Air flow monitoring in a bubble column using ultrasonic spectrometry

Este trabajo demuestra el uso de una metodología ultrasónica para monitorear la densidad de burbujas en una columna de agua. Se estudió un régimen de flujo con una distribución del tamaño de gota entre 0,2 y 2 mm. Este rango es de particular interés debido a su frecuente aparición en flujos industri...

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Autores:: Franco Guzmán, Ediguer Enrique
Cabrera López, John Jairo
Laín Beatove, Santiago
Henao Santa, Sebastián

Tipo de recurso:: Article of investigation

Fecha de publicación:: 2024

Institución:: Universidad Autónoma de Occidente

Repositorio:: RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO

Idioma:: eng

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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv	Air flow monitoring in a bubble column using ultrasonic spectrometry
title	Air flow monitoring in a bubble column using ultrasonic spectrometry
spellingShingle	Air flow monitoring in a bubble column using ultrasonic spectrometry Bubble column Ultrasonic spectrometry Digital image processing Heterogeneous flow monitoring
title_short	Air flow monitoring in a bubble column using ultrasonic spectrometry
title_full	Air flow monitoring in a bubble column using ultrasonic spectrometry
title_fullStr	Air flow monitoring in a bubble column using ultrasonic spectrometry
title_full_unstemmed	Air flow monitoring in a bubble column using ultrasonic spectrometry
title_sort	Air flow monitoring in a bubble column using ultrasonic spectrometry
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Franco Guzmán, Ediguer Enrique Cabrera López, John Jairo Laín Beatove, Santiago Henao Santa, Sebastián
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Franco Guzmán, Ediguer Enrique Cabrera López, John Jairo Laín Beatove, Santiago Henao Santa, Sebastián
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	Bubble column Ultrasonic spectrometry Digital image processing Heterogeneous flow monitoring
topic	Bubble column Ultrasonic spectrometry Digital image processing Heterogeneous flow monitoring
description	Este trabajo demuestra el uso de una metodología ultrasónica para monitorear la densidad de burbujas en una columna de agua. Se estudió un régimen de flujo con una distribución del tamaño de gota entre 0,2 y 2 mm. Este rango es de particular interés debido a su frecuente aparición en flujos industriales. El ultrasonido se utiliza típicamente cuando el tamaño de las burbujas es mucho mayor que la longitud de onda (límite de baja frecuencia). En este estudio, el radio de las burbujas oscila entre 0,6 y 6,8 veces la longitud de onda, donde la propagación de las ondas se convierte en un fenómeno complejo, lo que dificulta la aplicación de los métodos analíticos existentes. Se realizaron mediciones en modo transmisión-recepción con transductores ultrasónicos que operan a frecuencias de 2,25 y 5,0 MHz para diferentes velocidades superficiales. Los resultados mostraron que es necesario un esquema de promediado temporal y que los parámetros de las ondas, como la velocidad de propagación y la pendiente del espectro de fase, están relacionados con el número de burbujas en la columna. La metodología propuesta tiene potencial de aplicación en entornos industriales
publishDate	2024
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2024
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2025-06-06T16:51:28Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2025-06-06T16:51:28Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Artículo de revista
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dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv	Text
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dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv	Franco Guzmán, E. E.; Cabrera López; J. J.; Laín Beatove, S. y Henao Santa, S. (2024). Air flow monitoring in a bubble column using ultrasonic spectrometry. Fluids. 9 (7). https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9070163
