Levels of heavy metals. Urban gardens in Bogota Colombia

Se analizaron muestras de lechuga, suelo y agua de riego en huertos urbanos de la ciudad de Bogotá para la detección y cuantificación de plomo (Pb), cadmio (Cd), cromo (Cr), níquel (Ni), arsénico (As) y mercurio (Hg). Las concentraciones de metales de los suelos y hortalizas variaron según la ubicac...

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Fecha de publicación:: 2021

Institución:: Universidad de Caldas

Repositorio:: Repositorio Institucional U. Caldas

Idioma:: eng

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network_acronym_str	REPOUCALDA
network_name_str	Repositorio Institucional U. Caldas
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	Levels of heavy metals. Urban gardens in Bogota Colombia Levels of heavy metals. Urban gardens in Bogota Colombia
title	Levels of heavy metals. Urban gardens in Bogota Colombia
spellingShingle	Levels of heavy metals. Urban gardens in Bogota Colombia metales pesados suelo agricultura urbana aprovechamiento de aguas pluviales seguridad alimentaria heavy metals soil urban agriculture rainwater harvesting food security
title_short	Levels of heavy metals. Urban gardens in Bogota Colombia
title_full	Levels of heavy metals. Urban gardens in Bogota Colombia
title_fullStr	Levels of heavy metals. Urban gardens in Bogota Colombia
title_full_unstemmed	Levels of heavy metals. Urban gardens in Bogota Colombia
title_sort	Levels of heavy metals. Urban gardens in Bogota Colombia
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv	metales pesados suelo agricultura urbana aprovechamiento de aguas pluviales seguridad alimentaria heavy metals soil urban agriculture rainwater harvesting food security
topic	metales pesados suelo agricultura urbana aprovechamiento de aguas pluviales seguridad alimentaria heavy metals soil urban agriculture rainwater harvesting food security
description	Se analizaron muestras de lechuga, suelo y agua de riego en huertos urbanos de la ciudad de Bogotá para la detección y cuantificación de plomo (Pb), cadmio (Cd), cromo (Cr), níquel (Ni), arsénico (As) y mercurio (Hg). Las concentraciones de metales de los suelos y hortalizas variaron según la ubicación del huerto urbano; todos los metales detectados en los suelos y la lechuga estaban por debajo de los valores permisibles de referencia (estándares locales e internacionales); no se detectaron metales pesados en las aguas de riego; suelos, concentraciones de metales de las aguas de riego y lechuga no se correlacionaron, lo que permitió concluir que, la agricultura urbana no debe representar un riesgo químico significativo para la salud de los consumidores por la posible ingesta de estos metales pesados y/o elementos traza. No obstante, es necesario continuar investigando sobre esta importante temática, la cual se relaciona directamente con la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria, que debería permitir actualizar y/o generar bases para el establecimiento de niveles de referencia frente al contenido de metales y elementos traza en aguas, suelos y alimentos hortofrutícolas.
publishDate	2021
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv	2021-01-01 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z 2025-10-08T21:12:44Z 2025-10-08T21:12:44Z
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dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv	0122-5391 https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/23586 10.17151/luaz.2022.54.6 1909-2474 https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2022.54.6
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url	https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/23586 https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2022.54.6
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv	113 54 97 Luna Azul Angelova, V., Ivanova, R., Delibaltova, V. & Ivanov, K. (2004). Bio-accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in fibre crops (flax, cotton and hemp). Industrial crops and products, 19(3), 197-205. Antisari, L., Orsini, F., Marchetti, L., Vianello, G., & Gianquinto, G. (2015). Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown in urban gardens. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35, 1139 –1147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0308-z Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code. (2016). Schedule 19 – Maximum levels of contaminants and natural toxicants (pp. 1–7). Attorney-General’s Department. Botanical Garden of Bogota José Celestino Mutis. (2018). Technical and Operational Subdirection. Urban Agriculture Project. Brown, S. L., Chaney, R. L., & Hettiarachchi, G. M. (2016). Lead in Urban Soils: a Real or Perceived Concern for Urban Agriculture? Journal of environmental quality, 45(1), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.07.0376 Castro, J., Ostoić, S. K., González, P. C., Fini, A., & Sitzia, T. (2018). Ciudades inclusivas y sostenibles con bosques urbanos «comestibles». Unasylva: revista internacional de silvicultura e industrias forestales, 69(250), 59-65. https://www.fao.org/3/I8707ES/i8707es.pdf Chubaka, C. E., Whiley, H., Edwards, J. W. & Ross. K. E. (2018). A Review of Roof Harvested Rainwater in Australia. Journal of environmental and public health, 2018,1-14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6471324 Colombia. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. (26 June 1984). Decree 1594 of 1984. Use of water and solid waste. Official Gazette no. 36.700 Colombia. Ministry of Environment. Housing and Territorial Development and Ministry of Mines and Energy. (June 21, 2006) Resolution no. 1180 Whereby Resolutions 1565 and 1289 of December 27, 2004 and September 7, 2005, respectively, are partially modified. Official Gazette no. 46308. Colombia. Ministry of Health and Social Protection. (October 30, 2013). Resolution 4506 Maximum levels of contaminants in food intended for human consumption and other provisions. Official journal no. 48960. Colombia. Ministry of Mines and Energy. (June 27, 1997). Decree 1697 of 1997, which partially modifies Decree 948 of 1995, which contains the Regulation for the Protection and Control of Air Quality. Official Gazette no. 43079. Colombian Agricultural Institute (CORPOICA). (n.d.). Guide for soil sampling. Colombian Institute of Technical Standards and Certification (ICONTEC). (2011). NTC 5167. Agricultural Industry Products. Organic Products Used as Fertilizers and Soil Amendments. Combariza. B. (2009). Heavy metals pollution of Muña Reservoir and its relation between blood levels of cadmium, lead and mercury, and health effects of Sibaté town (Cundinamarca) [master thesis Universidad Nacional de Colombia]. Biblioteca digital. https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/70168 Commission of the European Communities. (2000). Report from the commission to the council and the european parliament on the implementation of community waste legislation. Brussels. https://www.fomento.gob.es/AZ.BBMF.Web/documentacion/pdf/com2006_0406.pdf Retrieved. European Union. (2017). Maximum levels for heavy metals in foodstuffs. heavy metals. revision March 2017. Fernández, G. & Guzmán, A. (2000). Presencia Antropogénica de Cromo (Cr) en el Ambiente y su Impacto en la Salud de los Pobladores de las Toscas (Santa Fe - Argentina). Ambiente Ecológico. UNCPBA. Centro de Investigaciones Ecogeográficas y Ambientales Tandil – Argentina. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1995). General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed. CODEX STAN 193-1995. Amendment 2015, FAO. https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/livestockgov/documents/CXS_193s.pdf Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2004). Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of lead in food, CXC 56-2004, FAO. Galán. E & Romero. A. (2008). Contaminación de Suelos por Metales Pesados. Revista de la sociedad española de mineralogía, 0(10),48-86 Gay Méndez, A. (2017). Nutrición. Colección Aula mentor. Serie Salud. Ministerio de Educación Cultura y Deporte España. CamSa. https://sede.educacion.gob.es/publiventa/PdfServlet?pdf=VP18899.pdf&area=E Ghimire, S. R. & Johnston, J. M. (2019). Sustainability assessment of agricultural rainwater harvesting: Evaluation of alternative crop types and irrigation practices. PloS one,14(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216452 Kostova, B. (s. f.). Programa de las naciones unidas para el medio ambiente. Naciones Unidas y El Estado de Derecho. Recuperado 1 de noviembre de 2021, de Link McBride, M., Shayler. H., Spliethoff. H., Mitchell, R., Márquez, L., Ferenz, G., Russell-Anelli. J., Casey, L. & Bachmand. S. (2014). Concentrations of lead. cadmium and barium in urban garden-grown vegetables: the impact of soil variables. Environmental Pollution. 194. 254-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.036 Mexico. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. (2 March 2007). Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-147-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2004. Criteria to determine the remediation concentrations of soils contaminated by arsenic. barium. beryllium. cadmium. hexavalent chromium. mercury. nickel. silver. Pb. selenium. thallium and/or vanadium. Montaño-López, F. & Biswas, A. (2021). Are heavy metals in urban garden soils linked to vulnerable populations? A case study from Guelph, Canada. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 11286. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90368-3 National Institute of Health (INS). (2011). Instruction manual for the collection of drinking water samples for laboratory analysis. Laboratory Surveillance Program for the Quality of Water for Human Consumption. Nava R., C., & Méndez, M. (2011). Efectos neurotóxicos de metales pesados (cadmio, plomo, arsénico y talio. Archivos de Neurociencias, 16(3). https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/arcneu/ane-2011/ane113f.pdf Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. (2003). Consolidated text produced by the system of the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. CONSLEG: 1986L0278 — 05/06/2003. Link Piagessi, A. (Ed.) (2004). Los microelementos en la nutrición vegetal. VALAGRO SpA. Reyes, Y., Vergara, I., Torres, O., Díaz-Lagos, M., & González-Jiménez, E. (2016). Contaminación por metales pesados: Implicaciones en salud, ambiente y seguridad alimentaria. Ingeniería Investigación y Desarrollo, 16(2), 66-77. https://doi.org/10.19053/1900771X.v16.n2.2016.5447 Rieuwerts, J.S., Thonton, I., Farago. M. & Ashmore. M. (1998). Factors influencing metals bioavailability in soils: preliminary investigations for the development of a critical loads approach for metals. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability,10(2), 61-75. https://doi.org/10.3184/095422998782775835 Säumel, I., Kotsyuk, I., Hölscher. M., Lenkereit, C., Weber, F. & Kowarik, I. (2012). How healthy is urban horticulture in high traffic areas? Trace metal concentrations in vegetable crops from plantings within inner city neighbourhoods in Berlin. Germany. Environmental Pollution,165,124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.02.019 Secretary of Mobility. (2016). Mobility in Figures 2016. Mayor's Office of Bogota. Torres, A., Méndez-Fajardo, S., Gutiérrez Torres, Á. P., & Sandoval, S. (2013). Quality of rainwater runoff on roofs and its relation to uses and rain characteristics in the villa Alexandra and acacias neighborhoods of Kennedy, Bogotá, Colombia. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 139(10), 1273-1278. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000746 United Nations. (2019). The Sustainable Development Goals Report. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2019/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2019.pdf United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2010). Lead and other heavy metals in community garden soils. National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Annual report. United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA (1994). Revised Interim Soil Lead Guidance for CERCLA Sites and RCRA Corrective Action Facilities. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Directive 9355.4-12. Vega, D. A. (2016). Sistema aeropónico automatizado para la producción de hortalizas. Revista de la Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería, (102), 63-68. Vega, D.A. & Salamanca, A.P. (2016). Contenidos de Pb en Acelga común Beta vulgaris L. producida en el contexto de la agricultura urbana (Bogotá. Colombia). Revista Luna Azul,42,44-53. https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2016.42.5 Vega. D.A & Vega. T. (2021). Contenidos de Plomo en Hortalizas Cultivadas en Huertos Urbanos de la Ciudad de Bogotá Colombia. Revista Idesia. 39 (3) Wuana, R. & Okieimen, F. (2011). Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation. International Scholarly Research Notices, Ecology, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647 Núm. 54 , Año 2022 : Enero - Junio https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/download/8870/7117 https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/download/8870/7132
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv	Universidad de Caldas
publisher.none.fl_str_mv	Universidad de Caldas
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spelling	Levels of heavy metals. Urban gardens in Bogota ColombiaLevels of heavy metals. Urban gardens in Bogota Colombiametales pesadossueloagricultura urbanaaprovechamiento de aguas pluvialesseguridad alimentariaheavy metalssoilurban agriculturerainwater harvestingfood securitySe analizaron muestras de lechuga, suelo y agua de riego en huertos urbanos de la ciudad de Bogotá para la detección y cuantificación de plomo (Pb), cadmio (Cd), cromo (Cr), níquel (Ni), arsénico (As) y mercurio (Hg). Las concentraciones de metales de los suelos y hortalizas variaron según la ubicación del huerto urbano; todos los metales detectados en los suelos y la lechuga estaban por debajo de los valores permisibles de referencia (estándares locales e internacionales); no se detectaron metales pesados en las aguas de riego; suelos, concentraciones de metales de las aguas de riego y lechuga no se correlacionaron, lo que permitió concluir que, la agricultura urbana no debe representar un riesgo químico significativo para la salud de los consumidores por la posible ingesta de estos metales pesados y/o elementos traza. No obstante, es necesario continuar investigando sobre esta importante temática, la cual se relaciona directamente con la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria, que debería permitir actualizar y/o generar bases para el establecimiento de niveles de referencia frente al contenido de metales y elementos traza en aguas, suelos y alimentos hortofrutícolas.Samples of lettuce, soil, and irrigation water from city gardens located in Bogota were analyzed in order to detect and quantify lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg). Metal concentrations of the soils and vegetables varied according to urban garden location; all detected metals in the soils and the lettuce were below health-based guidance values (local and international standards); heavy metals in irrigation waters were not detected; soils, metal concentrations of the irrigation waters and lettuce did not correlate. It means that urban agriculture should not represent a significant chemical risk for the consumer’s healthcare due to the possible intake of heavy metals and trace elements. However, it is necessary to continue conducting