscles differing in fiber type composition. J Anim Sci 2005;83:900-7.
Pipek P, Haberl A, Jelenikova J. Influence of slaughterhouse handling of the quality of beef carcasses. Czech J Anim Sci 2003;9:371-8.
King DA, Schuehle CE, Randel RD, Welsh TH, Oliphint RA, Baird BE, Curley KO, Vann RC, Hale DS, Savell JW. Influence of animal temperament and stress responsiveness on the carcass quality and beef tenderness of feedlot cattle. Meat Sci 2006;74:546-56.
María GA, Villarroel M, Chacón G, Gebresenbet G. Scoring system for evaluating the stress to cattle of commercial loading and unloading. Vet Rec 2004;154:818-21.
Villarroel M, María G, Sañudo G, García-Belenguer S, Chacón G, Gebresenbet G. Effect of comercial transport in Spain on cattle welfare and meat quality. Dtsch tierärztl Wschr 2003;110:105-7.
Duffy G, Cummins E, Nally P, O´Brien S, Butler F. A review of quantitative microbial risk assessment in the management of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on beef. Meat Sci 2006;74:76-88.
Varela-Hernández JJ, Cabrera-Díaz E, Cardona-López MA, Ibarra-Velásquez L, Rangel-Villalobos H, Castillo A, et al. Isolation and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and no- O157 from beef carcasses at slaughter plant in Mexico. Int J Food Microbiol 2007;113:237-41.
Mather AE, Innocent GT, McEwen SA, Reilly WJ, Taylor DJ, Steele WB, et al. Risk factors for hide contamination of Scottish cattle at slaughter with Escherichia coli O157. Prevent Vet Med 2007;80:257-70.
Carney E, O´Brien SB, Sheridan JJ, McDowell DA, Blair IS, Duffy G. Prevalence and level of Escherichia coli O157 on beef trimmings, carcasses and boned head meat at a beef slaughter plant. Food Microbiol 2006;23:52-9.
Cummins E, Nally P, Butler F, Duffy G, O´Brien S. Development and validation of a probabilistic secondorder exposure assessment model for Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination of beef trimmings from Irish meat plants. Meat Sci 2008;79:139-54.
Cockram MS. Criteria and potential reasons for maximum journey times for farm animals destined for slaughter. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2007;106:234-43.
Buckham KR, Sporer PSD, Weber JL, Burton B, Earley B, Crowe MA. Transportation of young beef bulls alters circulating physiological parameters that may be effective biomarkers of stress. J Animal S 2008;86:1325-34.
Decreto 3149/2006, del Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural. (Boletín del Estado, número 46390, 13-09-06).
Decreto 414/ 2007, del Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural. (Boletín del Estado, número 46543, 15-02-07).
Decreto 1500/2007, del Ministerio de la Protección Social. (Boletín del Estado, número 46623, 04-05-07).
Resolución 2905/2007, del Ministerio de la Protección Social. (Boletín del Estado, número 46733, 27-08-07).
Blokhuis HJ, Keeling LJ, Gavinelli A, Serratosa J. Animal welfare´s impact on the food chain. Trends Food Sci Technol 2008;19:579-87.
Mench JA. Farm animal welfare in the USA: farming practices, research, education, regulation, and assurance programs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2008;113:298-312.
Grandin T. Progress and challenges in animal handling and slaughter in U.S. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2006;100:129-39.
Tadich N, Gallo C, Bustamante H, Schwerter M, van Schaik G. Effects of transport and lairage time on some blood constituents of Friesian-cross steers in Chile. Livest Prod Sci 2005;93:223-33.
Le Neindre P, Terlouw C, Boivin X, Boissy A, Lensink J. Behavioral research and its application to livestock transport and policy: A European perspective. J Anim Sci 2001;79(Suppl E):159-65.
Evaluating the effectiveness of training strategies: Performance goals and testing. ILAR J 2007;48(2):156-62.
