Assurance practices in Colombia’s non-financial sectors: enhancing sustainability report reliability
This research enhances the reliability of sustainability reports in Colombia’s mining–hydrocarbons, construction, and manufacturing sectors. Amid growing demands for corporate transparency, this study evaluates assurance practices and proposes a model for measuring sustainability report reliability....
- Autores:
-
Hoyos Giraldo, Fanery Andrea
Delgado-Martínez, Edinson
Baeza Muñoz, María de los Ángeles
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2024
- Institución:
- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
- Repositorio:
- RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/16163
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/10614/16163
https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310371
https://red.uao.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Sustainability report
Audit
Internal assurance
External assurance
Combined assurance
Informe de sostenibilidad
Auditoría
Garantía interna
Garantía externa
Garantía combinada
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Derechos reservados - MDPI, 2024
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|
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Assurance practices in Colombia’s non-financial sectors: enhancing sustainability report reliability |
dc.title.alternative.spa.fl_str_mv |
Prácticas de aseguramiento en los sectores no financieros de Colombia: Mejorando la confiabilidad de los informes de sostenibilidad |
title |
Assurance practices in Colombia’s non-financial sectors: enhancing sustainability report reliability |
spellingShingle |
Assurance practices in Colombia’s non-financial sectors: enhancing sustainability report reliability Sustainability report Audit Internal assurance External assurance Combined assurance Informe de sostenibilidad Auditoría Garantía interna Garantía externa Garantía combinada |
title_short |
Assurance practices in Colombia’s non-financial sectors: enhancing sustainability report reliability |
title_full |
Assurance practices in Colombia’s non-financial sectors: enhancing sustainability report reliability |
title_fullStr |
Assurance practices in Colombia’s non-financial sectors: enhancing sustainability report reliability |
title_full_unstemmed |
Assurance practices in Colombia’s non-financial sectors: enhancing sustainability report reliability |
title_sort |
Assurance practices in Colombia’s non-financial sectors: enhancing sustainability report reliability |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Hoyos Giraldo, Fanery Andrea Delgado-Martínez, Edinson Baeza Muñoz, María de los Ángeles |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Hoyos Giraldo, Fanery Andrea Delgado-Martínez, Edinson Baeza Muñoz, María de los Ángeles |
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Sustainability report Audit Internal assurance External assurance Combined assurance |
topic |
Sustainability report Audit Internal assurance External assurance Combined assurance Informe de sostenibilidad Auditoría Garantía interna Garantía externa Garantía combinada |
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Informe de sostenibilidad Auditoría Garantía interna Garantía externa Garantía combinada |
description |
This research enhances the reliability of sustainability reports in Colombia’s mining–hydrocarbons, construction, and manufacturing sectors. Amid growing demands for corporate transparency, this study evaluates assurance practices and proposes a model for measuring sustainability report reliability. Using bootstrapping regression, this study provides credible coefficient estimates without assuming a normal distribution. Key findings show that SDG application, assurance scope, and auditing firm consistency significantly influence report reliability, affirmed by 95% confidence intervals. This study’s pragmatic approach suggests best-case and worst-case scenarios for policymakers and companies to optimize report reliability. Furthermore, the proposed model paves the way for future research, with the International Standard on Sustainability Assurance (ISSA) 5000 by the International Auditing and Assurance Board (IAASB), potentially acting as a catalyst for mandatory sustainability reporting in Latin America. This proposed standard promises to enhance sustainability assurance practices. This research contributes to academic discourse on sustainability assurance and guides improvements in corporate reporting transparency and accountability. Future research should expand this model to other sectors and regions, validating its applicability and exploring broader temporal scopes to strengthen its empirical foundations |
publishDate |
