Asociación entre preeclampsia y la presencia de microplásticos en placentas humanas en pacientes atendidas en un hospital de referencia en Manizales 2024-2025

Tablas

Autores:

Tipo de recurso:

Fecha de publicación:: 2026

Institución:: Universidad de Caldas

Repositorio:: Repositorio Institucional U. Caldas

Idioma:: spa

id	REPOUCALDA_7653fcd1f2577bfcdcd0e0c6761984be
oai_identifier_str	oai:repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co:ucaldas/26556
network_acronym_str	REPOUCALDA
network_name_str	Repositorio Institucional U. Caldas
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	Asociación entre preeclampsia y la presencia de microplásticos en placentas humanas en pacientes atendidas en un hospital de referencia en Manizales 2024-2025
title	Asociación entre preeclampsia y la presencia de microplásticos en placentas humanas en pacientes atendidas en un hospital de referencia en Manizales 2024-2025
spellingShingle	Asociación entre preeclampsia y la presencia de microplásticos en placentas humanas en pacientes atendidas en un hospital de referencia en Manizales 2024-2025 610 - Medicina y salud::618 - Ginecología, obstetricia, pediatría, geriatría 3. Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud Preeclampsia Microplastics Placenta Environmental Exposure Pregnancy Complications Bisphenol A Salud pública Investigación médica Embarazo
title_short	Asociación entre preeclampsia y la presencia de microplásticos en placentas humanas en pacientes atendidas en un hospital de referencia en Manizales 2024-2025
title_full	Asociación entre preeclampsia y la presencia de microplásticos en placentas humanas en pacientes atendidas en un hospital de referencia en Manizales 2024-2025
title_fullStr	Asociación entre preeclampsia y la presencia de microplásticos en placentas humanas en pacientes atendidas en un hospital de referencia en Manizales 2024-2025
title_full_unstemmed	Asociación entre preeclampsia y la presencia de microplásticos en placentas humanas en pacientes atendidas en un hospital de referencia en Manizales 2024-2025
title_sort	Asociación entre preeclampsia y la presencia de microplásticos en placentas humanas en pacientes atendidas en un hospital de referencia en Manizales 2024-2025
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv	Arias-Ortiz, Nelson Grupo Materno Perinatal de Caldas Dávila Arias, Liliana del Socorro Ocampo Correa, Carolina
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv	610 - Medicina y salud::618 - Ginecología, obstetricia, pediatría, geriatría 3. Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud Preeclampsia Microplastics Placenta Environmental Exposure Pregnancy Complications Bisphenol A Salud pública Investigación médica Embarazo
topic	610 - Medicina y salud::618 - Ginecología, obstetricia, pediatría, geriatría 3. Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud Preeclampsia Microplastics Placenta Environmental Exposure Pregnancy Complications Bisphenol A Salud pública Investigación médica Embarazo
description	Tablas
publishDate	2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv	2026-01-26T21:30:13Z 2026-01-26T21:30:13Z 2026-01-26
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Especialización http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_18ws Text info:eu-repo/semantics/report
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_93fc
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/26556 Universidad de Caldas Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Caldas repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co
url	https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/26556
identifier_str_mv	Universidad de Caldas Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Caldas repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv	spa
language	spa
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv	Li Y, Tao L, Wang Q, Wang F, Li G, Song M. Potential Health Impact of Microplastics: A Review of Environmental Distribution, Human Exposure, and Toxic E ects. Environ Health (Wash). 2023 Aug 10;1(4):249-257. doi: 10.1021/envhealth.3c00052. PMID: 39474495; PMCID: PMC11504192 Yong CQY, Valiyaveettil S, Tang BL. Toxicity of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Mammalian Systems. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 26;17(5):1509. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051509. PMID: 32111046; PMCID: PMC7084551 Marcelino RC, Cardoso RM, Domingues ELBC, Gonçalves RV, Lima GDA, Novaes RD. The emerging risk of microplastics and nanoplastics on the microstructure and function of reproductive organs in mammals: A systematic review of preclinical evidence. Life Sci. 2022 Apr 15;295:120404. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120404. Epub 2022 Feb 14. PMID: 35176278 Anifowoshe AT, Akhtar MN, Majeed A, Singh AS, Ismail TF, Nongthomba U. Microplastics: A threat to Fetoplacental unit and Reproductive systems. Toxicol Rep. 2025 Jan 30;14:101938. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101938. PMID: 40612654; PMCID: PMC12223432 Brooks A, Jambeck J, Mozo-Reyes E. Plastic Waste Management and Leakage in Latin America and the Caribbean [Internet]. 2020. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002873 Galindo Montero AA, Costa-Redondo LC, Vasco-Echeverri O, Arana VA. Microplastic pollution in coastal areas of Colombia: Review. Mar Environ Res. 2023 Sep;190:106027. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106027. Epub 2023 Jun 22. PMID: 37422996 Leslie HA, van Velzen MJM, Brandsma SH, Vethaak AD, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Lamoree MH. Discovery and quantification of plastic particle pollution in human blood. Environ Int. 2022 May;163:107199. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107199. Epub 2022 Mar 24. PMID: 35367073 Jenner LC, Rotchell JM, Bennett RT, Cowen M, Tentzeris V, Sadofsky LR. Detection of microplastics in human lung tissue using μFTIR spectroscopy. Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jul 20;831:154907. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154907. Epub 2022 Mar 29. PMID: 35364151 Horvatits T, Tamminga M, Liu B, Sebode M, Carambia A, Fischer L, et al. Microplastics detected in cirrhotic liver tissue. EBioMedicine [Internet]. 2022;82:104147. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j Schwabl P, Köppel S, Königshofer P, Bucsics T, Trauner M, Reiberger T, Liebmann B. Detection of Various Microplastics in Human Stool: A Prospective Case Series. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Oct 1;171(7):453-457. doi: 10.7326/M19-0618. Epub 2019 Sep 3. PMID: 31476765 Ragusa A, Svelato A, Santacroce C, Catalano P, Notarstefano V, Carnevali O, Papa F, Rongioletti MCA, Baiocco F, Draghi S, D'Amore E, Rinaldo D, Matta M, Giorgini E. Plasticenta: First evidence of microplastics in human placenta. Environ Int. 2021 Jan;146:106274. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274. Epub 2020 Dec 2. PMID: 33395930 Lee DW, Jung J, Park SA, Lee Y, Kim J, Han C, Kim HC, Lee JH, Hong YC. Microplastic particles in human blood and their association with coagulation markers. Sci Rep. 2024 Dec 6;14(1):30419. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-81931-9. PMID: 39638849; PMCID: PMC11621780 Weingrill RB, Lee MJ, Benny P, Riel J, Saiki K, Garcia J, Oliveira LFAM, Fonseca EJDS, Souza ST, D'Amato FOS, Silva UR, Dutra ML, Marques ALX, Borbely AU, Urschitz J. Temporal trends in microplastic accumulation in placentas from pregnancies in Hawai'i. Environ Int. 2023 Oct;180:108220. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108220. Epub 2023 Sep 20. PMID: 37741006; PMCID: PMC10593309 Ragusa A, Matta M, Cristiano L, Matassa R, Battaglione E, Svelato A, De Luca C, D'Avino S, Gulotta A, Rongioletti MCA, Catalano P, Santacroce C, Notarstefano V, Carnevali O, Giorgini E, Vizza E, Familiari G, Nottola SA. Deeply in Plasticenta: Presence of Microplastics in the Intracellular Compartment of Human Placentas. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Sep 14;19(18):11593. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191811593. PMID: 36141864; PMCID: PMC9517680 Amereh F, Amjadi N, Mohseni-Bandpei A, Isazadeh S, Mehrabi Y, Eslami A, Naeiji Z, Rafiee M. Placental plastics in young women from general population correlate with reduced foetal growth in IUGR pregnancies. Environ Pollut. 2022 Dec 1;314:120174. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120174. Epub 2022 Sep 13. PMID: 36113646 Leclerc F, Dubois MF, Aris A. Maternal, placental and fetal exposure to bisphenol A in women with and without preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2014 Aug;33(3):341-8. doi: 10.3109/10641955.2014.892607. Epub 2014 Apr 11. PMID: 24724919 Deboral Panneerselvam AM. Maternal microplastic exposure during pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus associated with gut dysbiosis. Medicine in Microecology. 2023 Sep 14; DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2023.100091 Jochum M, Garcia M, Hammerquist A, Howell J, Stanford M, Liu R, Olewine M, Hayek EE, Phan E, Showalter L, Shope C, Suter M, Campen M, Aagaard K, Barrozo E. Elevated Micro- and Nanoplastics Detected in Preterm Human Placentae. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2025 Feb 3:rs.3.rs-5903715. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs 5903715/v1. PMID: 39975889; PMCID: PMC11838745 Jia H, Liu S, Wang W, He P, Zhao F, Xu X. Microplastic exposure induces preeclampsia-like symptoms via HIF-1α/TFRC-mediated ferroptosis in placental trophoblast cells. Toxicology. 2025 Sep;516:154197. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2025.154197. Epub 2025 May 23. PMID: 40414414 Mendoza Vilcahuaman DJ. Características de las gestantes adolescentes con preeclampsia del hospital el carmen, 2017 y 2018. [internet]. [perú]: universidad nacional de huancavelica; 2019 [cited 2023 Feb 16]. Available from: http://repositorio.unh.edu.pe/handle/UNH/2372 Witcher PM. Preeclampsia: Acute Complications and Management Priorities. AACN Adv Crit Care [Internet]. 2018 Sep 15 [cited 2023 Feb 16];29(3):316–26. Available from: https://aacnjournals.org/aacnacconline/article/29/3/316/5588/Preeclampsia Acute-Complications-and-Management F. Gary Cunningham M, Kenneth J. Leveno M, Steven L. Bloom M, John C. Hauth M, Dwight J. Rouse M, Catherine Y. Spong M. Williams obstetricia. 23rd ed. Diane M. Twickler M, George D. Wendel Jr, M, editors. 2011 Flint EJ, Cerdeira AS, Redman CW, Vatish M. The role of angiogenic factors in the management of preeclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand [Internet]. 2019 Jun 1 [cited 2023 Feb 16];98(6):700–7. Available from: https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/aogs.13540 de Oliveira LG, Karumanchi A, Sass N. Pré-eclâmpsia: estresse oxidativo, inflamação e disfunção endotelial [Preeclampsia: oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction]. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2010 Dec;32(12):609-16. Portuguese. doi: 10.1590/s0100-72032010001200008. PMID: 21484030 Kadac-Czapska K, Ośko J, Knez E, Grembecka M. Microplastics and Oxidative Stress-Current Problems and Prospects. Antioxidants (Basel). 