The Ayahuasca ritual: Peruvian national cultural heritage and its possible integration into the primary health system
On June 24, 2008, the Peruvian Government declared the “knowledge and traditional uses of Ayahuasca practiced by native Amazonian communities” as National Cultural Heritage. The inspiration that led to this important achievement was to protect the ritual use of the Ayahuasca brew as traditionally pr...
- Autores:
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2021
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- Universidad de Caldas
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- Repositorio Institucional U. Caldas
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- eng
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https://doi.org/10.17151/culdr.2022.27.33.2
- Palabra clave:
- Ayahuasca
patrimonio cultural
medicina tradicional amazónica
identidad amazónica
Ayahuasca
cultural heritage
traditional Amazonian medicine
Amazonian identity
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The Ayahuasca ritual: Peruvian national cultural heritage and its possible integration into the primary health system El ritual de la Ayahuasca: patrimonio cultural nacional de Perú |
| title |
The Ayahuasca ritual: Peruvian national cultural heritage and its possible integration into the primary health system |
| spellingShingle |
The Ayahuasca ritual: Peruvian national cultural heritage and its possible integration into the primary health system Ayahuasca patrimonio cultural medicina tradicional amazónica identidad amazónica Ayahuasca cultural heritage traditional Amazonian medicine Amazonian identity |
| title_short |
The Ayahuasca ritual: Peruvian national cultural heritage and its possible integration into the primary health system |
| title_full |
The Ayahuasca ritual: Peruvian national cultural heritage and its possible integration into the primary health system |
| title_fullStr |
The Ayahuasca ritual: Peruvian national cultural heritage and its possible integration into the primary health system |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The Ayahuasca ritual: Peruvian national cultural heritage and its possible integration into the primary health system |
| title_sort |
The Ayahuasca ritual: Peruvian national cultural heritage and its possible integration into the primary health system |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
Ayahuasca patrimonio cultural medicina tradicional amazónica identidad amazónica Ayahuasca cultural heritage traditional Amazonian medicine Amazonian identity |
| topic |
Ayahuasca patrimonio cultural medicina tradicional amazónica identidad amazónica Ayahuasca cultural heritage traditional Amazonian medicine Amazonian identity |
| description |
On June 24, 2008, the Peruvian Government declared the “knowledge and traditional uses of Ayahuasca practiced by native Amazonian communities” as National Cultural Heritage. The inspiration that led to this important achievement was to protect the ritual use of the Ayahuasca brew as traditionally practiced for centuries by Amazonian indigenous communities, including its intangible ritual component, the knowledge of the healers and the healers themselves, while also favoring the protection of the environment and the sustainability of the plant resources involved. In the last couple of decades, the mechanisms of action of Ayahuasca and its therapeutic potential in several fields have been investigated in depth. Nevertheless, thirteen years after the enactment of this declaration, regulations that can offer a concrete protection are still pending, while we observe increasing commercial pressure and risks associated with the irresponsible use of Ayahuasca and other psychoactive plants in the context of shamanic tourism. |
| publishDate |
2021 |
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2021-01-01 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z 2025-10-08T21:50:48Z 2025-10-08T21:50:48Z |
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Artículo de revista http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 Text info:eu-repo/semantics/article Journal article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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0122-8455 https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/25286 10.17151/culdr.2022.27.33.2 2590-7840 https://doi.org/10.17151/culdr.2022.27.33.2 |
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https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/25286 https://doi.org/10.17151/culdr.2022.27.33.2 |
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eng |