2024 |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-11-27 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-06-12T16:44:26Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-06-12T16:44:26Z |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
dc.type.coarversion.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
dc.type.coar.eng.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.content.eng.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.driver.eng.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.redcol.eng.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
dc.type.version.eng.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Hoyos Giraldo, F. A; Delgado-Martínez, E. y Baeza Muñoz; M. A. (2024). Assurance practices in Colombia’s non-financial sectors: enhancing sustainability report reliability. Sustainability 2024, 16(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310371 |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/10614/16163 |
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310371 |
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
20711050 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Respositorio Educativo Digital UAO |
dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv |
https://red.uao.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
Hoyos Giraldo, F. A; Delgado-Martínez, E. y Baeza Muñoz; M. A. (2024). Assurance practices in Colombia’s non-financial sectors: enhancing sustainability report reliability. Sustainability 2024, 16(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310371 20711050 Universidad Autónoma de Occidente Respositorio Educativo Digital UAO |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/10614/16163 https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310371 https://red.uao.edu.co/ |
dc.language.iso.eng.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
24 |
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv |
23 |
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
1 |
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv |
16 |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Sustainability |
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv |
1. Kumar, P.; Firoz, M. Does Accounting-Based Financial Performance Value Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Disclosures? A Detailed Note on a Corporate Sustainability Perspective. Australas. Bus. Account. Financ. J. 2022, 16, 41–72. [CrossRef] 2. de Silva Lokuwaduge, C.S.; Smark, C.; Mir, M. The Surge of Environmental Social and Governance Reporting and Sustainable Development Goals: Some Normative Thoughts. Australas. Bus. Account. Financ. J. 2022, 16, 3–11. [CrossRef] 3. Rodriguez de Ramirez, M.d.C. Integrated Information. The Road Traveled Final Report. 2017. Available online: http://bibliotecadigital.econ.uba.ar/download/libros/RodriguezdeRamirez_Informacion-integrada-el-camino-recorridoinforme- final-2018.pdf (accessed on 20 June 2024). 4. Institute of Directors Southern Africa. King IV Report on Corporate Governance for South Africa. 2016. Available online: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.iodsa.co.za/resource/collection/684B68A7-B768-465C-8214-E3A007F15A5A/IoDSA_King_ IV_Report_-_WebVersion.pdf (accessed on 20 June 2024). 5. Integrated Reporting Committee (IRC) of South Africa. Preparing an Integrated Report: A Starter’s Guide (Updated). 2018. Available online: https://integratedreportingsa.org/ircsa/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/IRC_Starters_Guide_20180820_126 63_LN.pdf (accessed on 20 June 2024). 6. Richard, G.; Odendaal, E. Integrated Reporting Assurance Practices—A Study of South African Firms. Int. J. Discl. Gov. 2020, 17, 245–266. [CrossRef] 7. Goicoechea, E.; Gómez-Bezares, F.; Ugarte, J.V. Integrated Reporting Assurance: Perceptions of Auditors and Users in Spain. Sustainability 2019, 11, 713. [CrossRef] 8. Channuntapipat, C.; Samsonova-Taddei, A.; Turley, S. Exploring Diversity in Sustainability Assurance Practice. Account. Audit. Account. J. 2019, 32, 556–580. [CrossRef] 9. Cabrera Narváez, A. The Integrated Report in Colombia: An Evaluation of the Situation and the Factors That Drive Its Implementation in the Period 2013–2018. Cabrera Narváez, Andrés. 2021. Available online: https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/ handle/unal/80110/Tesis%20Andr%C3%A9s%20Cabrera%20Narv%C3%A1ez%20(2021).pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y (accessed on 20 June 2024). 10. Lee, S.W.A.; Rodrigs, M.; Nathan, T.M.; Rashid, M.A.; Al-Mamun, A. The Relationship Between the Quality of Sustainability Reporting and Corporate Financial Performance: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study. Australas. Bus. Account. Financ. J. 2023, 17, 38–60. [CrossRef] 11. Jensen, M.C.; Meckling, W.H. Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. J. Financ. Econ. 1976, 3, 305–360. [CrossRef] 12. Suchman, M.C. Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches. Acad. Manag. Rev. 1995, 20, 571–610. [CrossRef] 13. Shocker, A.D.; Sethi, S.P. An Approach to Incorporating Societal Preferences in Developing Corporate Action Strategies. Calif. Manag. Rev. 1973, 15, 97–105. [CrossRef] 14. Freeman, R. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach; United States of America By Cambridge University Press: NewYork, NY, USA, 1984. 15. Pereda, J.T. Evolution and Current Situation of Accounting Thought. Legis Int. J. Account. Audit. 2004, 43–128. 16. Elkington, J. Triple Bottom Line Revolution-Reporting for the Third Millennium. Aust. CPA 1999, 69, 75. 17. Maroun, W. A Conceptual Model for Understanding Corporate Social Responsibility Assurance Practice. J. Bus. Ethics 2020, 161, 187–209. [CrossRef] 18. Maroun, W. Does External Assurance Contribute to Higher Quality Integrated Reports? J. Account. Public Policy 2019, 38, 106670. [CrossRef] 19. Farooq, M.B.; de Villiers, C. How Sustainability Assurance Engagement Scopes Are Determined, and Its Impact on Capture and Credibility Enhancement. Account. Audit. Account. J. 2019, 33, 417–445. [CrossRef] 20. Quick, R.; Inwinkl, P. Assurance on CSR Reports: Impact on the Credibility Perceptions of Non-Financial Information by Bank Directors. Meditari Account. Res. 2020, 28, 833–862. [CrossRef] 21. IAASB. Supporting Credibility and Trust in Emerging Forms of External Reporting: Ten Key Challenges for Assurance Engagements. 2018. Available online: https://www.iaasb.org/publications/supporting-credibility-and-trust-emerging-forms-externalreporting- ten-key-challenges-assurance (accessed on 19 July 2023). 22. IAASB. Handbook of International Quality Control, Auditing, Review, Other Assurance, and Related Services Pronouncements. 2021. Available online: https://www.ifac.org/system/files/publications/files/IAASB-2020-Handbook-Volume-2.pdf (accessed on 17 July 2023). 23. Oneto, A.; Rojas, C. Guidelines for a Latin American Corporate Governance Code. Caracas 2024. Available online: https: //scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/2239 (accessed on 20 June 2024). 24. Akisik, O.; Gal, G. Integrated Reports, External Assurance and Financial Performance. Sustain. Account. Manag. Policy J. 2019, 11, 317–350. [CrossRef] 25. Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Enterprise Risk Management: Integrating with Strategy and Performance; Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission: Washington, DC, USA, 2017. 26. COSO. Internal Control-Integrated Framework; COSO: Washington, DC, USA, 2013. 27. Richard, G.; Odendaal, E. Credibility-Enhancing Mechanisms, Other than External Assurance, in Integrated Reporting. J. Manag. Gov. 2021, 25, 61–93. [CrossRef] 28. Feder, M.; Weißenberger, B.E. Towards a Holistic View of CSR-Related Management Control Systems in German Companies: Determinants and Corporate Performance Effects. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 294, 126084. [CrossRef] 29. Maroun, W. Corporate Governance and the Use of External Assurance for Integrated Reports. Corp. Gov. Int. Rev. 2022, 30, 584–607. [CrossRef] 30. Alzeban, A. The Relationship between Internal Control and Internal Audit Recommendations. Span. J. Financ. Account./Rev. Española De Financ. Y Contab. 2019, 48, 341–362. [CrossRef] 31. de Silva Lokuwaduge, C.S.; De Silva, K.M. ESG Risk Disclosure and the Risk of Green Washing. Australas. Bus. Account. Financ. J. 2022, 16, 146–159. [CrossRef] 32. Hoang, H.; Phang, S.-Y. How Does Combined Assurance Affect the Reliability of Integrated Reports and Investors’ Judgments? Eur. Account. Rev. 2021, 30, 175–195. [CrossRef] 33. Phang, S.; Hoang, H. Does Positive CSR IncreaseWillingness to Invest in a Company Based on Performance? The Incremental Role of Combined Assurance. Account. Financ. 2021, 61, 5631–5654. [CrossRef] 34. Donkor, A.; Djajadikerta, H.G.; Mat Roni, S. Impacts of Combined Assurance on Integrated, Sustainability and Financial Reporting Qualities: Evidence from Listed Companies in South Africa. Int. J. Audit. 2021, 25, 475–507. [CrossRef] 35. Maroun, W.; Prinsloo, A. Drivers of Combined Assurance in a Sustainable Development Context: Evidence from Integrated Reports. Bus. Strategy Environ. 