2024 May 8;13(5):579. doi: 10.3390/antiox13050579. PMID: 38790684; PMCID: PMC11117644 Rana S, Lemoine E, Granger J, Karumanchi SA. Preeclampsia: Pathophysiology, Challenges, and Perspectives. Circ Res [Internet]. 2019 Mar 29 [cited 2023 Jul 7];124(7):1094–112. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30920918/ Amereh F, Babaei M, Eslami A, Fazelipour S, Rafiee M. The emerging risk of exposure to nano(micro)plastics on endocrine disturbance and reproductive toxicity: From a hypothetical scenario to a global public health challenge. Environ Pollut. 2020 Jun;261:114158. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114158. Epub 2020 Feb 10. PMID: 32088433 Malafaia G, Nóbrega RH, Luz TM da, Araújo AP da C. Shedding light on the impacts of gestational exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics on the reproductive performance of Poecilia reticulata female and on the biochemical response of embryos. J Hazard Mater. 2022 Apr 5;427:127873 Landrigan PJ, Stegeman JJ, Fleming LE, Allemand D, Anderson DM, Backer LC, et al. Human health and ocean pollution. 2020;86(1):151. doi:10.5334/aogh.2831 Tian J, Liang L, Li Q, Li N, Zhu X, Zhang L. Association between microplastics in human amniotic fluid and pregnancy outcomes: Detection and characterization using Raman spectroscopy and pyrolysis GC/MS. J Hazard Mater. 2025 Jan 15;482:136637. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136637. Epub 2024 Nov 23. PMID: 39591787 Braun T, Ehrlich L, Henrich W, Koeppel S, Lomako I, Schwabl P, Liebmann B. Detection of Microplastic in Human Placenta and Meconium in a Clinical Setting. Pharmaceutics. 2021 Jun 22;13(7):921. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070921. PMID: 34206212; PMCID: PMC8308544 Leclerc F, Dubois MF, Aris A. Maternal, placental and fetal exposure to bisphenol A in women with and without preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2014;33(3):341–8 Prattichizzo F, Ceriello A, Pellegrini V, La Grotta R, Graciotti L, Olivieri F, Paolisso P, D'Agostino B, Iovino P, Balestrieri ML, Rajagopalan S, Landrigan PJ, Marfella R, Paolisso G. Micro-nanoplastics and cardiovascular diseases: evidence and perspectives. Eur Heart J. 2024 Oct 7;45(38):4099-4110. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae552. PMID: 39240674; PMCID: PMC11458152 Garcia MA, Liu R, Nihart A, Hayek E El, Castillo E, Barrozo ER, et al. Quantitation and identification of microplastics accumulation in human placental specimens using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Toxicological Sciences. 2024 May 1;199(1):81–8 Ma’ayeh M, Costantine MM. Prevention of preeclampsia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med [Internet]. 2020 Oct 1 [cited 2023 Feb 16];25(5). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32513597/ Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin Summary, Number 222. Obstetrics and gynecology [Internet]. 2020 Jun 1 [cited 2023 Feb 16];135(6):1492–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32443077/ Street ME, Bernasconi S. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Human Fetal Growth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 20;21(4):1430. doi: 10.3390/ijms21041430. PMID: 32093249; PMCID: PMC7073082 Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, E ects, and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris [Internet]. 2009. Available from: www.MarineDebris.noaa.gov Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland SJ, John AW, McGonigle D, Russell AE. Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? Science. 2004 May 7;304(5672):838. doi: 10.1126/science.1094559. PMID: 15131299 Hartmann NB, Hü er T, Thompson RC, Hassellöv M, Verschoor A, Daugaard AE, Rist S, Karlsson T, Brennholt N, Cole M, Herrling MP, Hess MC, Ivleva NP, Lusher AL, Wagner M. Are We Speaking the Same Language? Recommendations for a Definition and Categorization Framework for Plastic Debris. Environ Sci Technol. 2019 Feb 5;53(3):1039-1047. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05297. Epub 2019 Jan 17. PMID: 30608663 Julien Boucher DF. Primary Microplastics in the Oceans: a Global Evaluation of Sources. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 2017; DOI:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2017.01.en Jung ES, Choe JH, Kim JS, Ahn DW, Yoo JU, Choi TM, et al. Quantitative Raman analysis of microplastics in water using peak area ratios for concentration determination. NPJ Clean Water. 2024 Dec 1;7(1). DOI:10.1038/s41545-024 00397-4 Kochanek A, Grąz K, Potok H, Gronba-Chyła A, Kwaśny J, Wiewiórska I, Ciuła J, Basta E, Łapiński J. Micro- and Nanoplastics in the Environment: Current State of Research, Sources of Origin, Health Risks, and Regulations-A Comprehensive Review. Toxics. 2025 Jul 2;13(7):564. doi: 10.3390/toxics13070564. PMID: 40711009; PMCID: PMC12299276 Frias JPGL, Nash R. Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition. Mar Pollut Bull. 2019 Jan;138:145-147. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022. Epub 2018 Nov 22. PMID: 30660255 Medley EA, Spratlen MJ, Yan B, Herbstman JB, Deyssenroth MA. A Systematic Review of the Placental Translocation of Micro- and Nanoplastics. Vol. 10, Current Environmental Health Reports. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; 2023. p. 99–111 Shi, Yuntian & Jiao, Kangping & Li, Li'Ang & Guo, Wenbo & Aboraya, Mohamed & Lee, Jae-Seong & el Amouri, Rim & Hu, Menghong & Wang, Youji. (2025). The stealthy journey of nanoplastics in bivalves: Accumulation dynamics and toxic burden. Environmental science. Nano.. 12. 4748–4767. 10.1039/d5en00673b Liu F, Rasmussen LA, Klemmensen NDR, Zhao G, Nielsen R, Vianello A, et al. Shapes of Hyperspectral Imaged Microplastics. Environ Sci Technol. 2023 Aug 22;57(33):12431–41 Yu JT, Diamond ML, Helm PA. A fit-for-purpose categorization scheme for microplastic morphologies. Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2023 Mar;19(2):422 435. doi: 10.1002/ieam.4648. Epub 2022 Jul 4. PMID: 35686603 Rozman U, Klun B, Kuljanin A, Skalar T, Kalčíková G. Insights into the shape dependent e ects of polyethylene microplastics on interactions with organisms, environmental aging, and adsorption properties. Sci Rep. 2023 Dec 1;13(1). Roslan NS, Lee YY, Ibrahim YS, Anuar ST, Yusof KMKK, Lai LA, et al. Detection of microplastics in human tissues and organs: A scoping review. J Glob Health. 2024;14 Sun H, Su X, Mao J, Liu Y, Li G, Du Q. Microplastics in maternal blood, fetal appendages, and umbilical vein blood. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2024 Nov 15;287 Liu J, Hu Z, Du F, Tang W, Zheng S, Lu S, et al. Environment education: A first step in solving plastic pollution. Front Environ Sci. 2023;11 Monclús L, Arp HPH, Groh KJ, Faltynkova A, Løseth ME, Muncke J, et al. Mapping the chemical complexity of plastics. Nature. 2025 Jul 10;643(8071):349–55 Chen M, Yang Y, Baral K, Fu Y, Meng Y, Zhang Y, Sun F, Zhao M. Relationship between bisphenol A and the cardiovascular disease metabolic risk factors in American adults: A population-based study. Chemosphere. 2023 May;324:138289. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138289. Epub 2023 Mar 2. PMID: 36870620 Hunt PA, Lawson C, Gieske M, Murdoch B, Smith H, Marre A, et al. Bisphenol A alters early oogenesis and follicle formation in the fetal ovary of the rhesus monkey. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Oct 23;109(43):17525–30 Chen M, Yang Y, Baral K, Fu Y, Meng Y, Zhang Y, Sun F, Zhao M. Relationship between bisphenol A and the cardiovascular disease metabolic risk factors in American adults: A population-based study. Chemosphere. 2023 May;324:138289. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138289. Epub 2023 Mar 2. PMID: 36870620 Xue J, Xiao Q, Zhang M, Li D, Wang X. Toxic E ects and Mechanisms of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. Vol. 24, International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI); 2023 Cropper M, Dunlop S, Hinshaw H, Landrigan P, Park Y, Symeonides C. The benefits of removing toxic chemicals from plastics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Dec 24;121(52) Qian C, Yong Y, Valiyaveetill S, Tang BL. Toxicity of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Mammalian Systems. [cited 2023 Jun 30]; Available from: www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Vuong AM, Braun JM, Webster GM, Thomas Zoeller R, Hoofnagle AN, Sjödin A, et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures and thyroid hormones in children at age 3 years. Environ Int. 2018 Aug 1;117:339–47 Jahedi F, Jaafarzadeh Haghighi Fard N. Micro- and nanoplastic toxicity in humans: Exposure pathways, cellular e ects, and mitigation strategies. Vol. 14, Toxicology Reports. Elsevier Inc.; 2025 Hahladakis JN, Velis CA, Weber R, Iacovidou E, Purnell P. An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling. Vol. 344, Journal of Hazardous Materials. Elsevier B.V.; 2018. p. 179–99 Zuri G, Karanasiou A, Lacorte S. Microplastics: Human exposure assessment through air, water, and food. Vol. 179, Environment International. Elsevier Ltd; 2023 Cox KD, Covernton GA, Davies HL, Dower JF, Juanes F, Dudas SE. Human Consumption of Microplastics. Environ Sci Technol. 2019 Jun 18;53(12):7068 7074. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01517. Epub 2019 Jun 5. Erratum in: Environ Sci Technol. 2020 Sep 1;54(17):10974. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04032. PMID: 31184127 Alimba CG, Faggio C. Microplastics in the marine environment: Current trends in environmental pollution and mechanisms of toxicological profile. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2019 May;68:61-74. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.03.001. Epub 2019 Mar 8. PMID: 30877952 Kuttykattil A, Raju S, Vanka KS, Bhagwat G, Carbery M, Vincent SGT, et al. Consuming microplastics? Investigation of commercial salts as a source of microplastics (MPs) in diet. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2023 Jan 1;30(1):930–42 Milne MH, De Frond H, Rochman CM, Mallos NJ, Leonard GH, Baechler BR. Exposure of U.S. adults to microplastics from commonly-consumed proteins. Environmental Pollution. 2024 Feb 15;343 Jadhav B, Medyńska-Juraszek A. Microplastic and Nanoplastic in Crops: Possible Adverse E ects to Crop Production and Contaminant Transfer in the Food Chain. Vol. 13, Plants. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI); 2024. Yakovenko N, Pérez-Serrano L, Segur T, Hagelskjaer O, Margenat H, Le Roux G, et al. Human exposure to PM10 microplastics in indoor air. PLoS One. 2025 Jul 1;20(7 July) Mason SA, Welch VG, Neratko J. Synthetic Polymer Contamination in Bottled Water. Front Chem. 2018 Sep 11;6:407. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00407. PMID: 30255015; PMCID: PMC6141690 Equipo de la OMS Agua SH y S. Microplásticos en el agua potable. World Health Organization. 2019 Aug 28; ISBN:978-92-4-151619-8 Milne MH, De Frond H, Rochman CM, Mallos NJ, Leonard GH, Baechler BR. Exposure of U.S. adults to microplastics from commonly-consumed proteins. Environmental Pollution. 