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41 33 17 27 Cultura y Droga Andritzky, W. (1988). Shamanismus und rituelles Heilen im alten Peru, Zeroing. Ariansen, J. (1990, Mar. 25). El diario de Inés Muñoz: el encuentro de dos mundos. https://www.historiacocina.com/paises/articulos/peru/ines.htm Auf Nichtnennung Antrag. (2016). Synthetic ayahuasca (Germany Patent N.o DE102016014603A1). https://patents.google.com/patent/DE102016014603A1/en Belaunde, L.E. (2005). El recuerdo de Luna: género, sangre y memoria entre los pueblos amazónicos. CAAAP. Berlowitz, I., Walt, H., Ghasarian, C., Mendive, F., & Martin-Soelch, C. (2019). Short-term treatment effects of a substance use disorder therapy involving traditional Amazonian medicine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(4), 323-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1607956 Beyer, S. (2009). Singing to the plants: A Guide to Mestizo Shamanism in the Upper Amazon. University of New Mexico Press. Bussmann, R.W. & Sharon, D. (2006). Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 2(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-47 Callaway, J. C., Airaksinen, M. M., McKenna, D. J., Brito, G. S., & Grob, C. S. (1994). Platelet serotonin uptake sites increased in drinkers of ayahuasca. Psychopharmacology, 116(3), 385-387. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02245347 Callaway, J. C., Raymon, L. P., Hearn, W. L., McKenna, D. J., Grob, C. S., Brito, G. S., & Mash, D. C. (1996). Quantitation of n,n-dimethyltryptamine and harmala alkaloids in human plasma after oral dosing with ayahuasca. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 20(6), 492-497. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/20.6.492 Chaumeil, J.P. (1991). Réseaux chamaniques contemporains et relations interethniques dans le haut-Amazone (Pérou). In C.E Pinzón et al. (eds.). Otra América en construcción. Medicinas tradicionales, religiones populares (pp.9-21). ICAN-Colcultura. Chiappe, M. (1976). The use of hallucinogens in folkloric psychiatry. Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana (OSP), 81(2),176-186. https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/17541 Deshayes, P. (2003). Pensar el Otro. IFEA. Desmarchelier, C., Gurni, A., Ciccia, G., & Giulietti, A. M. (1996). Ritual and medicinal plants of the Ese’ejas of the Amazonian rainforest (Madre de dios, Perú). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 52(1), 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(96)01390-6 Dobkin de Rios, M. (1972). Visionary Vine: Hallucinogenic Healing in the Peruvian Amazon. Chandler. Dobkin de Rios, M. (1994). Drug tourism in the Amazon. In C. Ratsch. Yearbook for Ethnomedicine and the Study of Consciousness (Vol. 3, pp. 359-374). Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung. Dos Santos, R. G., Bouso, J. C., Alcázar-Córcoles, M. Á., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2018). Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of serotonergic psychedelics for the management of mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders: A systematic review of systematic reviews. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 11(9), 889-902. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2018.1511424 Eliade, M. (1964). Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. Princeton University Press. Eliade, M. (1967). Myths, Dreams and Mysteries: The Encounter Between Contemporary Faiths and Archaic Realities. Harper & Row. Fotiou, E., & Gearin, A. K. (2019). Purging and the body in the therapeutic use of ayahuasca. Social Science & Medicine, 239, 112532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112532 Fotiou, E. (2020). Shamanic tourism in the peruvian lowlands: critical and ethical considerations. Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology, 25(3), 374–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/jlca.12508 Frecska, E., Bokor, P. & Winkelman, M. (2016). The Therapeutic Potentials of Ayahuasca: Possible Effects against Various Diseases of Civilization. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 7(35). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2016.00035 Friso, F., Mendive, F., Soffiato, M., Bombardelli, V., Hesketh, A., Heinrich, M., Menghini, L., & Politi, M. (2020). Implementation of Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing in Peru: Implications for researchers. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 259, 112885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112885 Giove, R. (2002). La Liana de los Muertos al Rescate de la Vida. Medicina tradicional amazónica en el tratamiento de las toxicomanías. Devida. Giove, R. (2016). El Ritual del Ayahuasca. Patrimonio cultural de la Nación. Gráfica Gárate SAC. Grob, C. (1999). The Psychology of ayahuasca. In R. Metzner (ed.), Sacred vine of spirits: Ayahuasca (pp. 63-93). University of New York press. Guamán Poma de Ayala, F. (1987). Nueva Crónica y Buen Gobierno. http://www.biblioteca.org.ar/libros/211687.pdf Hamill, J., Hallak, J., Dursun, S. M. & Baker, G. (2019). Ayahuasca: Psychological and physiologic effects, pharmacology and potential uses in addiction and mental illness. Current Neuropharmacology, 17(2), 108-128. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X16666180125095902 Harner, M. J. (1962). Jívaro Souls. American Anthropologist, 64(2), 258–272. http://www.jstor.org/stable/666597 Hopp, K. H., Cunningham, L. V., Bromel, M. C., Schermeister, L. J., & Khalil, S. K. (1976). In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of certain alkaloids against Trypanosoma lewisi. Lloydia, 39(5), 375-377. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/798093/ International Conference on Primary Health Care. (1978). Declaration of Alma-Ata. WHO Chronicle, 32(11):428-30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11643481/ Jiménez-Garrido, D. F., Gómez-Sousa, M., Ona, G., Dos Santos, R. G., Hallak, J. E. C., Alcázar-Córcoles, M. Á. & Bouso, J. C. (2020). Effects of ayahuasca on mental health and quality of life in naïve users: A longitudinal and cross-sectional study combination. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 4075. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61169-x Kensinger, K. (1973). Banisteriopsis usage among the Peruvian Cashinahua. In M. Hamer (ed.), Hallucinogens and Shamanism (pp.9–14). Oxford University Press. Knight, D. (1998). “An Enemy of Indigenous Peoples”: The Case of Loren Miller, COICA, the Inter-American Foundation and the Ayahuasca plant. Multinational monitor, 19(6). https://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm1998/061998/knight.html La República. (2011, Oct. 4). Confirman asesinato de 14 chamanes en Loreto. https://larepublica.pe/archivo/580519-confirman-asesinato-de-14-chamanes-en-loreto/ Labate, B.C. & Jungaberle, H. (2011). The Internationalization of Ayahuasca. Lit. Labate, B.C. & Cavnar, C. (2018). The Expanding World Ayahuasca Diaspora: Appropriation, Integration and Legislation. Routledge. Langdon, J. (1979). Yagé among the Siona: Cultural patterns in visions. In R.A Schwarz, & D.L. Browmann (eds.), Spirits, Shamanism and Stars-Perspectives in South America (pp.63-80). Mouton. Luna, L. E. (1984). The concept of plants as teachers among four mestizo shamans of iquitos, Northeastern Peru. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 11(2), 135-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(84)90036-9 Luna, L. E. (2011). Indigenous and mestizo use of ayahuasca. An overview, In R.l Guimarães dos Santos (ed.), The Ethnopharmacology of Ayahuasca (pp. 1-21). Transworld Research Network. Mabit, J., Campos, J. & Arce, J. (1992). Consideraciones acerca del brebaje ayahuasca y perspectivas terapéuticas. Revista de Neuropsiquiatría, 55(2),118-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.20453/rnp.v55i2.1281 Mabit, J. (2018). Coca et ayahuasca, une même destinée ? Cultura y Droga,23 (25), 15-32. https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/culturaydroga/article/view/2892 Mabit, J. & González, J. M. (2013). Towards a transcultural medicine: Reflections and proposals based on the experience in Takiwasi. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 5(2), 49-76. https://www.takiwasi.com/docs/arti_esp/hacia-una-medicina-transcultural.pdf Martínez de Compañon, B.J. (1978-1991). Trujillo del Perú, Códice prehispánico peruano 1735-1797 (Vols. I-VIII). (AECI, Ed.) Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, AECI. Metzner, R. (2006). Sacred vine of spirits: Ayahuasca. Park Street Press. Naranjo, P. (1986). La ayahuasca en la arqueología ecuatoriana. América Indígena, 46(1), 117-127. Ott, J. (1996). Pharmacotheon. Los Libros de la Liebre de Marzo. Ott, J. (1999). Pharmahuasca: Human pharmacology of oral DMT plus Harmine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 31(2), 171-177. Palhano-Fontes, F., Barreto, D., Onias, H., Andrade, K. C., Novaes, M. M., Pessoa, J. A., Mota-Rolim, S. A., Osório, F. L., Sanches, R., dos Santos, R. G., Tófoli, L. F., de Oliveira Silveira, G., Yonamine, M., Riba, J., Santos, F. R., Silva-Junior, A. A., Alchieri, J. C., Galvão-Coelho, N. L., Lobão-Soares, B., … & Araújo, D. B. (2019). Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatmentresistant depression: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Psychological Medicine, 49(4), 655-663. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718001356 Peluso, D., Sinclair, E., Labate, B., & Cavnar, C. (2020). Reflections on crafting an ayahuasca community guide for the awareness of sexual abuse. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 4(1), 24-33. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2020.00124 Perú. National Institute of Statistics and Informatics-INEI. (Aug. 2018). Perfil sociodemográfico. Informe Nacional. Censos Nacionales 2017: XII de Población, VII de Vivienda y III de Comunidades Indígenas. Informe Nacional. https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf Perú. Ministry of Culture. (2016, jun.15). Resolución viceministerial n° 068-2016-vmpcic-mc. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/cultura/normas-legales/204341-068-2016-vmpcic-mc Perú. Ministry of the Environment-MINAM (2010). El Perú y el Cambio Climático. Segunda Comunicación Nacional del Perú a la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. 200 p. https://sinia.minam.gob.pe/documentos/segunda-comunicacion-nacional-peru-convencion-marco-lasnaciones Perú. National Institute of Culture-INC. (24 jun. 2008). Resolución Directoral Nacional N°:836. http://administrativos.cultura.gob.pe/intranet/dpcn/anexos/47_1.pdf?6321612 Politi, M., Friso, F., Saucedo, G. & Torres, J. (2021). Traditional use of banisteriopsis caapi alone and its application in a context of drug addiction therapy. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 53(1), 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1820641 Randall, R. (1982). Qoyllur Riti, an Inca fiesta of the Pleiades: Resections on time and space in the Andean world. Boletín del Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos, 11, 37-81. Regan, J. (1983). Hacia la tierra sin mal: estudio sobre la religiosidad del pueblo en la Amazonia. CETA. Rivier, L. & Lindgren, J.E. (1972). “Ayahuasca”, the South American hallucinogenic drink: An ethnobotanical and chemical investigation. Economic Botany 26, 101– 129. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860772 Rodríguez, E., Cavin, J.C. & West, J.E. (1982). The possible role of Amazonian psychoactive plants in the chemotherapy of parasitic worms: a hypothesis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 6(3), 303-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(82)90053-8 Rush, B., Marcus, O., García, S., Loizaga-Velder, A., Loewinger, G., Spitalier, A., & Mendive, F. (2021). Protocol for outcome evaluation of ayahuasca-assisted addiction treatment: The case of Takiwasi center. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 659644. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.659644 Samorini, G. (2019). Syrian rue (Peganum Harmala), the “Ayahuasca” of North Africa and Eurasia. Kahpi - The Ayahuasca Hub. https://kahpi.net/syrian-ruepeganum-harmala-ayahuasca/ Sánchez-Ramos, J. R. (1991). Banisterine and parkinsonʼs disease. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 14(5), 391-402. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199110000-00002 Spruce, R.A. (1873). On some remarkable narcotics of the Amazon Valley and Orinoco. Geographical magazine, 1(55),184-193. Spruce, R.A. (1908). Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes. (A. Wallace, Ed.) Macmillan. Szara, S. (1957). The comparison of the psychotic effect of tryptamine derivatives with the effects of mescaline and LSD-25 in self experiments. In S. Garattini et al. (eds.) Psychotropic Drugs (460-467). Elsevier. https://bibliography.maps.org/bibliography/default/resource/17994 Topping, D. (1998). Ayahuasca and cancer: one man’s experience. MAPS, 8(3), 22-26. https://maps.org/news-letters/v08n3/08322top.html Tresca, G., Marcus, O. & Politi, M. (2020). Evaluating herbal medicine preparation from a traditional perspective: Insights from an ethnopharmaceutical survey in the Peruvian Amazon. Anthropology & Medicine, 27(3), 268-284. https://doi.org/10.1080/13648470.2019.1669939 Union of Yage Doctors of the Colombian Amazon-UMIYAC. (1999). Código de Ética Médica. https://www.takiwasi.com/docs/arti_esp/mi/pub_10.pdf Núm. 33 , Año 2022 : Enero - Junio https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/culturaydroga/article/download/7264/6395 |
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The Ayahuasca ritual: Peruvian national cultural heritage and its possible integration into the primary health systemEl ritual de la Ayahuasca: patrimonio cultural nacional de PerúAyahuascapatrimonio culturalmedicina tradicional amazónicaidentidad amazónicaAyahuascacultural heritagetraditional Amazonian medicineAmazonian identityOn June 24, 2008, the Peruvian Government declared the “knowledge and traditional uses of Ayahuasca practiced by native Amazonian communities” as National Cultural Heritage. The inspiration that led to this important achievement was to protect the ritual use of the Ayahuasca brew as traditionally practiced for centuries by Amazonian indigenous communities, including its intangible ritual component, the knowledge of the healers and the healers themselves, while also favoring the protection of the environment and the sustainability of the plant resources involved. In the last couple of decades, the mechanisms of action of Ayahuasca and its therapeutic potential in several fields have been investigated in depth. Nevertheless, thirteen years after the enactment of this declaration, regulations that can offer a concrete protection are still pending, while we observe