2020, 29, 3702–3719. [CrossRef] 36. Prinsloo, A.; Maroun,W. An Exploratory Study on the Components and Quality of Combined Assurance in an Integrated or a Sustainability Reporting Setting. Sustain. Account. Manag. Policy J. 2021, 12, 1–29. [CrossRef] 37. Zhou, S.; Simnett, R.; Hoang, H. Evaluating Combined Assurance as a New Credibility Enhancement Technique. Audit. J. Pract. Theory 2019, 38, 235–259. [CrossRef] 38. Kaushik, V.;Walsh, C.A. Pragmatism as a Research Paradigm and Its Implications for SocialWork Research. Soc Sci 2019, 8, 255. [CrossRef] 39. Riffe, D.; Lacy, S.;Watson, B.R.; Fico, F. Analyzing Media Messages; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2019. [CrossRef] 40. Campbell, D. Intra- and Intersectoral Effects in Environmental Disclosures: Evidence for Legitimacy Theory? Bus. Strategy Environ. 2003, 12, 357–371. [CrossRef] 41. Krippendorff, K.H. Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology, 3rd ed.; Sage: Los Ángeles, CA, USA, 2013. 42. Balluchi, F.; Lazzini, A.; Torelli, R. Credibility of Environmental Issues in Non-Financial Mandatory Disclosure: Measurement and Determinants. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 288, 125744. [CrossRef] 43. BVC. Colombian Securities Exchange’s Colir Index. Available online: https://www.bvc.com.co/indices/colir (accessed on 20 June 2024). 44. Zina, O. The Essential Guide to Doing Your Research Project; Sage: Los Ángeles, CA, USA, 2017. 45. Drisko, J.; Maschi, T. Content Analysis; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2015. [CrossRef] 46. Fox, J.;Weisberg, S. An R Companion to Applied Regression, 3rd ed.; Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2019. 47. Melnikovas, A. Towards an Explicit Research Methodology: Adapting Research Onion Model for Futures Studies. J. Futures Stud. 2018, 23, 29–44. 48. Superindencia de sociedades de Colombia. Report of the 1000 Largest Companies in the Country. 2021. Available online: https://siis.ia.supersociedades.gov.co/10MilEmpresas/index.html#/ (accessed on 20 June 2024). 49. Han, J.; Kamber, M.; Pei, J. Data Preprocessing. In Data Mining Concepts and Techniques, 3rd ed.; Morgan Kaufmann Publishers: Burlington, VT, USA, 2012. 50. Funder, D.C.; Ozer, D.J. Evaluating Effect Size in Psychological Research: Sense and Nonsense. Adv. Methods Pract. Psychol. Sci. 2019, 2, 156–168. [CrossRef] 51. Lüdecke, D.; Ben-Shachar, M.; Patil, I.; Waggoner, P.; Makowski, D. Performance: An R Package for Assessment, Comparison and Testing of Statistical Models. J. Open Source Softw. 2021, 6, 3139. [CrossRef] 52. Wickham, H. Ggplot2; Springer New York: New York, NY, USA, 2009. [CrossRef] 53. Lenth, R. Estimated Marginal Means, Aka Least-Squares Means_. R Package. 2024. Volume 1.10.2. Available online: https: //rvlenth.github.io/emmeans/ (accessed on 10 April 2024). 54. Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia. Circular 031 of 2021 Instructions Regarding the Disclosure of Information on Social and Environmental Issues, Including Climate Related Issue. 2021. Available online: https://www.superfinanciera.gov.co/ publicaciones/10104699/industrias-supervisadasfinanzas-sosteniblesdocumentos-tecnicos-y-normativa-10104699/ (accessed on 20 August 2024). 55. Superintendencia de Sociedades de Colombia. Circular Externa 100-000010 de 21 de Noviembre de 2023, by Means of Which Chapter XV Is Added to the Basic Legal Circular 100-000008 of July 12, 2022. 2023. Available online: https://www.supersociedades.gov.co/preview_search_result/-/asset_publisher/y8cpLFNLRnDt/document/id/6857030#:~: text=Por%20medio%20de%20la%20cual,12%20de%20julio%20de%202022.&text=Ep%C3%ADgrafe%20Consolidar%20ep%C3 %ADgrafe%20del%20documento (accessed on 20 August 2024). |
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Hoyos Giraldo, Fanery Andreavirtual::6081-1Delgado-Martínez, EdinsonBaeza Muñoz, María de los Ángeles2025-06-12T16:44:26Z2025-06-12T16:44:26Z2024-11-27Hoyos Giraldo, F. A; Delgado-Martínez, E. y Baeza Muñoz; M. A. (2024). Assurance practices in Colombia’s non-financial sectors: enhancing sustainability report reliability. Sustainability 2024, 16(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310371https://hdl.handle.net/10614/16163https://doi.org/10.3390/su16231037120711050Universidad Autónoma de OccidenteRespositorio Educativo Digital UAOhttps://red.uao.edu.co/This research enhances the reliability of sustainability reports in Colombia’s mining–hydrocarbons, construction, and manufacturing sectors. Amid growing demands for corporate transparency, this study evaluates assurance practices and proposes a model for measuring sustainability report reliability. Using bootstrapping regression, this study provides credible coefficient estimates without assuming a normal distribution. Key findings show that SDG application, assurance scope, and auditing firm consistency significantly influence report reliability, affirmed by 95% confidence intervals. This study’s pragmatic approach suggests best-case and worst-case scenarios for policymakers and companies to optimize report reliability. Furthermore, the proposed model paves the way