2024 Feb 15;343 Catarino AI, Macchia V, Sanderson WG, Thompson RC, Henry TB. Low levels of microplastics (MP) in wild mussels indicate that MP ingestion by humans is minimal compared to exposure via household fibres fallout during a meal. Environ Pollut. 2018 Jun;237:675-684. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.069. Epub 2018 Mar 29. PMID: 29604577 Prata JC. Airborne microplastics: Consequences to human health? Environ Pollut. 2018 Mar;234:115-126. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.043. Epub 2017 Dec 21. PMID: 29172041 Enyoh CE, Shafea L, Verla AW, Verla EN, Qingyue W, Chowdhury T, Paredes M. Microplastics Exposure Routes and Toxicity Studies to Ecosystems: An Overview. Environ Anal Health Toxicol. 2020 Mar;35(1):e2020004. doi: 10.5620/eaht.e2020004. Epub 2020 Mar 25. PMID: 32570999; PMCID: PMC7308665 Yakovenko N, Pérez-Serrano L, Segur T, Hagelskjaer O, Margenat H, Le Roux G, et al. Human exposure to PM10 microplastics in indoor air. PLoS One. 2025 Jul 1;20(7 July) Emenike EC, Okorie CJ, Ojeyemi T, Egbemhenghe A, Iwuozor KO, Saliu OD, Okoro HK, Adeniyi AG. From oceans to dinner plates: The impact of microplastics on human health. Heliyon. 2023 Sep 26;9(10):e20440. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20440. PMID: 37790970; PMCID: PMC10543225 Cheung PK, Fok L. Characterisation of plastic microbeads in facial scrubs and their estimated emissions in Mainland China. Water Res. 2017 Oct 1;122:53-61. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.053. Epub 2017 May 27. PMID: 28591661 Roslan NS, Lee YY, Ibrahim YS, Anuar ST, Yusof KMKK, Lai LA, et al. Detection of microplastics in human tissues and organs: A scoping review. J Glob Health. 2024;14 Marfella R, Prattichizzo F, Sardu C, Fulgenzi G, Graciotti L, Spadoni T, et al. Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Atheromas and Cardiovascular Events. New England Journal of Medicine. 2024 Mar 7;390(10):900–10 Leslie HA, van Velzen MJM, Brandsma SH, Vethaak AD, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Lamoree MH. Discovery and quantification of plastic particle pollution in human blood. Environ Int. 2022 May 1;163 Campen M, Nihart A, Garcia M, Liu R, Olewine M, Castillo E, et al. Bioaccumulation of Microplastics in Decedent Human Brains Assessed by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Res Sq [Internet]. 2024 May 6; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38765967 Zhu L, Zhu J, Zuo R, Xu Q, Qian Y, AN L. Identification of microplastics in human placenta using laser direct infrared spectroscopy. Science of the Total Environment. 2023 Jan 15;856 Oliveira CWL, Oliveira LFAM, Garcia J, Weingrill RB, Urschitz J, Souza ST, et al. First evidence of microplastic accumulation in placentas and umbilical cords from pregnancies in Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2025;97 Vaishali Kapila; Khalid Chaudhry. Physiology, Placenta. StatPearls [Internet]., editor. 2023 Burton GJ, Jauniaux E. The human placenta: new perspectives on its formation and function during early pregnancy. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2023 Apr 26;290(1997) Turco MY, Mo ett A. Development of the human placenta. Vol. 146, Development (Cambridge). Company of Biologists Ltd; 2019 Mirbod P. Analytical model of the feto-placental vascular system: Consideration of placental oxygen transport. R Soc Open Sci. 2018 Apr 11;5(4) Nye GA, Ingram E, Johnstone ED, Jensen OE, Schneider H, Lewis RM, et al. Human placental oxygenation in late gestation: experimental and theoretical approaches. Journal of Physiology. 2018 Dec 1;596(23):5523–34 Mirbod P. Analytical model of the feto-placental vascular system: Consideration of placental oxygen transport. R Soc Open Sci. 2018 Apr 11;5(4) Nye GA, Ingram E, Johnstone ED, Jensen OE, Schneider H, Lewis RM, et al. Human placental oxygenation in late gestation: experimental and theoretical approaches. Journal of Physiology. 2018 Dec 1;596(23):5523–34 Carter AM. Placental Gas Exchange and the Oxygen Supply to the Fetus. Compr Physiol. 2015 Jul 1;5(3):1381-403. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c140073. PMID: 26140722 Winterhager E, Gellhaus A. Transplacental nutrient transport mechanisms of intrauterine growth restriction in rodent models and humans. Vol. 8, Frontiers in Physiology. Frontiers Media S.A.; 2017 Giachini FR, Hryciw DH, Castro-Parodi M, Damiano AE. Editorial: The placenta: the origin of chronic diseases in adults. Vol. 15, Frontiers in Endocrinology. Frontiers Media SA; 2024 Wick P, Malek A, Manser P, Meili D, Maeder-Althaus X, Diener L, et al. Barrier capacity of human placenta for nanosized materials. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Mar;118(3):432–6 Dusza HM, Katrukha EA, Nijmeijer SM, Akhmanova A, Vethaak AD, Walker DI, Legler J. Uptake, Transport, and Toxicity of Pristine and Weathered Micro- and Nanoplastics in Human Placenta Cells. Environ Health Perspect. 2022 Sep;130(9):97006. doi: 10.1289/EHP10873. Epub 2022 Sep 21. PMID: 36129437; PMCID: PMC9491364 Dubey I, Khan S, Kushwaha S. Developmental and reproductive toxic e ects of exposure to microplastics: A review of associated signaling pathways. Front Toxicol. 2022 Aug 31;4:901798. doi: 10.3389/ftox.2022.901798. PMID: 36119356; PMCID: PMC9471315 Kaur K, Lesseur C, Deyssenroth MA, Kloog I, Schwartz JD, Marsit CJ, Chen J. PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy is associated with altered placental expression of lipid metabolic genes in a US birth cohort. Environ Res. 2022 Aug;211:113066. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113066. Epub 2022 Mar 3. PMID: 35248564; PMCID: PMC9177798 Cary CM, DeLoid GM, Yang Z, Bitounis D, Polunas M, Goedken MJ, et al. Ingested Polystyrene Nanospheres Translocate to Placenta and Fetal Tissues in Pregnant Rats: Potential Health Implications. Nanomaterials. 2023 Feb 1;13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13040720 Das A. The emerging role of microplastics in systemic toxicity: Involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sci Total Environ. 2023 Oct 15;895:165076. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165076. Epub 2023 Jun 28. PMID: 37391150 Rolfo A, Nuzzo AM, De Amicis R, Moretti L, Bertoli S, Leone A. Fetal-Maternal Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors: Correlation with Diet Intake and Pregnancy Outcomes. Nutrients. 2020 Jun 11;12(6):1744. doi: 10.3390/nu12061744. PMID: 32545151; PMCID: PMC7353272 Campanale C, Massarelli C, Savino I, Locaputo V, Uricchio VF. A Detailed Review Study on Potential E ects of Microplastics and Additives of Concern on Human Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 13;17(4):1212. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17041212. PMID: 32069998; PMCID: PMC7068600 Yan Y, Guo F, Liu K, Ding R, Wang Y. The e ect of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on placental development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Feb 21;14:1059854. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1059854. PMID: 36896182; PMCID: PMC9989293 Santana-Garrido Á, Reyes-Goya C, Espinosa-Martín P, Sobrevia L, Beltrán LM, Vázquez CM, Mate A. Oxidative and Inflammatory Imbalance in Placenta and Kidney of sFlt1-Induced Early-Onset Preeclampsia Rat Model. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Aug 19;11(8):1608. doi: 10.3390/antiox11081608. PMID: 36009326; PMCID: PMC9405374 Cresswell JA, Alexander M, Chong MYC, Link HM, Pejchinovska M, Gazeley U, Ahmed SMA, Chou D, Moller AB, Simpson D, Alkema L, Villanueva G, Sguassero Y, Tunçalp Ö, Long Q, Xiao S, Say L. Global and regional causes of maternal deaths 2009-20: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2025 Apr;13(4):e626-e634. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00560-6. Epub 2025 Mar 8. PMID: 40064189; PMCID: PMC11946934 Magee LA, Brown MA, Hall DR, Gupte S, Hennessy A, Karumanchi SA, Kenny LC, McCarthy F, Myers J, Poon LC, Rana S, Saito S, Sta AC, Tsigas E, von Dadelszen P. The 2021 International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy classification, diagnosis & management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2022 Mar;27:148-169. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2021.09.008. Epub 2021 Oct 9. PMID: 35066406. Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Jun;135(6):e237-e260. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003891. PMID: 32443079 Guida JPS, Surita FG, Parpinelli MA, Costa ML. Preterm Preeclampsia and Timing of Delivery: A Systematic Literature Review. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2017 Nov;39(11):622-631. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1604103. Epub 2017 Jul 12. PMID: 28701023; PMCID: PMC10309339 Fox R, Kitt J, Leeson P, Aye CYL, Lewandowski AJ. Preeclampsia: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Management, and the Cardiovascular Impact on the Ospring. J Clin Med. 2019 Oct 4;8(10):1625. doi: 10.3390/jcm8101625. PMID: 31590294; PMCID: PMC6832549 Torres-Torres J, Espino-Y-Sosa S, Martinez-Portilla R, Borboa-Olivares H, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Acevedo-Gallegos S, Ruiz-Ramirez E, Velasco-Espin M, Cerda-Flores P, Ramirez-Gonzalez A, Rojas-Zepeda L. A Narrative Review on the Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jul 10;25(14):7569. doi: 10.3390/ijms25147569. PMID: 39062815; PMCID: PMC11277207 Hayder H, Shan Y, Chen Y, O'Brien JA, Peng C. Role of microRNAs in trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling: Implications for preeclampsia. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022 Oct 3;10:995462. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.995462. PMID: 36263015; PMCID: PMC9575991 Palatnik A, Kulinski J. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy & vascular dysfunction. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2024 May 30;11:1411424. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1411424. PMID: 38883989; PMCID: PMC11177763 Stepan H, Herraiz I, Schlembach D, Verlohren S, Brennecke S, Chantraine F, Klein E, Lapaire O, Llurba E, Ramoni A, Vatish M, Wertaschnigg D, Galindo A. Implementation of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio for prediction and diagnosis of pre eclampsia in singleton pregnancy: implications for clinical practice. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Mar;45(3):241-6. doi: 10.1002/uog.14799. PMID: 25736847; PMCID: PMC4369131 Aouache R, Biquard L, Vaiman D, Miralles F. Oxidative Stress in Preeclampsia and Placental Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 May 17;19(5):1496. doi: 10.3390/ijms19051496. PMID: 29772777; PMCID: PMC5983711 Fattah, Amira & Khowailed, Akef & Gaber, Safy. (2021). Correlation between Serum Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers with Blood Pressure in Preeclampsia. Minia Journal of Medical Research. 32. 54-66. 10.21608/mjmr.2021.231546 Tyrmi JS, Kaartokallio T, Lokki AI, Jääskeläinen T, Kortelainen E, Ruotsalainen S, Karjalainen J, Ripatti S, Kivioja A, Laisk T, Kettunen J, Pouta A, Kivinen K, Kajantie E, Heinonen S, Kere J, Laivuori H; FINNPEC Study Group, FinnGen Project, and the Estonian Biobank Research Team. Genetic Risk Factors Associated With Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. JAMA Cardiol. 