research on this important topic that is directly related to food security and food sovereignty and that will add information to update and establish a basis for reference levels regarding heavy metals in water, soil and vegetables.Universidad de Caldas2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2025-10-08T21:12:44Z2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2025-10-08T21:12:44Z2021-01-01Artículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1application/pdftext/html0122-5391https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/2358610.17151/luaz.2022.54.61909-2474https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2022.54.6https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/view/8870eng1135497Luna AzulAngelova, V., Ivanova, R., Delibaltova, V. & Ivanov, K. (2004). Bio-accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in fibre crops (flax, cotton and hemp). Industrial crops and products, 19(3), 197-205.Antisari, L., Orsini, F., Marchetti, L., Vianello, G., & Gianquinto, G. (2015). Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown in urban gardens. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35, 1139 –1147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0308-zAustralia New Zealand Food Standards Code. (2016). Schedule 19 – Maximum levels of contaminants and natural toxicants (pp. 1–7). Attorney-General’s Department.Botanical Garden of Bogota José Celestino Mutis. (2018). Technical and Operational Subdirection. Urban Agriculture Project.Brown, S. L., Chaney, R. L., & Hettiarachchi, G. M. (2016). Lead in Urban Soils: a Real or Perceived Concern for Urban Agriculture? Journal of environmental quality, 45(1), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.07.0376Castro, J., Ostoić, S. K., González, P. C., Fini, A., & Sitzia, T. (2018). Ciudades inclusivas y sostenibles con bosques urbanos «comestibles». Unasylva: revista internacional de silvicultura e industrias forestales, 69(250), 59-65. https://www.fao.org/3/I8707ES/i8707es.pdfChubaka, C. E., Whiley, H., Edwards, J. W. & Ross. K. E. (2018). A Review of Roof Harvested Rainwater in Australia. Journal of environmental and public health, 2018,1-14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6471324Colombia. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. (26 June 1984). Decree 1594 of 1984. Use of water and solid waste. Official Gazette no. 36.700Colombia. Ministry of Environment. Housing and Territorial Development and Ministry of Mines and Energy. (June 21, 2006) Resolution no. 1180 Whereby Resolutions 1565 and 1289 of December 27, 2004 and September 7, 2005, respectively, are partially modified. Official Gazette no. 46308.Colombia. Ministry of Health and Social Protection. (October 30, 2013). Resolution 4506 Maximum levels of contaminants in food intended for human consumption and other provisions. Official journal no. 48960.Colombia. Ministry of Mines and Energy. (June 27, 1997). Decree 1697 of 1997, which partially modifies Decree 948 of 1995, which contains the Regulation for the Protection and Control of Air Quality. Official Gazette no. 43079.Colombian Agricultural Institute (CORPOICA). (n.d.). Guide for soil sampling.Colombian Institute of Technical Standards and Certification (ICONTEC). (2011). NTC 5167. Agricultural Industry Products. Organic Products Used as Fertilizers and Soil Amendments.Combariza. B. (2009). Heavy metals pollution of Muña Reservoir and its relation between blood levels of cadmium, lead and mercury, and health effects of Sibaté town (Cundinamarca) [master thesis Universidad Nacional de Colombia]. Biblioteca digital. https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/70168Commission of the European Communities. (2000). Report from the commission to the council and the european parliament on the implementation of community waste legislation. Brussels. https://www.fomento.gob.es/AZ.BBMF.Web/documentacion/pdf/com2006_0406.pdf Retrieved.European Union. (2017). Maximum levels for heavy metals in foodstuffs. heavy metals. revision March 2017.Fernández, G. & Guzmán, A. (2000). Presencia Antropogénica de Cromo (Cr) en el Ambiente y su Impacto en la Salud de los Pobladores de las Toscas (Santa Fe - Argentina). Ambiente Ecológico. UNCPBA. Centro de Investigaciones Ecogeográficas y Ambientales Tandil – Argentina.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1995). General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed. CODEX STAN 193-1995. Amendment 2015, FAO. https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/livestockgov/documents/CXS_193s.pdfFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2004). Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of lead in food, CXC 56-2004, FAO.Galán. E & Romero. A. (2008). Contaminación de Suelos por Metales Pesados. Revista de la sociedad española de mineralogía, 0(10),48-86Gay Méndez, A. (2017). Nutrición. Colección Aula mentor. Serie Salud. Ministerio de Educación Cultura y Deporte España. CamSa. https://sede.educacion.gob.es/publiventa/PdfServlet?pdf=VP18899.pdf&area=EGhimire, S. R. & Johnston, J. M. (2019). Sustainability assessment of agricultural rainwater harvesting: Evaluation of alternative crop types and irrigation practices. PloS one,14(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216452Kostova, B. (s. f.). Programa de las naciones unidas para el medio ambiente. Naciones Unidas y El Estado de Derecho. Recuperado 1 de noviembre de 2021, de LinkMcBride, M., Shayler. H., Spliethoff. H., Mitchell, R., Márquez, L., Ferenz, G., Russell-Anelli. J., Casey, L. & Bachmand. S. (2014). Concentrations of lead. cadmium and barium in urban garden-grown vegetables: the impact of soil variables. Environmental Pollution. 