Núm. 2 , Año 2010 : Julio - Diciembre
https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/download/5504/4971
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv Revista Biosalud - 2010
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidad de Caldas
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidad de Caldas
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spelling El transporte terrestre de bovinos y sus implicaciones en el bienestar animal: RevisiónGround transportation of bovines and its implications in the animals’ welfare: A revisionbienestar animalcontusioneslegislación sanitariatransporteanimal welfarecontusionssanitary legislationtransportationIntroducción: el transporte de los bovinos desde las fincas hasta las plantas frigoríficas se realiza generalmente por vía terrestre. El transporte produce estrés y afecta el bienestar animal, lo que incide negativamente en la calidad e inocuidad de la carne. Además, produce pérdidas económicas por decomisos, contusiones de diferente grado, mortalidad, pérdidas de peso vivo, bajo rendimiento de la canal y alteración de las variables organolépticas de la carne, entre otros aspectos. Colombia cuenta con legislación sanitaria actualizada sobre el transporte de ganado bovino y bufalino, que es un requerimiento de implementación para la industria cárnica. Objetivos: presentar las implicaciones del transporte en el bienestar animal y describir los lineamientos para efectuar un transporte adecuado, de acuerdo con la legislación sanitaria colombiana y  las recomendaciones internacionales de la Organización Mundial de Salud Animal (OIE).Introduction: bovine transportation from the farms to the meat processing plant is usually carried out using ground transportation. The transportation process produces stress and affects the animal welfare which has a negative bearing on the quality and harmlessness of the meat. Besides, it produces economic losses because of confiscations, different contusions, mortality, loss in live weight, reduction in carcass weight and alteration of the meat organoleptic variables among others. Colombia counts with an updated sanitary legislation for cattle and buffalo transportation which is an implementation requirement for the meat industry. Objectives: to display the implications of transportation on animal welfare, and describe the guidelines to carry out adequate transportation according to the Colombian sanitary legislation and international recommendations of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE).Universidad de Caldas2022-03-17T00:37:02Z2025-10-08T21:16:34Z2022-03-17T00:37:02Z2025-10-08T21:16:34Z2022-03-17Artículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_dcae04bcTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREVinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1application/pdf1657-9550https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/237332462-960Xhttps://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/5504https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/5504spa822679BiosaludMaría GA, Villarroel M, Sañudo C, Olleta JL, Gebresenbet G. Effect of transport time and ageing on aspects of beef quality. Meat Sci 2003;65:1335-40.Fisher AD, Colditz IG, Lee C, Ferguson DM. The influence of land transport on animal welfare in extensive farming systems. Journal of Vet Behav 2009;4:157-62.Amtmann VA, Gallo C, Van Schaik G, Tadich N. Relaciones entre el manejo ante-mortem, variables sanguíneas indicadoras de estrés y pH de la canal en novillos. Arch Med Vet 2006;38(3):259-64.Muchenje V, Dzama K, Chimonyo M, Strydom PE, Hugo A, Raats JG. Some biochemical aspects pertaining to beef eating quality and consumer health: A review. Food Chem 2009;112:279-89.Ferguson DM, Warner RD. Have we underestimated the impact of pre-slaughter on meat quality in ruminants? Meat Sci 2008;80:12-9.De Witte K. Development of the Australian Animal Welfare standards and guidelines for the land transport of livestock: Process and philosophical considerations. J Vet Behav 2009;4:148-56.Grandin T. Transferring results of behavioral research to industry to improve animal welfare on the farm, ranch and the slaughter plant. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2003;81:215-28.Minka NS, Ayo JO. Effects of loading behaviour and road transport stress on traumatic injuries in cattle transported by road during the hot-dry season. Livestock Sci 2007;107:91-5.Rojas H, Stuardo L, Benavides D. Políticas y prácticas de bienestar animal en los países de América: estudio preliminar. Rev sci tech off int epiz 2005;24(2): 549-65.OIE Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal. Código Sanitario para los animales terrestres 2010. Título 7. Bienestar de los animales. Disponible en: http://oie.int/esp/normes/mcode/E_summry.htm [Consultado en noviembre 2010].Resolución 002341/2007, del Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario ICA. (Boletín del Estado, número 46730, 24-09-07).Broom DM. The effects of land transport on animal welfare. Rev sci tech Off Int Epiz 2005;24(2):683-91.Cockram MS, Baxter EM, Smith LA, Bell S, Howard CM, Prescott RJ, et al. Effect of driver behaviour, driving events and road type on the stability and resting behaviour of sheep in transit. Anim Sci 2004;79:165-76Villarroel M, María GA, Sierra I, Sañudo C, García-Belenguer S, Gebresenbet G. Critical points in the transport of cattle to slaughter in Spain that may compromise the animal`s welfare. Vet Rec 2001;149:173-76.Mach N, Bach A, Velarde A, Devant M. Association between animal, transportation, slaughterhouse practices, and meat pH in beef. Meat Sci 2008;78:232-38.Gallo C. Transporte e bem-estar animal. Ciênc vet tróp 2008;11(suppl 1):70-9.Grandin T, Gallo C. Chapter 9: Cattle transport. In: T. Grandin. eds. Livestock Handling and Transport. 3rd ed, CABI, Wallingford, UK; 2007. p. 134-54.Gallo C, Tadich TA. Chapter 10: South America. In: M.C. Appleby MC, V. Cussen V, L. Garcés L, L Lambert L,and J. Turner J. eds. Long distance transport and welfare of farm animals. 1st ed. CABI, Wallingford, UK; 2008. p. 261-87.Gallo C, Warris P, Knowles T, Negrón R, Valdés A, Mencarini I. Densidades de carga utilizadas para el transporte de bovinos destinados a matadero en Chile. Arch Med Vet 2005;37(2):155-9.Gallo C. Using scientific evidence to inform public policy on the long distance transportation of animals in South America. Vet Ital 2008;44(1):113-20.Gallo C, Pérez S, Sanhueza C, Gasic J. Efectos del tiempo de transporte de novillos previo al faenamiento sobre el comportamiento, las pérdidas de peso y algunas características de la canal. Arch Med Vet 2000;32(2):157-70.Gallo C, Espinoza A, Gasic J. Efectos del transporte por camión durante 36 horas con y sin período de descanso sobre el peso vivo y algunos aspectos de calidad de carne en bovinos. Arc Med Vet 2001;33(1):43-53.Gallo C, Lizondo G, Knowles G. Effects of journey and lairage time on steers transported to slaughter in Chile. Vet Rec 2003;152:361-4.Grupta S, Earley B, Crowe MA. Effect of 12-hour road transportation on physiological, immunological and hematological parameters in bulls housed at different space allowances. Vet J 2007;173:605-16.Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Haley DB, Church S, Woods J, O´byrne T. An education and training programme for livestock transporters in Canada. Vet Ital 2008;44(1):273-83.Gavinelli A, Ferrara M, Simonin D. Formulating policies for the welfare of animals during long distance transportation. Vert Ital 2008;44(1):71-86.Van de Water G, Verjans F, Geers R. The effect of short distance transport under commercial conditions on the physiology of slaughter calves; pH and colour profiles of veal. Livestock Produc Sci 2003;82:171-9.Edge MK, Barnett JL. Development of animal welfare standards for the livestock transport industry: process, challenges, and implementation. J Vet Behav 2009;4:187-92.Hambrecht E, Eissen JJ, Newman DJ, Smith CH, Versteen MW, Den Hartog LA. Preslaughter handling effects on pork quality and glycolytic potential in two muscles differing in fiber type composition. J Anim Sci 2005;83:900-7.Pipek P, Haberl A, Jelenikova J. Influence