increasing commercial pressure and risks associated with the irresponsible use of Ayahuasca and other psychoactive plants in the context of shamanic tourism.El 24 de junio de 2008, el Gobierno peruano declaró el «conocimiento y usos tradicionales de la Ayahuasca practicados por las comunidades nativas amazónicas» como Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación. La inspiración que llevó a este importante logro fue proteger el uso ritual del brebaje Ayahuasca como tradicionalmente practicado durante siglos por las comunidades indígenas amazónicas, incluyendo su componente ritual intangible, el conocimiento de los curanderos y los propios curanderos, favoreciendo al mismo tiempo la protección del medio ambiente y la sostenibilidad de los recursos vegetales implicados. En las últimas dos décadas se han investigado en profundidad los mecanismos de acción de la Ayahuasca y su potencial terapéutico en varios campos. Sin embargo, trece años después de la promulgación de esta declaración, quedan aún pendientes regulaciones que puedan ofrecer una protección concreta, mientras observamos crecientes presiones comerciales y riesgos asociados al uso irresponsable de la Ayahuasca y de otras plantas psicoactivas en el contexto del turismo chamánico. Universidad de Caldas2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2025-10-08T21:50:48Z2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2025-10-08T21:50:48Z2021-01-01Artículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1application/pdf0122-8455https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/2528610.17151/culdr.2022.27.33.22590-7840https://doi.org/10.17151/culdr.2022.27.33.2https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/culturaydroga/article/view/7264eng41331727Cultura y DrogaAndritzky, W. (1988). Shamanismus und rituelles Heilen im alten Peru, Zeroing.Ariansen, J. (1990, Mar. 25). El diario de Inés Muñoz: el encuentro de dos mundos. https://www.historiacocina.com/paises/articulos/peru/ines.htmAuf Nichtnennung Antrag. (2016). Synthetic ayahuasca (Germany Patent N.o DE102016014603A1). https://patents.google.com/patent/DE102016014603A1/enBelaunde, L.E. (2005). El recuerdo de Luna: género, sangre y memoria entre los pueblos amazónicos. CAAAP.Berlowitz, I., Walt, H., Ghasarian, C., Mendive, F., & Martin-Soelch, C. (2019). Short-term treatment effects of a substance use disorder therapy involving traditional Amazonian medicine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(4), 323-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1607956Beyer, S. (2009). Singing to the plants: A Guide to Mestizo Shamanism in the Upper Amazon. University of New Mexico Press.Bussmann, R.W. & Sharon, D. (2006). Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 2(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-47Callaway, J. C., Airaksinen, M. M., McKenna, D. J., Brito, G. S., & Grob, C. S. (1994). Platelet serotonin uptake sites increased in drinkers of ayahuasca. Psychopharmacology, 116(3), 385-387. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02245347Callaway, J. C., Raymon, L. P., Hearn, W. L., McKenna, D. J., Grob, C. S., Brito, G. S., & Mash, D. C. (1996). Quantitation of n,n-dimethyltryptamine and harmala alkaloids in human plasma after oral dosing with ayahuasca. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 20(6), 492-497. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/20.6.492Chaumeil, J.P. (1991). Réseaux chamaniques contemporains et relations interethniques dans le haut-Amazone (Pérou). In C.E Pinzón et al. (eds.). Otra América en construcción. Medicinas tradicionales, religiones populares (pp.9-21). ICAN-Colcultura.Chiappe, M. (1976). The use of hallucinogens in folkloric psychiatry. Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana (OSP), 81(2),176-186. https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/17541Deshayes, P. (2003). Pensar el Otro. IFEA.Desmarchelier, C., Gurni, A., Ciccia, G., & Giulietti, A. M. (1996). Ritual and medicinal plants of the Ese’ejas of the Amazonian rainforest (Madre de dios, Perú). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 52(1), 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(96)01390-6Dobkin de Rios, M. (1972). Visionary Vine: Hallucinogenic Healing in the Peruvian Amazon. Chandler.Dobkin de Rios, M. (1994). Drug tourism in the Amazon. In C. Ratsch. Yearbook for Ethnomedicine and the Study of Consciousness (Vol. 3, pp. 359-374). Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung.Dos Santos, R. G., Bouso, J. C., Alcázar-Córcoles, M. Á., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2018). Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of serotonergic psychedelics for the management of mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders: A systematic review of systematic reviews. 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