194. 254-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.036Mexico. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. (2 March 2007). Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-147-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2004. Criteria to determine the remediation concentrations of soils contaminated by arsenic. barium. beryllium. cadmium. hexavalent chromium. mercury. nickel. silver. Pb. selenium. thallium and/or vanadium.Montaño-López, F. & Biswas, A. (2021). Are heavy metals in urban garden soils linked to vulnerable populations? A case study from Guelph, Canada. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 11286. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90368-3National Institute of Health (INS). (2011). Instruction manual for the collection of drinking water samples for laboratory analysis. Laboratory Surveillance Program for the Quality of Water for Human Consumption.Nava R., C., & Méndez, M. (2011). Efectos neurotóxicos de metales pesados (cadmio, plomo, arsénico y talio. Archivos de Neurociencias, 16(3). https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/arcneu/ane-2011/ane113f.pdfOffice for Official Publications of the European Communities. (2003). Consolidated text produced by the system of the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. CONSLEG: 1986L0278 — 05/06/2003. LinkPiagessi, A. (Ed.) (2004). Los microelementos en la nutrición vegetal. VALAGRO SpA.Reyes, Y., Vergara, I., Torres, O., Díaz-Lagos, M., & González-Jiménez, E. (2016). Contaminación por metales pesados: Implicaciones en salud, ambiente y seguridad alimentaria. Ingeniería Investigación y Desarrollo, 16(2), 66-77. https://doi.org/10.19053/1900771X.v16.n2.2016.5447Rieuwerts, J.S., Thonton, I., Farago. M. & Ashmore. M. (1998). Factors influencing metals bioavailability in soils: preliminary investigations for the development of a critical loads approach for metals. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability,10(2), 61-75. https://doi.org/10.3184/095422998782775835Säumel, I., Kotsyuk, I., Hölscher. M., Lenkereit, C., Weber, F. & Kowarik, I. (2012). How healthy is urban horticulture in high traffic areas? Trace metal concentrations in vegetable crops from plantings within inner city neighbourhoods in Berlin. Germany. Environmental Pollution,165,124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.02.019Secretary of Mobility. (2016). Mobility in Figures 2016. Mayor's Office of Bogota.Torres, A., Méndez-Fajardo, S., Gutiérrez Torres, Á. P., & Sandoval, S. (2013). Quality of rainwater runoff on roofs and its relation to uses and rain characteristics in the villa Alexandra and acacias neighborhoods of Kennedy, Bogotá, Colombia. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 139(10), 1273-1278. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000746United Nations. (2019). The Sustainable Development Goals Report. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2019/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2019.pdfUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2010). Lead and other heavy metals in community garden soils. National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Annual report.United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA (1994). Revised Interim Soil Lead Guidance for CERCLA Sites and RCRA Corrective Action Facilities. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Directive 9355.4-12.Vega, D. A. (2016). Sistema aeropónico automatizado para la producción de hortalizas. Revista de la Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería, (102), 63-68.Vega, D.A. & Salamanca, A.P. (2016). Contenidos de Pb en Acelga común Beta vulgaris L. producida en el contexto de la agricultura urbana (Bogotá. Colombia). Revista Luna Azul,42,44-53. https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2016.42.5Vega. D.A & Vega. T. (2021). Contenidos de Plomo en Hortalizas Cultivadas en Huertos Urbanos de la Ciudad de Bogotá Colombia. Revista Idesia. 39 (3)Wuana, R. & Okieimen, F. (2011). Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation. International Scholarly Research Notices, Ecology, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647Núm. 54 , Año 2022 : Enero - Juniohttps://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/download/8870/7117https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/download/8870/7132https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Vega Castro, Daniel AndrésVega Clavijo, Lili Tatianaoai:repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co:ucaldas/235862025-10-08T21:12:44Z

Levels of heavy metals. Urban gardens in Bogota Colombia

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