of slaughterhouse handling of the quality of beef carcasses. Czech J Anim Sci 2003;9:371-8.King DA, Schuehle CE, Randel RD, Welsh TH, Oliphint RA, Baird BE, Curley KO, Vann RC, Hale DS, Savell JW. Influence of animal temperament and stress responsiveness on the carcass quality and beef tenderness of feedlot cattle. Meat Sci 2006;74:546-56.María GA, Villarroel M, Chacón G, Gebresenbet G. Scoring system for evaluating the stress to cattle of commercial loading and unloading. Vet Rec 2004;154:818-21.Villarroel M, María G, Sañudo G, García-Belenguer S, Chacón G, Gebresenbet G. Effect of comercial transport in Spain on cattle welfare and meat quality. Dtsch tierärztl Wschr 2003;110:105-7.Duffy G, Cummins E, Nally P, O´Brien S, Butler F. A review of quantitative microbial risk assessment in the management of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on beef. Meat Sci 2006;74:76-88.Varela-Hernández JJ, Cabrera-Díaz E, Cardona-López MA, Ibarra-Velásquez L, Rangel-Villalobos H, Castillo A, et al. Isolation and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and no- O157 from beef carcasses at slaughter plant in Mexico. Int J Food Microbiol 2007;113:237-41.Mather AE, Innocent GT, McEwen SA, Reilly WJ, Taylor DJ, Steele WB, et al. Risk factors for hide contamination of Scottish cattle at slaughter with Escherichia coli O157. Prevent Vet Med 2007;80:257-70.Carney E, O´Brien SB, Sheridan JJ, McDowell DA, Blair IS, Duffy G. Prevalence and level of Escherichia coli O157 on beef trimmings, carcasses and boned head meat at a beef slaughter plant. Food Microbiol 2006;23:52-9.Cummins E, Nally P, Butler F, Duffy G, O´Brien S. Development and validation of a probabilistic secondorder exposure assessment model for Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination of beef trimmings from Irish meat plants. Meat Sci 2008;79:139-54.Cockram MS. Criteria and potential reasons for maximum journey times for farm animals destined for slaughter. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2007;106:234-43.Buckham KR, Sporer PSD, Weber JL, Burton B, Earley B, Crowe MA. Transportation of young beef bulls alters circulating physiological parameters that may be effective biomarkers of stress. J Animal S 2008;86:1325-34.Decreto 3149/2006, del Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural. (Boletín del Estado, número 46390, 13-09-06).Decreto 414/ 2007, del Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural. (Boletín del Estado, número 46543, 15-02-07).Decreto 1500/2007, del Ministerio de la Protección Social. (Boletín del Estado, número 46623, 04-05-07).Resolución 2905/2007, del Ministerio de la Protección Social. (Boletín del Estado, número 46733, 27-08-07).Blokhuis HJ, Keeling LJ, Gavinelli A, Serratosa J. Animal welfare´s impact on the food chain. Trends Food Sci Technol 2008;19:579-87.Mench JA. Farm animal welfare in the USA: farming practices, research, education, regulation, and assurance programs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2008;113:298-312.Grandin T. Progress and challenges in animal handling and slaughter in U.S. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2006;100:129-39.Tadich N, Gallo C, Bustamante H, Schwerter M, van Schaik G. Effects of transport and lairage time on some blood constituents of Friesian-cross steers in Chile. Livest Prod Sci 2005;93:223-33.Le Neindre P, Terlouw C, Boivin X, Boissy A, Lensink J. Behavioral research and its application to livestock transport and policy: A European perspective. J Anim Sci 2001;79(Suppl E):159-65.Evaluating the effectiveness of training strategies: Performance goals and testing. ILAR J 2007;48(2):156-62.Núm. 2 , Año 2010 : Julio - Diciembrehttps://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/download/5504/4971Revista Biosalud - 2010https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Romero Peñuela, Marlyn HellenUribe Velásquez, Luis FernandoSánchez Valencia, Jorge Albertooai:repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co:ucaldas/237332025-10-08T21:16:34Z

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