2023 Jul 1;8(7):674-683. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2023.1312. PMID: 37285119; PMCID: PMC10248811 Fox R, Kitt J, Leeson P, Aye CYL, Lewandowski AJ. Preeclampsia: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Management, and the Cardiovascular Impact on the Ospring. J Clin Med. 2019 Oct 4;8(10):1625. doi: 10.3390/jcm8101625. PMID: 31590294; PMCID: PMC6832549 Yu H, Yin Y, Zhang J, Zhou R. The impact of particulate matter 2.5 on the risk of preeclampsia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Vol. 27, Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Springer; 2020. p. 37527–39 Li C, Luo J, Yang Y, Wang Q, Zheng Y, Zhong Z. The relationship between cadmium exposure and preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Dec 1;10:1259680. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1259680. PMID: 38105903; PMCID: PMC10722428 Eaves LA, Fry RC. Invited Perspective: Toxic Metals and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect. 2023 Apr;131(4):41303. doi: 10.1289/EHP11963. Epub 2023 Apr 20. PMID: 37079391; PMCID: PMC10117635 Zhang M, Zhang Y, Liu T, An C, Sun Y. Microplastic exposure in daily life and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension: A study on the association between environmental pollutants and maternal-fetal health outcomes. J Hazard Mater. 2025 Aug 15;494:138654. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138654. Epub 2025 May 19. PMID: 40412320 de Sousa AKA, Pires KSN, Cavalcante IH, Cavalcante ICL, Santos JD, Queiroz MIC, Leite ACR, Crispim AC, da Rocha Junior ER, Aquino TM, Weingrill RB, Urschitz J, Ospina-Prieto S, Borbely AU. Polystyrene microplastics exposition on human placental explants induces time-dependent cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and metabolic alterations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024 Nov 20;15:1481014. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1481014. PMID: 39634179; PMCID: PMC11614646. Sharma RK, Kumari U, Kumar S. Impact of Microplastics on Pregnancy and Fetal Development: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2024 May 20;16(5):e60712. doi: 10.7759/cureus.60712. PMID: 38903343; PMCID: PMC11186737 Jinesh S, Aditi P. Health Implications of Microplastic Exposure in Pregnancy and Early Childhood: A Systematic Review. Vol. 17, International Journal of Women’s Health. Dove Medical Press Ltd; 2025. p. 2805–18 Anifowoshe AT, Akhtar MN, Majeed A, Singh AS, Ismail TF, Nongthomba U. Microplastics: A threat to Fetoplacental unit and Reproductive systems. Toxicol Rep. 2025 Jan 30;14:101938. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101938. PMID: 40612654; PMCID: PMC12223432 Wu P, Haththotuwa R, Kwok CS, Babu A, Kotronias RA, Rushton C, Zaman A, Fryer AA, Kadam U, Chew-Graham CA, Mamas MA. Preeclampsia and Future Cardiovascular Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017 Feb;10(2):e003497. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003497. Epub 2017 Feb 22. PMID: 28228456 Dimitriadis E, Rolnik DL, Zhou W, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Koga K, Francisco RPV, Whitehead C, Hyett J, da Silva Costa F, Nicolaides K, Menkhorst E. Pre eclampsia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023 Feb 16;9(1):8. doi: 10.1038/s41572-023 00417-6. Erratum in: Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023 Jul 3;9(1):35. doi: 10.1038/s41572-023-00451-4. PMID: 36797292 Shahinaj R, Hasanbelli B, Nurce A, Qirici O. Is Fetal Growth Restriction in Preeclampsia a Reliable Predictor of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes? Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine. 2024 Sep 1;13(3):118–25 Ministerio de Salud, resolución número 8439 de 1993 por la cual se establecen las normas científicas, técnicas y administrativas para la investigación en salud. Resolución No 8430 de 4 de octubre 1993. disponible en www.minsalud.gov.co Dokl M, Copot A, Krajnc D, Fan Y Van, Vujanović A, Aviso KB, et al. Global projections of plastic use, end-of-life fate and potential changes in consumption, reduction, recycling and replacement with bioplastics to 2050. Sustain Prod Consum. 2024 Nov 1;51:498–518 Zurub RE, Bainbridge S, Rahman L, Halappanavar S, Wade MG. Particulate contamination of human placenta: Plastic and non-plastic. Environmental Advances. 2024 Oct 1;17. doi: 10.1016/j.envadv.2024.100555 Weingrill RB, Lee MJ, Benny P, Riel J, Saiki K, Garcia J, Oliveira LFAM, Fonseca EJDS, Souza ST, D'Amato FOS, Silva UR, Dutra ML, Marques ALX, Borbely AU, Urschitz J. Temporal trends in microplastic accumulation in placentas from pregnancies in Hawai'i. Environ Int. 2023 Oct;180:108220. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108220. Epub 2023 Sep 20. PMID: 37741006; PMCID: PMC10593309 Amereh F, Amjadi N, Mohseni-Bandpei A, Isazadeh S, Mehrabi Y, Eslami A, Naeiji Z, Rafiee M. Placental plastics in young women from general population correlate with reduced foetal growth in IUGR pregnancies. Environ Pollut. 2022 Dec 1;314:120174. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120174. Epub 2022 Sep 13. PMID: 36113646 Kwabena Danso I, Woo JH, Hoon Baek S, Kim K, Lee K. Pulmonary toxicity assessment of polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene microplastic fragments in mice. Toxicol Res. 2024 Apr 1;40(2):313–23 Cho Y, Seo EU, Hwang KS, Kim H, Choi J, Kim HN. Evaluation of size-dependent uptake, transport and cytotoxicity of polystyrene microplastic in a blood-brain barrier (BBB) model. Nano Converg. 2024 Oct 15;11(1):40. doi: 10.1186/s40580 024-00448-z. PMID: 39406944; PMCID: PMC11480280 Xue J, Xu Z, Hu X, Lu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang H. Microplastics in maternal amniotic fluid and their associations with gestational age. Sci Total Environ. 2024 Apr 10;920:171044. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171044. Epub 2024 Feb 19. PMID: 38382607 Jochum M, Garcia M, Hammerquist A, Howell J, Stanford M, Liu R, Olewine M, Hayek EE, Phan E, Showalter L, Shope C, Suter M, Campen M, Aagaard K, Barrozo E. Elevated Micro- and Nanoplastics Detected in Preterm Human Placentae. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2025 Feb 3:rs.3.rs-5903715. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs 5903715/v1. PMID: 39975889; PMCID: PMC11838745
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv	99 páginas application/pdf application/pdf application/pdf application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv	Universidad de Caldas Facultad de Ciencias para la Salud Colombia, Caldas, Manizales Especialización en Obstetricia y Ginecología
publisher.none.fl_str_mv	Universidad de Caldas Facultad de Ciencias para la Salud Colombia, Caldas, Manizales Especialización en Obstetricia y Ginecología
institution	Universidad de Caldas
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
_version_	1855532550267600896
spelling	Asociación entre preeclampsia y la presencia de microplásticos en placentas humanas en pacientes atendidas en un hospital de referencia en Manizales 2024-2025610 - Medicina y salud::618 - Ginecología, obstetricia, pediatría, geriatría3. Ciencias Médicas y de la SaludPreeclampsiaMicroplasticsPlacentaEnvironmental ExposurePregnancy ComplicationsBisphenol ASalud públicaInvestigación médicaEmbarazoTablasIntroducción: La contaminación por microplásticos (MP) representa una crisis ambiental global con implicaciones en salud humana. Estos fragmentos poliméricos (<5 mm) han sido detectados en múltiples tejidos humanos incluyendo la placenta; la evidencia señala múltiples mecanismos de toxicidad y capacidad para inducir estrés oxidativo, disrupción endocrina e inflamación lo que sugiere potencial relación con complicaciones obstétricas. La preeclampsia (PE), que afecta del 2 al 8% de las gestantes, presenta una fisiopatología en la que la placentación anormal, la inflamación sistémica y la disfunción endotelial convergen en mecanismos similares a los inducidos por MP. A pesar de la plausibilidad biológica, no existen estudios en humanos que evalúen directamente la asociación entre MP placentarios y PE, en poblaciones latinoamericanas. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre preeclampsia y presencia de microplásticos en placentas humanas en gestantes atendidas en un hospital de referencia en Caldas, Colombia 2024-2025. Métodos: Estudio observacional analítico transversal de casos y controles. Se incluyeron 192 gestantes (48 casos con diagnóstico de PE y 144 controles sin PE) que finalizaron su gestación por parto vaginal o cesárea en el SES-Hospital Universitario de Caldas entre mayo 2024 y septiembre 2025. Los criterios de exclusión comprendieron embarazos múltiples, fetos con malformaciones genéticas, datos incompletos y pacientes menores de edad. Se recolectaron variables sociodemográficas (edad, escolaridad, procedencia, régimen de aseguramiento), clínicas (paridad, IMC, antecedentes patológicos) y obstétricas (edad gestacional, vía del parto, peso fetal). Las muestras placentarias (cotiledón, membranas y cordón umbilical) fueron digeridas siguiendo el protocolo descrito por Ragusa, luego fueron procesadas mediante digestión enzimática y analizadas mediante espectroscopia infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) y microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) para identificación polimérica. La exposición principal se definió como presencia/ausencia de MP en placenta. El análisis estadístico incluyó regresión logística binaria ajustada por edad materna, paridad, estado civil, escolaridad, régimen y procedencia, reportando odds ratios (OR) con intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Se consideró significancia estadística con p<0.05. Resultados: La prevalencia global de MP en placentas fue 90.6% (174/192). La distribución por grupos mostró 85.4% (41/48) de MP en casos versus 92.4% (133/144) en controles. El análisis bivariado no demostró asociación significativa (p=0.161, prueba exacta de Fisher), con OR crudo de 0.48 (IC95% 0.17-1.33). El modelo multivariado ajustado confirmó la ausencia de asociación (OR ajustado=0.57; IC95% 0.19-1.66; p=0.306). Los polímeros predominantes fueron polietileno (47.4%, n=91) y polipropileno (29.2%, n=56). Se identificó tendencia no significativa hacia mayor riesgo con poliacrilonitrilos (OR crudo=4.73; IC95% 0.77-29.22; p=0.101) y poliestirenos (OR crudo=2.67; IC95% 0.78-9.20; p=0.146). Las pacientes con PE presentaron mayor frecuencia de cesáreas (58.3% vs 22.2%; p<0.0001) y menor peso fetal (2.845 g vs 3.135 g; p<0.0001). Conclusión: No se demostró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre presencia de microplásticos en placenta y desarrollo de preeclampsia. La prevalencia casi universal del contaminante (90,6%) limitó la capacidad discriminativa del análisis dicotómico. Los resultados sugieren que futuras investigaciones requieren metodologías cuantitativas (concentraciones, tamaño de partículas) y diseños prospectivos para evaluar adecuadamente la relación entre exposición a MP y complicaciones obstétricas. La detección de poliacrilonitrilos y poliestirenos con tendencia a mayor riesgo, aunque no significativa, amerita exploración en cohortes ampliadas con análisis toxicológico diferencial por tipo polimérico.Here is the translation into academic English, optimized for scientific publication: Introduction: Microplastic (MP) contamination represents a global environmental crisis with implications for human health. These polymeric fragments (<5 mm) have been detected in multiple human tissues, including the placenta; evidence indicates various mechanisms of toxicity and the capacity to induce oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and inflammation, suggesting a potential link to obstetric complications. Preeclampsia (PE), which affects 2% to 8% of pregnant women, presents a pathophysiology in which abnormal placentation, systemic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction converge in mechanisms similar to those induced by MPs. Despite biological plausibility, no human studies exist that directly evaluate the association between placental MPs and PE in Latin American populations. Objective: To determine the association between preeclampsia and the presence of microplastics in human placentas among pregnant women treated at a reference hospital in Caldas, Colombia, 2024–2025. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical observational case-control study. The study included 192 pregnant women (48 cases with a PE diagnosis and 144 controls without PE) who completed their pregnancy via vaginal delivery or cesarean section at SES-Hospital Universitario de Caldas between May 2024 and September 2025. Exclusion criteria included multiple pregnancies, fetuses with genetic malformations, incomplete data, and underage patients. Sociodemographic (age, education level, origin, insurance regime), clinical (parity, BMI, pathological history), and obstetric variables (gestational age, delivery route, fetal weight) were collected. Placental samples (cotyledon, membranes, and umbilical cord) were digested following the protocol described by Ragusa, then processed via enzymatic digestion and analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for polymer identification. The primary exposure was defined as the presence/absence of MPs in the placenta. Statistical analysis included binary logistic regression adjusted for maternal age, parity, marital status, education level, regime, and origin, reporting odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Statistical significance was considered at p<0.05. Results: The global prevalence of MPs in placentas was 90.6% (174/192). Distribution by groups showed 85.4% (41/48) of MPs in cases versus 92.4% (133/144) in controls. Bivariate analysis demonstrated no significant association (p=0.161, Fisher's exact test), with a crude OR of 0.48 (95% CI 0.17–1.33). The adjusted multivariate model confirmed the absence of association (adjusted OR=0.57; 95% CI 0.19–1.66; p=0.306). The predominant polymers were polyethylene (47.4%, n=91) and polypropylene (29.2%, n=56). A non-significant trend toward higher risk was identified with polyacrylonitriles (crude OR=4.73; 95% CI 0.77–29.22; p=0.101) and polystyrenes (crude OR=2.67; 95% CI 0.78–9.20; p=0.146). PE patients presented a higher frequency of cesarean sections (58.3% vs 22.2%; p<0.0001) and lower fetal weight (2,845 g vs 3,135 g; p<0.0001). Conclusion: No statistically significant association was demonstrated between the presence of microplastics in the placenta and the development of preeclampsia. The nearly universal prevalence of the contaminant (90.6%) limited the discriminative capacity of the dichotomous analysis. The results suggest that future research requires quantitative methodologies (concentrations, particle size) and prospective designs to adequately evaluate the relationship between MP exposure and obstetric complications. The detection of polyacrylonitriles and polystyrenes with a trend toward higher risk, although not significant, warrants exploration in expanded cohorts with differential toxicological analysis by polymer type.Resumen -- Introducción -- Planteamiento del problema y justificación -- Antecedentes -- Marco teórico -- Definición de microplásticos -- Clasificación de microplásticos -- Clasificación según origen: microplásticos primarios y secundarios -- Clasificación según tamaño -- Clasificación según morfología -- Clasificación según composición química -- Aditivos químicos en plásticos -- Bisfenol a (bpa) -- Ftalatos -- Retardantes bromados de llama -- Mecanismos de lixiviación de aditivos -- Fuentes comunes de exposición humana a microplásticos -- Agua de consumo -- Alimentos -- Aire ambiente -- Vías de exposición humana -- Ingestión -- Inhalación -- Absorción dérmica -- Evidencia de microplásticos en tejidos humanos y animales -- Detección en múltiples órganos y sistemas humanos -- Microplásticos en placenta humana y tejidos fetales -- La placenta humana -- Anatomía y fisiología básica -- Función de barrera y de intercambio -- Importancia en el desarrollo fetal -- Microplásticos en placenta -- Vías de entrada de microplásticos a la unidad fetoplacentaria -- Transporte transplacentario y permeabilidad de la barrera -- Mecanismos de endocitosis trofoblástica -- Homología de los microplásticos con el transporte de material particulado fino (pm ≤ 2.5 μm) -- Toxicidad placentaria: fisiopatología molecular y su nexo con la preeclampsia -- Estrés oxidativo y disfunción mitocondrial del trofoblasto -- Daño a barreras epiteliales e inflamación crónica -- Disrupción endocrina -- Alteración de la angiogénesis -- Preeclampsia -- Definición -- Criterios diagnósticos -- Clasificación -- Fisiopatología -- Factores de riesgo -- Implicaciones de la preeclampsia en la salud materna y fetal -- Complicaciones maternas -- Complicaciones fetales y neonatales -- Objetivos -- General -- Específicos -- Metodología -- Tipo de estudio -- Hipótesis -- Hipótesis nula -- Hipótesis alterna -- Población de estudio -- Muestra -- Criterios de inclusión y exclusión -- Definición de caso -- Definición de control -- Criterios de exclusión -- Definición operacional de las variables -- Técnicas e instrumentos de recolección de la información -- Recolección y procesamiento de muestras -- Análisis estadístico -- Consideraciones éticas -- Resultados -- Características sociodemográficas y clínicas -- Categoría -- N -- % -- Desenlaces obstétricos -- Presencia de microplásticos en placentas humanas -- Descripción de microplásticos encontrados -- Relación entre características sociodemográficas y presencia de microplásticos -- Asociación entre preeclampsia y presencia de microplásticos -- Discusión -- Prevalencia de microplásticos en placentas humanas -- Tipos de polímeros identificados -- Asociación con preeclampsia -- Implicaciones clínicas -- Contribución científica -- Aspecto social y ambiental -- Conclusiones -- Referencias bibliográficas -- AnexosEspecializaciónEstudio observacional, analítico, prospectivo, transversal, con diseño de casos y controles. Analítico: se busca asociar la ocurrencia preeclampsia con la presencia de micro plásticos en placentas humanas. Observacional: los investigadores no realizaron ninguna clase de intervención sobre las pacientes. Se realizará captación de datos obtenidos a partir de historias clínicas y el análisis de las placentas. Se estudiaron mujeres complicadas con preeclampsia y mujeres sin preeclampsia, en quienes se determinó la presencia de MP en las placentas. Se incluyeron mujeres cuyo embarazo concluyó por parto vaginal o cesárea, en el periodo comprendido entre mayo de 2024 y septiembre de 2025 en el SES Hospital Universitario de Caldas.Especialista en Obstetricia y GinecologíaSalud AmbientalUniversidad de CaldasFacultad de Ciencias para la SaludColombia, Caldas, ManizalesEspecialización en Obstetricia y GinecologíaArias-Ortiz, NelsonGrupo Materno Perinatal de CaldasDávila Arias, Liliana del SocorroOcampo Correa, CarolinaOsorio Arcila, Maria Fernanda2026-01-26T21:30:13Z2026-01-26T21:30:13Z2026-01-26Trabajo de grado - Especializaciónhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_18wsTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/reporthttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_93fc99 páginasapplication/pdfapplication/pdfapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttps://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/26556Universidad de CaldasRepositorio Institucional Universidad de Caldasrepositorio.ucaldas.edu.cospaLi Y, Tao L, Wang Q, Wang F, Li G, Song M. Potential Health Impact of Microplastics: A Review of Environmental Distribution, Human Exposure, and Toxic E ects. Environ Health (Wash). 2023 Aug 10;1(4):249-257. doi: 10.1021/envhealth.3c00052. PMID: 39474495; PMCID: PMC11504192Yong CQY, Valiyaveettil S, Tang BL. Toxicity of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Mammalian Systems. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 26;17(5):1509. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051509. PMID: 32111046; PMCID: PMC7084551Marcelino RC, Cardoso RM, Domingues ELBC, Gonçalves RV, Lima GDA, Novaes RD. The emerging risk of microplastics and nanoplastics on the microstructure and function of reproductive organs in mammals: A systematic review of preclinical evidence. Life Sci. 2022 Apr 15;295:120404. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120404. Epub 2022 Feb 14. PMID: 35176278Anifowoshe AT, Akhtar MN, Majeed A, Singh AS, Ismail TF, Nongthomba U. Microplastics: A threat to Fetoplacental unit and Reproductive systems. Toxicol Rep. 2025 Jan 30;14:101938. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101938. PMID: 40612654; PMCID: PMC12223432Brooks A, Jambeck J, Mozo-Reyes E. Plastic Waste Management and Leakage in Latin America and the Caribbean [Internet]. 2020. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002873Galindo Montero AA, Costa-Redondo LC, Vasco-Echeverri O, Arana VA. Microplastic pollution in coastal areas of Colombia: Review. Mar Environ Res. 2023 Sep;190:106027. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106027. Epub 2023 Jun 22. PMID: 37422996Leslie HA, van Velzen MJM, Brandsma SH, Vethaak AD, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Lamoree MH. Discovery and quantification of plastic particle pollution in human blood. Environ Int. 2022 May;163:107199. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107199. Epub 2022 Mar 24. PMID: 35367073Jenner LC, Rotchell JM, Bennett RT, Cowen M, Tentzeris V, Sadofsky LR. Detection of microplastics in human lung tissue using μFTIR spectroscopy. Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jul 20;831:154907. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154907. Epub 2022 Mar 29. PMID: 35364151Horvatits T, Tamminga M, Liu B, Sebode M, Carambia A, Fischer L, et al. Microplastics detected in cirrhotic liver tissue. EBioMedicine [Internet]. 2022;82:104147. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/jSchwabl P, Köppel S, Königshofer P, Bucsics T, Trauner M, Reiberger T, Liebmann B. Detection of Various Microplastics in Human Stool: A Prospective Case Series. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Oct 1;171(7):453-457. doi: 10.7326/M19-0618. Epub 2019 Sep 3. PMID: 31476765Ragusa A, Svelato A, Santacroce C, Catalano P, Notarstefano V, Carnevali O, Papa F, Rongioletti MCA, Baiocco F, Draghi S, D'Amore E, Rinaldo D, Matta M, Giorgini E. Plasticenta: First evidence of microplastics in human placenta. Environ Int. 2021 Jan;146:106274. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274. Epub 2020 Dec 2. PMID: 33395930Lee DW, Jung J, Park SA, Lee Y, Kim J, Han C, Kim HC, Lee JH, Hong YC. Microplastic particles in human blood and their association with coagulation markers. Sci Rep. 2024 Dec 6;14(1):30419. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-81931-9. PMID: 39638849; PMCID: PMC11621780Weingrill RB, Lee MJ, Benny P, Riel J, Saiki K, Garcia J, Oliveira LFAM, Fonseca EJDS, Souza ST, D'Amato FOS, Silva UR, Dutra ML, Marques ALX, Borbely AU, Urschitz J. Temporal trends in microplastic accumulation in placentas from pregnancies in Hawai'i. Environ Int. 2023 Oct;180:108220. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108220. Epub 2023 Sep 20. PMID: 37741006; PMCID: PMC10593309Ragusa A, Matta M, Cristiano L, Matassa R, Battaglione E, Svelato A, De Luca C, D'Avino S, Gulotta A, Rongioletti MCA, Catalano P, Santacroce C, Notarstefano V, Carnevali O, Giorgini E, Vizza E, Familiari G, Nottola SA. Deeply in Plasticenta: Presence of Microplastics in the Intracellular Compartment of Human Placentas. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Sep 14;19(18):11593. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191811593. PMID: 36141864; PMCID: PMC9517680Amereh F, Amjadi N, Mohseni-Bandpei A, Isazadeh S, Mehrabi Y, Eslami A, Naeiji Z, Rafiee M. Placental plastics in young women from general population correlate with reduced foetal growth in IUGR pregnancies. Environ Pollut. 2022 Dec 1;314:120174. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120174. Epub 2022 Sep 13. PMID: 36113646Leclerc F, Dubois MF, Aris A. Maternal, placental and fetal exposure to bisphenol A in women with and without preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2014 Aug;33(3):341-8. doi: 10.3109/10641955.2014.892607. Epub 2014 Apr 11. PMID: 24724919Deboral Panneerselvam AM. Maternal microplastic exposure during pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus associated with gut dysbiosis. Medicine in Microecology. 2023 Sep 14; DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2023.100091Jochum M, Garcia M, Hammerquist A, Howell J, Stanford M, Liu R, Olewine M, Hayek EE, Phan E, Showalter L, Shope C, Suter M, Campen M, Aagaard K, Barrozo E. Elevated Micro- and Nanoplastics Detected in Preterm Human Placentae. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2025 Feb 3:rs.3.rs-5903715. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs 5903715/v1. PMID: 39975889; PMCID: PMC11838745Jia H, Liu S, Wang W, He P, Zhao F, Xu X. Microplastic exposure induces preeclampsia-like symptoms via HIF-1α/TFRC-mediated ferroptosis in placental trophoblast cells. Toxicology. 2025 Sep;516:154197. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2025.154197. Epub 2025 May 23. PMID: 40414414Mendoza Vilcahuaman DJ. Características de las gestantes adolescentes con preeclampsia del hospital el carmen, 2017 y 2018. [internet]. [perú]: universidad nacional de huancavelica; 2019 [cited 2023 Feb 16]. Available from: http://repositorio.unh.edu.pe/handle/UNH/2372Witcher PM. Preeclampsia: Acute Complications and Management Priorities. AACN Adv Crit Care [Internet]. 2018 Sep 15 [cited 2023 Feb 16];29(3):316–26. Available from: https://aacnjournals.org/aacnacconline/article/29/3/316/5588/Preeclampsia Acute-Complications-and-ManagementF. Gary Cunningham M, Kenneth J. Leveno M, Steven L. Bloom M, John C. Hauth M, Dwight J. Rouse M, Catherine Y. Spong M. Williams obstetricia. 23rd ed. Diane M. Twickler M, George D. Wendel Jr, M, editors. 2011Flint EJ, Cerdeira AS, Redman CW, Vatish M. The role of angiogenic factors in the management of preeclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand [Internet]. 2019 Jun 1 [cited 2023 Feb 16];98(6):700–7. Available from: https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/aogs.13540de Oliveira LG, Karumanchi A, Sass N. Pré-eclâmpsia: estresse oxidativo, inflamação e disfunção endotelial [Preeclampsia: oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction]. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2010 Dec;32(12):609-16. Portuguese. doi: 10.1590/s0100-72032010001200008. PMID: 21484030Kadac-Czapska K, Ośko J, Knez E, Grembecka M. Microplastics and Oxidative Stress-Current Problems and Prospects. Antioxidants (Basel). 2024 May 8;13(5):579. doi: 10.3390/antiox13050579. PMID: 38790684; PMCID: PMC11117644Rana S, Lemoine E, Granger J, Karumanchi SA. Preeclampsia: Pathophysiology, Challenges, and Perspectives. Circ Res [Internet]. 2019 Mar 29 [cited 2023 Jul 7];124(7):1094–112. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30920918/Amereh F, Babaei M, Eslami A, Fazelipour S, Rafiee M. The emerging risk of exposure to nano(micro)plastics on endocrine disturbance and reproductive toxicity: From a hypothetical scenario to a global public health challenge. Environ Pollut. 2020 Jun;261:114158. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114158. Epub 2020 Feb 10. PMID: 32088433Malafaia G, Nóbrega RH, Luz TM da, Araújo AP da C. Shedding light on the impacts of gestational exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics on the reproductive performance of Poecilia reticulata female and on the biochemical response of embryos. J Hazard Mater. 2022 Apr 5;427:127873Landrigan PJ, Stegeman JJ, Fleming LE, Allemand D, Anderson DM, Backer LC, et al. Human health and ocean pollution. 2020;86(1):151. doi:10.5334/aogh.2831Tian J, Liang L, Li Q, Li N, Zhu X, Zhang L. Association between microplastics in human amniotic fluid and pregnancy outcomes: Detection and characterization using Raman spectroscopy and pyrolysis GC/MS. J Hazard Mater. 2025 Jan 15;482:136637. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136637. Epub 2024 Nov 23. PMID: 39591787Braun T, Ehrlich L, Henrich W, Koeppel S, Lomako I, Schwabl P, Liebmann B. Detection of Microplastic in Human Placenta and Meconium in a Clinical Setting. Pharmaceutics. 2021 Jun 22;13(7):921. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070921. PMID: 34206212; PMCID: PMC8308544Leclerc F, Dubois MF, Aris A. Maternal, placental and fetal exposure to bisphenol A in women with and without preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2014;33(3):341–8Prattichizzo F, Ceriello A, Pellegrini V, La Grotta R, Graciotti L, Olivieri F, Paolisso P, D'Agostino B, Iovino P, Balestrieri ML, Rajagopalan S, Landrigan PJ, Marfella R, Paolisso G. Micro-nanoplastics and cardiovascular diseases: evidence and perspectives. Eur Heart J. 2024 Oct 7;45(38):4099-4110. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae552. PMID: 39240674; PMCID: PMC11458152Garcia MA, Liu R, Nihart A, Hayek E El, Castillo E, Barrozo ER, et al. Quantitation and identification of microplastics accumulation in human placental specimens using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Toxicological Sciences. 2024 May 1;199(1):81–8Ma’ayeh M, Costantine MM. Prevention of preeclampsia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med [Internet]. 2020 Oct 1 [cited 2023 Feb 16];25(5). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32513597/Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin Summary, Number 222. Obstetrics and gynecology [Internet]. 2020 Jun 1 [cited 2023 Feb 16];135(6):1492–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32443077/Street ME, Bernasconi S. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Human Fetal Growth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 20;21(4):1430. doi: 10.3390/ijms21041430. PMID: 32093249; PMCID: PMC7073082Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, E ects, and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris [Internet]. 2009. Available from: www.MarineDebris.noaa.govThompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland SJ, John AW, McGonigle D, Russell AE. Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? Science. 2004 May 7;304(5672):838. doi: 10.1126/science.1094559. PMID: 15131299Hartmann NB, Hü er T, Thompson RC, Hassellöv M, Verschoor A, Daugaard AE, Rist S, Karlsson T, Brennholt N, Cole M, Herrling MP, Hess MC, Ivleva NP, Lusher AL, Wagner M. Are We Speaking the Same Language? Recommendations for a Definition and Categorization Framework for Plastic Debris. Environ Sci Technol. 2019 Feb 5;53(3):1039-1047. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05297. Epub 2019 Jan 17. PMID: 30608663Julien Boucher DF. Primary Microplastics in the Oceans: a Global Evaluation of Sources. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 2017; DOI:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2017.01.enJung ES, Choe JH, Kim JS, Ahn DW, Yoo JU, Choi TM, et al. Quantitative Raman analysis of microplastics in water using peak area ratios for concentration determination. NPJ Clean Water. 2024 Dec 1;7(1). DOI:10.1038/s41545-024 00397-4Kochanek A, Grąz K, Potok H, Gronba-Chyła A, Kwaśny J, Wiewiórska I, Ciuła J, Basta E, Łapiński J. Micro- and Nanoplastics in the Environment: Current State of Research, Sources of Origin, Health Risks, and Regulations-A Comprehensive Review. Toxics. 2025 Jul 2;13(7):564. doi: 10.3390/toxics13070564. PMID: 40711009; PMCID: PMC12299276Frias JPGL, Nash R. Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition. Mar Pollut Bull. 2019 Jan;138:145-147. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022. Epub 2018 Nov 22. PMID: 30660255Medley EA, Spratlen MJ, Yan B, Herbstman JB, Deyssenroth MA. A Systematic Review of the Placental Translocation of Micro- and Nanoplastics. Vol. 10, Current Environmental Health Reports. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; 2023. p. 99–111Shi, Yuntian & Jiao, Kangping & Li, Li'Ang & Guo, Wenbo & Aboraya, Mohamed & Lee, Jae-Seong & el Amouri, Rim & Hu, Menghong & Wang, Youji. (2025). The stealthy journey of nanoplastics in bivalves: Accumulation dynamics and toxic burden. Environmental science. Nano.. 12. 4748–4767. 10.1039/d5en00673bLiu F, Rasmussen LA, Klemmensen NDR, Zhao G, Nielsen R, Vianello A, et al. Shapes of Hyperspectral Imaged Microplastics. Environ Sci Technol. 2023 Aug 22;57(33):12431–41Yu JT, Diamond ML, Helm PA. A fit-for-purpose categorization scheme for microplastic morphologies. Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2023 Mar;19(2):422 435. doi: 10.1002/ieam.4648. Epub 2022 Jul 4. PMID: 35686603Rozman U, Klun B, Kuljanin A, Skalar T, Kalčíková G. Insights into the shape dependent e ects of polyethylene microplastics on interactions with organisms, environmental aging, and adsorption properties. Sci Rep. 2023 Dec 1;13(1).Roslan NS, Lee YY, Ibrahim YS, Anuar ST, Yusof KMKK, Lai LA, et al. Detection of microplastics in human tissues and organs: A scoping review. J Glob Health. 2024;14Sun H, Su X, Mao J, Liu Y, Li G, Du Q. Microplastics in maternal blood, fetal appendages, and umbilical vein blood. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2024 Nov 15;287Liu J, Hu Z, Du F, Tang W, Zheng S, Lu S, et al. Environment education: A first step in solving plastic pollution. Front Environ Sci. 2023;11Monclús L, Arp HPH, Groh KJ, Faltynkova A, Løseth ME, Muncke J, et al. Mapping the chemical complexity of plastics. Nature. 2025 Jul 10;643(8071):349–55Chen M, Yang Y, Baral K, Fu Y, Meng Y, Zhang Y, Sun F, Zhao M. Relationship between bisphenol A and the cardiovascular disease metabolic risk factors in American adults: A population-based study. Chemosphere. 2023 May;324:138289. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138289. Epub 2023 Mar 2. PMID: 36870620Hunt PA, Lawson C, Gieske M, Murdoch B, Smith H, Marre A, et al. Bisphenol A alters early oogenesis and follicle formation in the fetal ovary of the rhesus monkey. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Oct 23;109(43):17525–30Chen M, Yang Y, Baral K, Fu Y, Meng Y, Zhang Y, Sun F, Zhao M. Relationship between bisphenol A and the cardiovascular disease metabolic risk factors in American adults: A population-based study. Chemosphere. 2023 May;324:138289. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138289. Epub 2023 Mar 2. PMID: 36870620Xue J, Xiao Q, Zhang M, Li D, Wang X. Toxic E ects and Mechanisms of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. Vol. 24, International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI); 2023Cropper M, Dunlop S, Hinshaw H, Landrigan P, Park Y, Symeonides C. The benefits of removing toxic chemicals from plastics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Dec 24;121(52)Qian C, Yong Y, Valiyaveetill S, Tang BL. Toxicity of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Mammalian Systems. [cited 2023 Jun 30]; Available from: www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerphVuong AM, Braun JM, Webster GM, Thomas Zoeller R, Hoofnagle AN, Sjödin A, et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures and thyroid hormones in children at age 3 years. Environ Int. 2018 Aug 1;117:339–47Jahedi F, Jaafarzadeh Haghighi Fard N. Micro- and nanoplastic toxicity in humans: Exposure pathways, cellular e ects, and mitigation strategies. Vol. 14, Toxicology Reports. Elsevier Inc.; 2025Hahladakis JN, Velis CA, Weber R, Iacovidou E, Purnell P. An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling. Vol. 344, Journal of Hazardous Materials. Elsevier B.V.; 2018. p. 179–99Zuri G, Karanasiou A, Lacorte S. Microplastics: Human exposure assessment through air, water, and food. Vol. 179, Environment International. Elsevier Ltd; 2023Cox KD, Covernton GA, Davies HL, Dower JF, Juanes F, Dudas SE. Human Consumption of Microplastics. Environ Sci Technol. 2019 Jun 18;53(12):7068 7074. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01517. Epub 2019 Jun 5. Erratum in: Environ Sci Technol. 2020 Sep 1;54(17):10974. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04032. PMID: 31184127Alimba CG, Faggio C. Microplastics in the marine environment: Current trends in environmental pollution and mechanisms of toxicological profile. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2019 May;68:61-74. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.03.001. Epub 2019 Mar 8. PMID: 30877952Kuttykattil A, Raju S, Vanka KS, Bhagwat G, Carbery M, Vincent SGT, et al. Consuming microplastics? Investigation of commercial salts as a source of microplastics (MPs) in diet. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2023 Jan 1;30(1):930–42Milne MH, De Frond H, Rochman CM, Mallos NJ, Leonard GH, Baechler BR. Exposure of U.S. adults to microplastics from commonly-consumed proteins. Environmental Pollution. 2024 Feb 15;343Jadhav B, Medyńska-Juraszek A. Microplastic and Nanoplastic in Crops: Possible Adverse E ects to Crop Production and Contaminant Transfer in the Food Chain. Vol. 13, Plants. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI); 2024.Yakovenko N, Pérez-Serrano L, Segur T, Hagelskjaer O, Margenat H, Le Roux G, et al. Human exposure to PM10 microplastics in indoor air. PLoS One. 2025 Jul 1;20(7 July)Mason SA, Welch VG, Neratko J. Synthetic Polymer Contamination in Bottled Water. Front Chem. 2018 Sep 11;6:407. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00407. PMID: 30255015; PMCID: PMC6141690Equipo de la OMS Agua SH y S. Microplásticos en el agua potable. World Health Organization. 2019 Aug 28; ISBN:978-92-4-151619-8Milne MH, De Frond H, Rochman CM, Mallos NJ, Leonard GH, Baechler BR. Exposure of U.S. adults to microplastics from commonly-consumed proteins. Environmental Pollution. 2024 Feb 15;343Catarino AI, Macchia V, Sanderson WG, Thompson RC, Henry TB. Low levels of microplastics (MP) in wild mussels indicate that MP ingestion by humans is minimal compared to exposure via household fibres fallout during a meal. Environ Pollut. 2018 Jun;237:675-684. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.069. Epub 2018 Mar 29. PMID: 29604577Prata JC. Airborne microplastics: Consequences to human health? Environ Pollut. 2018 Mar;234:115-126. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.043. Epub 2017 Dec 21. PMID: 29172041Enyoh CE, Shafea L, Verla AW, Verla EN, Qingyue W, Chowdhury T, Paredes M. Microplastics Exposure Routes and Toxicity Studies to Ecosystems: An Overview. Environ Anal Health Toxicol. 2020 Mar;35(1):e2020004. doi: 10.5620/eaht.e2020004. Epub 2020 Mar 25. PMID: 32570999; PMCID: PMC7308665Yakovenko N, Pérez-Serrano L, Segur T, Hagelskjaer O, Margenat H, Le Roux G, et al. Human exposure to PM10 microplastics in indoor air. PLoS One. 2025 Jul 1;20(7 July)Emenike EC, Okorie CJ, Ojeyemi T, Egbemhenghe A, Iwuozor KO, Saliu OD, Okoro HK, Adeniyi AG. From oceans to dinner plates: The impact of microplastics on human health. Heliyon. 2023 Sep 26;9(10):e20440. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20440. PMID: 37790970; PMCID: PMC10543225Cheung PK, Fok L. Characterisation of plastic microbeads in facial scrubs and their estimated emissions in Mainland China. Water Res. 2017 Oct 1;122:53-61. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.053. Epub 2017 May 27. PMID: 28591661Roslan NS, Lee YY, Ibrahim YS, Anuar ST, Yusof KMKK, Lai LA, et al. Detection of microplastics in human tissues and organs: A scoping review. J Glob Health. 2024;14Marfella R, Prattichizzo F, Sardu C, Fulgenzi G, Graciotti L, Spadoni T, et al. Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Atheromas and Cardiovascular Events. New England Journal of Medicine. 2024 Mar 7;390(10):900–10Leslie HA, van Velzen MJM, Brandsma SH, Vethaak AD, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Lamoree MH. Discovery and quantification of plastic particle pollution in human blood. Environ Int. 2022 May 1;163Campen M, Nihart A, Garcia M, Liu R, Olewine M, Castillo E, et al. Bioaccumulation of Microplastics in Decedent Human Brains Assessed by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Res Sq [Internet]. 2024 May 6; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38765967Zhu L, Zhu J, Zuo R, Xu Q, Qian Y, AN L. Identification of microplastics in human placenta using laser direct infrared spectroscopy. Science of the Total Environment. 2023 Jan 15;856Oliveira CWL, Oliveira LFAM, Garcia J, Weingrill RB, Urschitz J, Souza ST, et al. First evidence of microplastic accumulation in placentas and umbilical cords from pregnancies in Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2025;97Vaishali Kapila; Khalid Chaudhry. Physiology, Placenta. StatPearls [Internet]., editor. 2023Burton GJ, Jauniaux E. The human placenta: new perspectives on its formation and function during early pregnancy. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2023 Apr 26;290(1997)Turco MY, Mo ett A. Development of the human placenta. Vol. 146, Development (Cambridge). Company of Biologists Ltd; 2019Mirbod P. Analytical model of the feto-placental vascular system: Consideration of placental oxygen transport. R Soc Open Sci. 2018 Apr 11;5(4)Nye GA, Ingram E, Johnstone ED, Jensen OE, Schneider H, Lewis RM, et al. Human placental oxygenation in late gestation: experimental and theoretical approaches. Journal of Physiology. 2018 Dec 1;596(23):5523–34Mirbod P. Analytical model of the feto-placental vascular system: Consideration of placental oxygen transport. R Soc Open Sci. 2018 Apr 11;5(4)Nye GA, Ingram E, Johnstone ED, Jensen OE, Schneider H, Lewis RM, et al. Human placental oxygenation in late gestation: experimental and theoretical approaches. Journal of Physiology. 2018 Dec 1;596(23):5523–34Carter AM. Placental Gas Exchange and the Oxygen Supply to the Fetus. Compr Physiol. 2015 Jul 1;5(3):1381-403. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c140073. PMID: 26140722Winterhager E, Gellhaus A. Transplacental nutrient transport mechanisms of intrauterine growth restriction in rodent models and humans. Vol. 8, Frontiers in Physiology. Frontiers Media S.A.; 2017Giachini FR, Hryciw DH, Castro-Parodi M, Damiano AE. Editorial: The placenta: the origin of chronic diseases in adults. Vol. 15, Frontiers in Endocrinology. Frontiers Media SA; 2024Wick P, Malek A, Manser P, Meili D, Maeder-Althaus X, Diener L, et al. Barrier capacity of human placenta for nanosized materials. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Mar;118(3):432–6Dusza HM, Katrukha EA, Nijmeijer SM, Akhmanova A, Vethaak AD, Walker DI, Legler J. Uptake, Transport, and Toxicity of Pristine and Weathered Micro- and Nanoplastics in Human Placenta Cells. Environ Health Perspect. 2022 Sep;130(9):97006. doi: 10.1289/EHP10873. Epub 2022 Sep 21. PMID: 36129437; PMCID: PMC9491364Dubey I, Khan S, Kushwaha S. Developmental and reproductive toxic e ects of exposure to microplastics: A review of associated signaling pathways. Front Toxicol. 2022 Aug 31;4:901798. doi: 10.3389/ftox.2022.901798. PMID: 36119356; PMCID: PMC9471315Kaur K, Lesseur C, Deyssenroth MA, Kloog I, Schwartz JD, Marsit CJ, Chen J. PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy is associated with altered placental expression of lipid metabolic genes in a US birth cohort. Environ Res. 2022 Aug;211:113066. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113066. Epub 2022 Mar 3. PMID: 35248564; PMCID: PMC9177798Cary CM, DeLoid GM, Yang Z, Bitounis D, Polunas M, Goedken MJ, et al. Ingested Polystyrene Nanospheres Translocate to Placenta and Fetal Tissues in Pregnant Rats: Potential Health Implications. Nanomaterials. 2023 Feb 1;13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13040720Das A. The emerging role of microplastics in systemic toxicity: Involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sci Total Environ. 2023 Oct 15;895:165076. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165076. Epub 2023 Jun 28. PMID: 37391150Rolfo A, Nuzzo AM, De Amicis R, Moretti L, Bertoli S, Leone A. Fetal-Maternal Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors: Correlation with Diet Intake and Pregnancy Outcomes. Nutrients. 2020 Jun 11;12(6):1744. doi: 10.3390/nu12061744. PMID: 32545151; PMCID: PMC7353272Campanale C, Massarelli C, Savino I, Locaputo V, Uricchio VF. A Detailed Review Study on Potential E ects of Microplastics and Additives of Concern on Human Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 13;17(4):1212. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17041212. PMID: 32069998; PMCID: PMC7068600Yan Y, Guo F, Liu K, Ding R, Wang Y. The e ect of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on placental development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Feb 21;14:1059854. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1059854. PMID: 36896182; PMCID: PMC9989293Santana-Garrido Á, Reyes-Goya C, Espinosa-Martín P, Sobrevia L, Beltrán LM, Vázquez CM, Mate A. Oxidative and Inflammatory Imbalance in Placenta and Kidney of sFlt1-Induced Early-Onset Preeclampsia Rat Model. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Aug 19;11(8):1608. doi: 10.3390/antiox11081608. PMID: 36009326; PMCID: PMC9405374Cresswell JA, Alexander M, Chong MYC, Link HM, Pejchinovska M, Gazeley U, Ahmed SMA, Chou D, Moller AB, Simpson D, Alkema L, Villanueva G, Sguassero Y, Tunçalp Ö, Long Q, Xiao S, Say L. Global and regional causes of maternal deaths 2009-20: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2025 Apr;13(4):e626-e634. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00560-6. Epub 2025 Mar 8. PMID: 40064189; PMCID: PMC11946934Magee LA, Brown MA, Hall DR, Gupte S, Hennessy A, Karumanchi SA, Kenny LC, McCarthy F, Myers J, Poon LC, Rana S, Saito S, Sta AC, Tsigas E, von Dadelszen P. The 2021 International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy classification, diagnosis & management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2022 Mar;27:148-169. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2021.09.008. Epub 2021 Oct 9. PMID: 35066406.Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Jun;135(6):e237-e260. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003891. PMID: 32443079Guida JPS, Surita FG, Parpinelli MA, Costa ML. Preterm Preeclampsia and Timing of Delivery: A Systematic Literature Review. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2017 Nov;39(11):622-631. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1604103. Epub 2017 Jul 12. PMID: 28701023; PMCID: PMC10309339Fox R, Kitt J, Leeson P, Aye CYL, Lewandowski AJ. Preeclampsia: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Management, and the Cardiovascular Impact on the Ospring. J Clin Med. 2019 Oct 4;8(10):1625. doi: 10.3390/jcm8101625. PMID: 31590294; PMCID: PMC6832549Torres-Torres J, Espino-Y-Sosa S, Martinez-Portilla R, Borboa-Olivares H, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Acevedo-Gallegos S, Ruiz-Ramirez E, Velasco-Espin M, Cerda-Flores P, Ramirez-Gonzalez A, Rojas-Zepeda L. A Narrative Review on the Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jul 10;25(14):7569. doi: 10.3390/ijms25147569. PMID: 39062815; PMCID: PMC11277207Hayder H, Shan Y, Chen Y, O'Brien JA, Peng C. Role of microRNAs in trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling: Implications for preeclampsia. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022 Oct 3;10:995462. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.995462. PMID: 36263015; PMCID: PMC9575991Palatnik A, Kulinski J. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy & vascular dysfunction. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2024 May 30;11:1411424. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1411424. PMID: 38883989; PMCID: PMC11177763Stepan H, Herraiz I, Schlembach D, Verlohren S, Brennecke S, Chantraine F, Klein E, Lapaire O, Llurba E, Ramoni A, Vatish M, Wertaschnigg D, Galindo A. Implementation of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio for prediction and diagnosis of pre eclampsia in singleton pregnancy: implications for clinical practice. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Mar;45(3):241-6. doi: 10.1002/uog.14799. PMID: 25736847; PMCID: PMC4369131Aouache R, Biquard L, Vaiman D, Miralles F. Oxidative Stress in Preeclampsia and Placental Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 May 17;19(5):1496. doi: 10.3390/ijms19051496. PMID: 29772777; PMCID: PMC5983711Fattah, Amira & Khowailed, Akef & Gaber, Safy. (2021). Correlation between Serum Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers with Blood Pressure in Preeclampsia. Minia Journal of Medical Research. 32. 54-66. 10.21608/mjmr.2021.231546Tyrmi JS, Kaartokallio T, Lokki AI, Jääskeläinen T, Kortelainen E, Ruotsalainen S, Karjalainen J, Ripatti S, Kivioja A, Laisk T, Kettunen J, Pouta A, Kivinen K, Kajantie E, Heinonen S, Kere J, Laivuori H; FINNPEC Study Group, FinnGen Project, and the Estonian Biobank Research Team. Genetic Risk Factors Associated With Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. JAMA Cardiol. 2023 Jul 1;8(7):674-683. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2023.1312. PMID: 37285119; PMCID: PMC10248811Fox R, Kitt J, Leeson P, Aye CYL, Lewandowski AJ. Preeclampsia: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Management, and the Cardiovascular Impact on the Ospring. J Clin Med. 2019 Oct 4;8(10):1625. doi: 10.3390/jcm8101625. PMID: 31590294; PMCID: PMC6832549Yu H, Yin Y, Zhang J, Zhou R. The impact of particulate matter 2.5 on the risk of preeclampsia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Vol. 27, Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Springer; 2020. p. 37527–39Li C, Luo J, Yang Y, Wang Q, Zheng Y, Zhong Z. The relationship between cadmium exposure and preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Dec 1;10:1259680. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1259680. PMID: 38105903; PMCID: PMC10722428Eaves LA, Fry RC. Invited Perspective: Toxic Metals and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect. 2023 Apr;131(4):41303. doi: 10.1289/EHP11963. Epub 2023 Apr 20. PMID: 37079391; PMCID: PMC10117635Zhang M, Zhang Y, Liu T, An C, Sun Y. Microplastic exposure in daily life and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension: A study on the association between environmental pollutants and maternal-fetal health outcomes. J Hazard Mater. 2025 Aug 15;494:138654. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138654. Epub 2025 May 19. PMID: 40412320de Sousa AKA, Pires KSN, Cavalcante IH, Cavalcante ICL, Santos JD, Queiroz MIC, Leite ACR, Crispim AC, da Rocha Junior ER, Aquino TM, Weingrill RB, Urschitz J, Ospina-Prieto S, Borbely AU. Polystyrene microplastics exposition on human placental explants induces time-dependent cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and metabolic alterations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024 Nov 20;15:1481014. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1481014. PMID: 39634179; PMCID: PMC11614646.Sharma RK, Kumari U, Kumar S. Impact of Microplastics on Pregnancy and Fetal Development: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2024 May 20;16(5):e60712. doi: 10.7759/cureus.60712. PMID: 38903343; PMCID: PMC11186737Jinesh S, Aditi P. Health Implications of Microplastic Exposure in Pregnancy and Early Childhood: A Systematic Review. Vol. 17, International Journal of Women’s Health. Dove Medical Press Ltd; 2025. p. 2805–18Anifowoshe AT, Akhtar MN, Majeed A, Singh AS, Ismail TF, Nongthomba U. Microplastics: A threat to Fetoplacental unit and Reproductive systems. Toxicol Rep. 2025 Jan 30;14:101938. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101938. PMID: 40612654; PMCID: PMC12223432Wu P, Haththotuwa R, Kwok CS, Babu A, Kotronias RA, Rushton C, Zaman A, Fryer AA, Kadam U, Chew-Graham CA, Mamas MA. Preeclampsia and Future Cardiovascular Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017 Feb;10(2):e003497. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003497. Epub 2017 Feb 22. PMID: 28228456Dimitriadis E, Rolnik DL, Zhou W, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Koga K, Francisco RPV, Whitehead C, Hyett J, da Silva Costa F, Nicolaides K, Menkhorst E. Pre eclampsia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023 Feb 16;9(1):8. doi: 10.1038/s41572-023 00417-6. Erratum in: Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023 Jul 3;9(1):35. doi: 10.1038/s41572-023-00451-4. PMID: 36797292Shahinaj R, Hasanbelli B, Nurce A, Qirici O. Is Fetal Growth Restriction in Preeclampsia a Reliable Predictor of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes? Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine. 2024 Sep 1;13(3):118–25Ministerio de Salud, resolución número 8439 de 1993 por la cual se establecen las normas científicas, técnicas y administrativas para la investigación en salud. Resolución No 8430 de 4 de octubre 1993. disponible en www.minsalud.gov.coDokl M, Copot A, Krajnc D, Fan Y Van, Vujanović A, Aviso KB, et al. Global projections of plastic use, end-of-life fate and potential changes in consumption, reduction, recycling and replacement with bioplastics to 2050. Sustain Prod Consum. 2024 Nov 1;51:498–518Zurub RE, Bainbridge S, Rahman L, Halappanavar S, Wade MG. Particulate contamination of human placenta: Plastic and non-plastic. Environmental Advances. 2024 Oct 1;17. doi: 10.1016/j.envadv.2024.100555Weingrill RB, Lee MJ, Benny P, Riel J, Saiki K, Garcia J, Oliveira LFAM, Fonseca EJDS, Souza ST, D'Amato FOS, Silva UR, Dutra ML, Marques ALX, Borbely AU, Urschitz J. Temporal trends in microplastic accumulation in placentas from pregnancies in Hawai'i. Environ Int. 2023 Oct;180:108220. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108220. Epub 2023 Sep 20. PMID: 37741006; PMCID: PMC10593309Amereh F, Amjadi N, Mohseni-Bandpei A, Isazadeh S, Mehrabi Y, Eslami A, Naeiji Z, Rafiee M. Placental plastics in young women from general population correlate with reduced foetal growth in IUGR pregnancies. Environ Pollut. 2022 Dec 1;314:120174. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120174. Epub 2022 Sep 13. PMID: 36113646Kwabena Danso I, Woo JH, Hoon Baek S, Kim K, Lee K. Pulmonary toxicity assessment of polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene microplastic fragments in mice. Toxicol Res. 2024 Apr 1;40(2):313–23Cho Y, Seo EU, Hwang KS, Kim H, Choi J, Kim HN. Evaluation of size-dependent uptake, transport and cytotoxicity of polystyrene microplastic in a blood-brain barrier (BBB) model. Nano Converg. 2024 Oct 15;11(1):40. doi: 10.1186/s40580 024-00448-z. PMID: 39406944; PMCID: PMC11480280Xue J, Xu Z, Hu X, Lu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang H. Microplastics in maternal amniotic fluid and their associations with gestational age. Sci Total Environ. 2024 Apr 10;920:171044. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171044. Epub 2024 Feb 19. PMID: 38382607Jochum M, Garcia M, Hammerquist A, Howell J, Stanford M, Liu R, Olewine M, Hayek EE, Phan E, Showalter L, Shope C, Suter M, Campen M, Aagaard K, Barrozo E. Elevated Micro- and Nanoplastics Detected in Preterm Human Placentae. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2025 Feb 3:rs.3.rs-5903715. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs 5903715/v1. PMID: 39975889; PMCID: PMC11838745https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2oai:repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co:ucaldas/265562026-01-26T21:31:57Z

Asociación entre preeclampsia y la presencia de microplásticos en placentas humanas en pacientes atendidas en un hospital de referencia en Manizales 2024-2025

Publicaciones similares