for future research, with the International Standard on Sustainability Assurance (ISSA) 5000 by the International Auditing and Assurance Board (IAASB), potentially acting as a catalyst for mandatory sustainability reporting in Latin America. This proposed standard promises to enhance sustainability assurance practices. This research contributes to academic discourse on sustainability assurance and guides improvements in corporate reporting transparency and accountability. Future research should expand this model to other sectors and regions, validating its applicability and exploring broader temporal scopes to strengthen its empirical foundationsEsta investigación mejora la confiabilidad de los informes de sostenibilidad en los sectores minero-hidrocarburos, de la construcción y manufacturero de Colombia. Ante la creciente demanda de transparencia corporativa, este estudio evalúa las prácticas de aseguramiento y propone un modelo para medir la confiabilidad de los informes de sostenibilidad. Mediante regresión bootstrap, este estudio proporciona estimaciones de coeficientes creíbles sin asumir una distribución normal. Los hallazgos clave muestran que la aplicación de los ODS, el alcance del aseguramiento y la consistencia de la firma auditora influyen significativamente en la confiabilidad de los informes, confirmada por intervalos de confianza del 95%. El enfoque pragmático de este estudio sugiere escenarios favorables y desfavorables para que los responsables políticos y las empresas optimicen la confiabilidad de los informes. Además, el modelo propuesto sienta las bases para futuras investigaciones, con la Norma Internacional de Aseguramiento de la Sostenibilidad (ISSA) 5000 del Consejo Internacional de Auditoría y Aseguramiento (IAASB), actuando potencialmente como catalizador para la presentación obligatoria de informes de sostenibilidad en América Latina. Esta norma propuesta promete mejorar las prácticas de aseguramiento de la sostenibilidad. Esta investigación contribuye al debate académico sobre aseguramiento de la sostenibilidad y orienta las mejoras en la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas de los informes corporativos. Las investigaciones futuras deberían ampliar este modelo a otros sectores y regiones, validando su aplicabilidad y explorando alcances temporales más amplios para fortalecer sus fundamentos empíricos24 páginasapplication/pdfengMDPIBasel, SwitzerlandDerechos reservados - MDPI, 2024https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Assurance practices in Colombia’s non-financial sectors: enhancing sustainability report reliabilityPrácticas de aseguramiento en los sectores no financieros de Colombia: Mejorando la confiabilidad de los informes de sostenibilidadArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Colombia2423116Sustainability1. Kumar, P.; Firoz, M. Does Accounting-Based Financial Performance Value Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Disclosures? A Detailed Note on a Corporate Sustainability Perspective. Australas. Bus. Account. Financ. J. 2022, 16, 41–72. [CrossRef]2. de Silva Lokuwaduge, C.S.; Smark, C.; Mir, M. The Surge of Environmental Social and Governance Reporting and Sustainable Development Goals: Some Normative Thoughts. Australas. Bus. Account. Financ. J. 2022, 16, 3–11. [CrossRef]3. Rodriguez de Ramirez, M.d.C. Integrated Information. The Road Traveled Final Report. 2017. Available online: http://bibliotecadigital.econ.uba.ar/download/libros/RodriguezdeRamirez_Informacion-integrada-el-camino-recorridoinforme- final-2018.pdf (accessed on 20 June 2024).4. Institute of Directors Southern Africa. King IV Report on Corporate Governance for South Africa. 2016. Available online: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.iodsa.co.za/resource/collection/684B68A7-B768-465C-8214-E3A007F15A5A/IoDSA_King_ IV_Report_-_WebVersion.pdf (accessed on 20 June 2024).5. Integrated Reporting Committee (IRC) of South Africa. Preparing an Integrated Report: A Starter’s Guide (Updated). 2018. Available online: https://integratedreportingsa.org/ircsa/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/IRC_Starters_Guide_20180820_126 63_LN.pdf (accessed on 20 June 2024).6. Richard, G.; Odendaal, E. Integrated Reporting Assurance Practices—A Study of South African Firms. Int. J. Discl. Gov. 2020, 17, 245–266. [CrossRef]7. Goicoechea, E.; Gómez-Bezares, F.; Ugarte, J.V. Integrated Reporting Assurance: Perceptions of Auditors and Users in Spain. Sustainability 2019, 11, 713. [CrossRef]8. Channuntapipat, C.; Samsonova-Taddei, A.; Turley, S. Exploring Diversity in Sustainability Assurance Practice. Account. Audit. Account. J. 2019, 32, 556–580. [CrossRef]9. Cabrera Narváez, A. 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