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/10614/16144
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv	https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9070163
dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv	23115521
dc.identifier.instname.none.fl_str_mv	Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
dc.identifier.reponame.none.fl_str_mv	Respositorio Educativo Digital UAO
dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv	https://red.uao.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv	Franco Guzmán, E. E.; Cabrera López; J. J.; Laín Beatove, S. y Henao Santa, S. (2024). Air flow monitoring in a bubble column using ultrasonic spectrometry. Fluids. 9 (7). https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9070163 23115521 Universidad Autónoma de Occidente Respositorio Educativo Digital UAO
url	https://hdl.handle.net/10614/16144 https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9070163 https://red.uao.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv	14
dc.relation.citationissue.none.fl_str_mv	7
dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv	1
dc.relation.citationvolume.none.fl_str_mv	9
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv	Fluids
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv	1. Sokolichin, A.; Eigenberger, G.; Lapin, A. Simulation of buoyancy driven bubbly flow: Established simplifications and open questions. AIChE J. 2004, 50, 24–45. [CrossRef] 2. Lain, S.; Bröder, D.; Sommerfeld, M. Experimental and numerical studies of the hydrodynamics in a bubble column. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1999, 54, 4913–4920. [CrossRef] 3. Göz, M.; Laín, S.; Sommerfeld, M. Study of the numerical instabilities in Lagrangian tracking of bubbles and particles in two-phase flow. Comput. Chem. Eng. 2004, 28, 2727–2733. [CrossRef] 4. Krishna, R.; van Baten, J. Mass transfer in bubble columns. Catal. Today 2003, 79–80, 67–75. [CrossRef] 5. Laín, S.; Bröder, D.; Sommerfeld, M.; Göz, M. Modelling hydrodynamics and turbulence in a bubble column using the Euler–Lagrange procedure. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2002, 28, 1381–1407. [CrossRef] 6. Ambrose, S.; Hargreaves, D.M.; Lowndes, I.S. Numerical modeling of oscillating Taylor bubbles. Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech. 2016, 10, 578–598. [CrossRef] 7. Etminan, A.; Muzychka, Y.S.; Pope, K. A Review on the Hydrodynamics of Taylor Flow in Microchannels: Experimental and Computational Studies. Processes 2021, 9, 870. [CrossRef] 8. Asiagbe, K.S.; Fairweather, M.; Njobuenwu, D.O.; Colombo, M. Large Eddy Simulation of Microbubble Transport in Vertical Channel Flows. In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering; Espuña, A., Graells, M., Puigjaner, L., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; Volume 40, pp. 73–78. [CrossRef] 9. Dabiri, S.; Tryggvason, G. Heat transfer in turbulent bubbly flow in vertical channels. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2015, 122, 106–113. [CrossRef] 10. Takimoto, R.Y.; Matuda, M.Y.; Oliveira, T.F.; Adamowski, J.C.; Sato, A.K.; Martins, T.C.; Tsuzuki, M.S. Comparison of Optical and Ultrasonic Methods for Quantification of Underwater Gas Leaks. IFAC-PapersOnLine 2020, 53, 16721–16726. [CrossRef] 11. Abbaszadeh, M.; Alishahi, M.M.; Emdad, H. A new bubbly flow detection and quantification procedure based on optical laser-beam scattering behavior. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2020, 32, 025202. [CrossRef] 12. Alméras, E.; Cazin, S.; Roig, V.; Risso, F.; Augier, F.; Plais, C. Time-resolved measurement of concentration fluctuations in a confined bubbly flow by LIF. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2016, 83, 153–161. [CrossRef] 13. Ma, Y.; Muilwijk, C.; Yan, Y.; Zhang, X.; Li, H.; Xie, T.; Qin, Z.; Sun, W.; Lewis, E. Measurement of Bubble Flow Frequency in Chemical Processes Using an Optical Fiber Sensor. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE SENSORS, New Delhi, India, 28–31 October 2018; pp. 1–4. [CrossRef] 14. Bröder, D.; Sommerfeld, M. Planar shadow image velocimetry for the analysis of the hydrodynamics in bubbly flows. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2007, 18, 2513. [CrossRef] 15. Shamoun, B.; Beshbeeshy, M.E.; Bonazza, R. Light extinction technique for void fraction measurements in bubbly flow. Exp. Fluids 1999, 26, 16–26. [CrossRef] 16. Fu, Y.; Liu, Y. Development of a robust image processing technique for bubbly flow measurement in a narrow rectangular channel. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2016, 84, 217–228. [CrossRef] 17. Karn, A.; Ellis, C.; Arndt, R.; Hong, J. An integrative image measurement technique for dense bubbly flows with a wide size distribution. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2015, 122, 240–249. [CrossRef] 18. Lau, Y.; Möller, F.; Hampel, U.; Schubert, M. Ultrafast X-ray tomographic imaging of multiphase flow in bubble columns—Part 2: Characterisation of bubbles in the dense regime. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2018, 104, 272–285. [CrossRef] 19. Cabrera-López, J.J.; Velasco-Medina, J. Structured Approach and Impedance Spectroscopy Microsystem for Fractional-Order Electrical Characterization of Vegetable Tissues. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2020, 69, 469–478. [CrossRef] 20. George, D.L.; Iyer, C.O.; Ceccio, S.L. Measurement of the Bubbly Flow Beneath Partial Attached Cavities Using Electrical Impedance Probes. J. Fluids Eng. 1999, 122, 151–155. [CrossRef] 21. Huang, C.; Lee, J.; Schultz,W.W.; Ceccio, S.L. Singularity image method for electrical impedance tomography of bubbly flows. Inverse Probl. 2003, 19, 919. [CrossRef] 22. de Moura, B.F.; Martins, M.F.; Palma, F.H.S.; da Silva,W.B.; Cabello, J.A.; Ramos, R. Nonstationary bubble shape determination in Electrical Impedance Tomography combining Gauss–Newton Optimization with particle filter. Measurement 2021, 186, 110216. [CrossRef] 23. Zhu, Z.; Li, G.; Luo, M.; Zhang, P.; Gao, Z. Electrical Impedance Tomography of Industrial Two-Phase Flow Based on Radial Basis Function Neural Network Optimized by the Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm. Sensors 2023, 23, 7645. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 24. Prasser, H.M.; Böttger, A.; Zschau, J. A new electrode-mesh tomograph for gas–liquid flows. Flow Meas. Instrum. 1998, 9, 111–119. [CrossRef] 25. Hampel, U.; Babout, L.; Banasiak, R.; Schleicher, E.; Soleimani, M.; Wondrak, T.; Vauhkonen, M.; Lähivaara, T.; Tan, C.; Hoyle, B.; et al. A Review on Fast Tomographic Imaging Techniques and Their Potential Application in Industrial Process Control. Sensors 2022, 22, 2309. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 26. Durán, A.L.; Franco, E.E.; Reyna, C.A.B.; Pérez, N.; Tsuzuki, M.S.G.; Buiochi, F. Water Content Monitoring in Water-in-Crude-Oil Emulsions Using an Ultrasonic Multiple-Backscattering Sensor. Sensors 2021, 21, 5088. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 27. Allegra, J.R.; Hawley, S.A. Attenuation of Sound in Suspensions and Emulsions: Theory and Experiments. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1972, 51, 1545–1564. [CrossRef] 28. Wu, X.; Chahine, G.L. Development of an acoustic instrument for bubble size distribution measurement. J. Hydrodyn. Ser. B 2010, 22, 330–336. [CrossRef] 29. Pinfield, V.J. Advances in ultrasonic monitoring of oil-in-water emulsions. Food Hydrocoll. 2014, 42, 48–55. [CrossRef] 30. de Jong, N.; Emmer, M.; vanWamel, A.; Versluis, M. Ultrasonic characterization of ultrasound contrast agents. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 2009, 47, 861–873. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 31. Kremkau, F.W.; Gramiak, R.; Carstensen, E.L.; Shah, P.M.; Kramer, D.H. Ultrasonic detection of cavitation at catheter tips. Am. J. Roentgenol. 1970, 110, 177–183. [CrossRef] 32. Nishi, R. Ultrasonic detection of bubbles with doppler flow transducers. Ultrasonics 1972, 10, 173–179. [CrossRef] 33. Baroni, D.B.; Filho, J.S.C.; Lamy, C.A.; Bittencourt, M.S.Q.; Pereira, C.M.N.A.; Motta, M.S. Determination of size distribution of bubbles in a ubbly column two-phase flows by ultrasound and neural networks. In Proceedings of the 2011 International Nuclear Atlantic Conference—INAC 2011, Brazzilian Asiciation of Nuclear Engineering—ABEN, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 24–28 October 2011. 34. Cents, A.H.G. Mass Transfer and Hydrodynamics in Stirred Gas-Liquid-Liquid Contactors. Ph.D. Thesis, Universiteit Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, 2003. 35. Djekoune, A.O.; Messaoudi, K.; Amara, K. Incremental circle hough transform: An improved method for circle detection. Optik 2017, 133, 17–31. [CrossRef] 36. Lubbers, J.; Graaff, R. A simple and accurate formula for the sound velocity in water. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 1998, 24, 1065–1068. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 37. Del Grosso, V.A.; Mader, C.W. Speed of Sound in Pure Water. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1972, 52, 1442–1446. [CrossRef] 38. Reyna, C.A.; Franco, E.E.; Tsuzuki, M.S.; Buiochi, F. Water content monitoring in water-in-oil emulsions using a delay line cell. Ultrasonics 2023, 134, 107081. [CrossRef] 39. Franco, E.E.; Reyna, C.A.B.; Durán, A.L.; Buiochi, F. Ultrasonic Monitoring of theWater Content in ConcentratedWater–Petroleum Emulsions Using the Slope of the Phase Spectrum. Sensors 2022, 22, 7236. [CrossRef]
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spelling	Franco Guzmán, Ediguer Enriquevirtual::6075-1Cabrera López, John Jairovirtual::6076-1Laín Beatove, Santiagovirtual::6077-1Henao Santa, Sebastián2025-06-06T16:51:28Z2025-06-06T16:51:28Z2024Franco Guzmán, E. E.; Cabrera López; J. J.; Laín Beatove, S. y Henao Santa, S. (2024). Air flow monitoring in a bubble column using ultrasonic spectrometry. Fluids. 9 (7). https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9070163https://hdl.handle.net/10614/16144https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids907016323115521Universidad Autónoma de OccidenteRespositorio Educativo Digital UAOhttps://red.uao.edu.co/Este trabajo demuestra el uso de una metodología ultrasónica para monitorear la densidad de burbujas en una columna de agua. Se estudió un régimen de flujo con una distribución del tamaño de gota entre 0,2 y 2 mm. Este rango es de particular interés debido a su frecuente aparición en flujos industriales. El ultrasonido se utiliza típicamente cuando el tamaño de las burbujas es mucho mayor que la longitud de onda (límite de baja frecuencia). En este estudio, el radio de las burbujas oscila entre 0,6 y 6,8 veces la longitud de onda, donde la propagación de las ondas se convierte en un fenómeno complejo, lo que dificulta la aplicación de los métodos analíticos existentes. Se realizaron mediciones en modo transmisión-recepción con transductores ultrasónicos que operan a frecuencias de 2,25 y 5,0 MHz para diferentes velocidades superficiales. Los resultados mostraron que es necesario un esquema de promediado temporal y que los parámetros de las ondas, como la velocidad de propagación y la pendiente del espectro de fase, están relacionados con el número de burbujas en la columna. La metodología propuesta tiene potencial de aplicación en entornos industriales14 páginasapplication/pdfengMDPIBasel, SwitzerlandDerechos reservados - MDPI, 2024https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Air flow monitoring in a bubble column using ultrasonic spectrometryArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a8514719Fluids1. Sokolichin, A.; Eigenberger, G.; Lapin, A. Simulation of buoyancy driven bubbly flow: Established simplifications and open questions. AIChE J. 2004, 50, 24–45. [CrossRef] 2. Lain, S.; Bröder, D.; Sommerfeld, M. Experimental and numerical studies of the hydrodynamics in a bubble column. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1999, 54, 4913–4920. [CrossRef] 3. Göz, M.; Laín, S.; Sommerfeld, M. Study of the numerical instabilities in Lagrangian tracking of bubbles and particles in two-phase flow. Comput. Chem. Eng. 2004, 28, 2727–2733. [CrossRef] 4. Krishna, R.; van Baten, J. Mass transfer in bubble columns. Catal. Today 2003, 79–80, 67–75. [CrossRef] 5. Laín, S.; Bröder, D.; Sommerfeld, M.; Göz, M. Modelling hydrodynamics and turbulence in a bubble column using the Euler–Lagrange procedure. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2002, 28, 1381–1407. [CrossRef] 6. Ambrose, S.; Hargreaves, D.M.; Lowndes, I.S. Numerical modeling of oscillating Taylor bubbles. Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech. 2016, 10, 578–598. [CrossRef] 7. Etminan, A.; Muzychka, Y.S.; Pope, K. A Review on the Hydrodynamics of Taylor Flow in Microchannels: Experimental and Computational Studies. Processes 2021, 9, 870. [CrossRef] 8. Asiagbe, K.S.; Fairweather, M.; Njobuenwu, D.O.; Colombo, M. Large Eddy Simulation of Microbubble Transport in Vertical Channel Flows. In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering; Espuña, A., Graells, M., Puigjaner, L., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; Volume 40, pp. 73–78. [CrossRef] 9. Dabiri, S.; Tryggvason, G. Heat transfer in turbulent bubbly flow in vertical channels. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2015, 122, 106–113. [CrossRef] 10. Takimoto, R.Y.; Matuda, M.Y.; Oliveira, T.F.; Adamowski, J.C.; Sato, A.K.; Martins, T.C.; Tsuzuki, M.S. Comparison of Optical and Ultrasonic Methods for Quantification of Underwater Gas Leaks. IFAC-PapersOnLine 2020, 53, 16721–16726. [CrossRef] 11. Abbaszadeh, M.; Alishahi, M.M.; Emdad, H. A new bubbly flow detection and quantification procedure based on optical laser-beam scattering behavior. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2020, 32, 025202. [CrossRef] 12. Alméras, E.; Cazin, S.; Roig, V.; Risso, F.; Augier, F.; Plais, C. Time-resolved measurement of concentration fluctuations in a confined bubbly flow by LIF. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2016, 83, 153–161. [CrossRef] 13. Ma, Y.; Muilwijk, C.; Yan, Y.; Zhang, X.; Li, H.; Xie, T.; Qin, Z.; Sun, W.; Lewis, E. Measurement of Bubble Flow Frequency in Chemical Processes Using an Optical Fiber Sensor. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE SENSORS, New Delhi, India, 28–31 October 2018; pp. 1–4. [CrossRef] 14. Bröder, D.; Sommerfeld, M. Planar shadow image velocimetry for the analysis of the hydrodynamics in bubbly flows. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2007, 18, 2513. [CrossRef] 15. Shamoun, B.; Beshbeeshy, M.E.; Bonazza, R. Light extinction technique for void fraction measurements in bubbly flow. Exp. Fluids 1999, 26, 16–26. [CrossRef] 16. Fu, Y.; Liu, Y. Development of a robust image processing technique for bubbly flow measurement in a narrow rectangular channel. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2016, 84, 217–228. [CrossRef] 17. Karn, A.; Ellis, C.; Arndt, R.; Hong, J. An integrative image measurement technique for dense bubbly flows with a wide size distribution. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2015, 122, 240–249. [CrossRef] 18. Lau, Y.; Möller, F.; Hampel, U.; Schubert, M. Ultrafast X-ray tomographic imaging of multiphase flow in bubble columns—Part 2: Characterisation of bubbles in the dense regime. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2018, 104, 272–285. [CrossRef] 19. Cabrera-López, J.J.; Velasco-Medina, J. Structured Approach and Impedance Spectroscopy Microsystem for Fractional-Order Electrical Characterization of Vegetable Tissues. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2020, 69, 469–478. [CrossRef] 20. George, D.L.; Iyer, C.O.; Ceccio, S.L. Measurement of the Bubbly Flow Beneath Partial Attached Cavities Using Electrical Impedance Probes. J. Fluids Eng. 1999, 122, 151–155. [CrossRef] 21. Huang, C.; Lee, J.; Schultz,W.W.; Ceccio, S.L. Singularity image method for electrical impedance tomography of bubbly flows. Inverse Probl. 2003, 19, 919. [CrossRef] 22. de Moura, B.F.; Martins, M.F.; Palma, F.H.S.; da Silva,W.B.; Cabello, J.A.; Ramos, R. Nonstationary bubble shape determination in Electrical Impedance Tomography combining Gauss–Newton Optimization with particle filter. Measurement 2021, 186, 110216. [CrossRef] 23. Zhu, Z.; Li, G.; Luo, M.; Zhang, P.; Gao, Z. Electrical Impedance Tomography of Industrial Two-Phase Flow Based on Radial Basis Function Neural Network Optimized by the Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm. Sensors 2023, 23, 7645. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 24. Prasser, H.M.; Böttger, A.; Zschau, J. A new electrode-mesh tomograph for gas–liquid flows. Flow Meas. Instrum. 1998, 9, 111–119. [CrossRef] 25. Hampel, U.; Babout, L.; Banasiak, R.; Schleicher, E.; Soleimani, M.; Wondrak, T.; Vauhkonen, M.; Lähivaara, T.; Tan, C.; Hoyle, B.; et al. A Review on Fast Tomographic Imaging Techniques and Their Potential Application in Industrial Process Control. Sensors 2022, 22, 2309. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 26. Durán, A.L.; Franco, E.E.; Reyna, C.A.B.; Pérez, N.; Tsuzuki, M.S.G.; Buiochi, F. Water Content Monitoring in Water-in-Crude-Oil Emulsions Using an Ultrasonic Multiple-Backscattering Sensor. Sensors 2021, 21, 5088. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 27. Allegra, J.R.; Hawley, S.A. Attenuation of Sound in Suspensions and Emulsions: Theory and Experiments. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1972, 51, 1545–1564. [CrossRef] 28. Wu, X.; Chahine, G.L. Development of an acoustic instrument for bubble size distribution measurement. J. Hydrodyn. Ser. B 2010, 22, 330–336. [CrossRef] 29. Pinfield, V.J. Advances in ultrasonic monitoring of oil-in-water emulsions. Food Hydrocoll. 2014, 42, 48–55. [CrossRef] 30. de Jong, N.; Emmer, M.; vanWamel, A.; Versluis, M. Ultrasonic characterization of ultrasound contrast agents. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 2009, 47, 861–873. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 31. Kremkau, F.W.; Gramiak, R.; Carstensen, E.L.; Shah, P.M.; Kramer, D.H. Ultrasonic detection of cavitation at catheter tips. Am. J. Roentgenol. 1970, 110, 177–183. [CrossRef] 32. Nishi, R. Ultrasonic detection of bubbles with doppler flow transducers. Ultrasonics 1972, 10, 173–179. [CrossRef] 33. Baroni, D.B.; Filho, J.S.C.; Lamy, C.A.; Bittencourt, M.S.Q.; Pereira, C.M.N.A.; Motta, M.S. Determination of size distribution of bubbles in a ubbly column two-phase flows by ultrasound and neural networks. In Proceedings of the 2011 International Nuclear Atlantic Conference—INAC 2011, Brazzilian Asiciation of Nuclear Engineering—ABEN, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 24–28 October 2011. 34. Cents, A.H.G. Mass Transfer and Hydrodynamics in Stirred Gas-Liquid-Liquid Contactors. Ph.D. Thesis, Universiteit Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, 2003. 35. Djekoune, A.O.; Messaoudi, K.; Amara, K. Incremental circle hough transform: An improved method for circle detection. Optik 2017, 133, 17–31. [CrossRef] 36. Lubbers, J.; Graaff, R. A simple and accurate formula for the sound velocity in water. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 1998, 24, 1065–1068. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 37. Del Grosso, V.A.; Mader, C.W. 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Air flow monitoring in a bubble column using ultrasonic spectrometry

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