A vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply chain considering exponential demand, imperfect system, and remanufacturing
This paper presents a vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply chain comprised of suppliers, manufacturers, and retailers. This model considers an imperfect production system with a deterministic percentage of defective and deteriorated items, exponential demand for perishable product...
- Autores:
-
Salas Navarro, Katherinne
Florez, Whady F.
Cárdenas Barrón, Eduardo Leopoldo
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2024
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/14030
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/14030
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Inventory
VMI
Exponential demand
Deteriorating item
Remanufacturing
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
| id |
RCUC2_937a6cf227aaae2c70cb1b1582063277 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/14030 |
| network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
| network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
A vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply chain considering exponential demand, imperfect system, and remanufacturing |
| title |
A vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply chain considering exponential demand, imperfect system, and remanufacturing |
| spellingShingle |
A vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply chain considering exponential demand, imperfect system, and remanufacturing Inventory VMI Exponential demand Deteriorating item Remanufacturing |
| title_short |
A vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply chain considering exponential demand, imperfect system, and remanufacturing |
| title_full |
A vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply chain considering exponential demand, imperfect system, and remanufacturing |
| title_fullStr |
A vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply chain considering exponential demand, imperfect system, and remanufacturing |
| title_full_unstemmed |
A vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply chain considering exponential demand, imperfect system, and remanufacturing |
| title_sort |
A vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply chain considering exponential demand, imperfect system, and remanufacturing |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Salas Navarro, Katherinne Florez, Whady F. Cárdenas Barrón, Eduardo Leopoldo |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Salas Navarro, Katherinne Florez, Whady F. Cárdenas Barrón, Eduardo Leopoldo |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Inventory VMI Exponential demand Deteriorating item Remanufacturing |
| topic |
Inventory VMI Exponential demand Deteriorating item Remanufacturing |
| description |
This paper presents a vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply chain comprised of suppliers, manufacturers, and retailers. This model considers an imperfect production system with a deterministic percentage of defective and deteriorated items, exponential demand for perishable products, and operational costs. The VMI model maximizes the benefits, assuming a Stackelberg approach to find the optimal values of replenishment lot sizes, production rates, selling prices, and product cycle length. A solution algorithm is developed to find the optimal solutions. A case study of the Dairy Industry for highly perishable products is provided to illustrate the applications, evaluate the performance, and obtain managerial insights. The results show that the percentage of defective and deteriorated items and remanufacturing rates are crucial in replenishment, production, and selling policies. The VMI agreement includes remanufacturing defective products to obtain new dairy derivates. The deteriorated products can be sold as near-expired products or inputs for compost, fertilizers, etc. Finally, some conclusions and future research lines are provided. |
| publishDate |
2024 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-01-06 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-03-26T17:11:19Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-03-26T17:11:19Z |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
| dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
| dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv |
Salas-Navarro, K., Florez, W.F. & Cárdenas-Barrón, L.E. A vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply chain considering exponential demand, imperfect system, and remanufacturing. Ann Oper Res 332, 329–371 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-023-05793-6 |
| dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv |
0254-5330 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/14030 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1007/s10479-023-05793-6 |
| dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv |
1572-9338 |
| dc.identifier.instname.none.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.identifier.reponame.none.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Salas-Navarro, K., Florez, W.F. & Cárdenas-Barrón, L.E. A vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply chain considering exponential demand, imperfect system, and remanufacturing. Ann Oper Res 332, 329–371 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-023-05793-6 0254-5330 10.1007/s10479-023-05793-6 1572-9338 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/14030 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv |
Annals of Operations Research |
| dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv |
AlDurgam, M., Adegbola, K., & Glock, C. H. (2017). A single-vendor single-manufacturer integrated inventory model with stochastic demand and variable production rate. International Journal of Production Economics, 191, 335–350 Almehdawe, E., & Mantin, B. (2010). Vendor managed inventory with a capacitated manufacturer and multiple retailers : Retailer versus manufacturer leadership. International Journal of Production Economics, 128(1), 292–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2010.07.029 Amirhosseini, K., Pasandideh, S. H. R., & Mohammadi, M. (2018). Solving and modeling a stochastic multiproduct vendor managed inventory problem with defective items. Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 35(6), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681015.2018.1441194 Archetti, C., Bertazzi, L., Laporte, G., & Speranza, M. G. (2007). A branch-and-cut algorithm for a vendormanaged inventory-routing problem. Transportation Science, 41(3), 382–391. https://doi.org/10.1287/ trsc.1060.0188 Bakker, M., Riezebos, J., & Teunter, R. H. (2012). Review of inventory systems with deterioration since 2001. European Journal of Operational Research, 221(2), 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2012.03.004 Bazan, E., Jaber, M. Y., Zanoni, S., & Zavanella, L. E. (2014). Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) with Consignment Stock (CS) agreement for a two-level supply chain with an imperfect production process with/without restoration interruptions. International Journal of Production Economics, 157, 289–301. Borade, A. B., & Sweeney, E. (2015). Decision support system for vendor managed inventory supply chain: A case study. International Journal of Production Research, 53(16), 4789–4818. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 00207543.2014.993047 Braglia, M., Castellano, D., Marrazzini, L., & Song, D. (2019). A continuous review, (Q, r) inventory model for a deteriorating item with random demand and positive lead time. Computers and Operations Research, 109, 102–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2019.04.019 Cai, J., Tadikamalla, P. R., Shang, J., & Huang, G. (2017). Optimal inventory decisions under vendor managed inventory—Substitution effects and replenishment tactics. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 43, 611–629 Chakraborty, D., Jana, D. K., & Roy, T. K. (2015). Multi-item integrated supply chain model for deteriorating items with stock dependent demand under fuzzy random and bifuzzy environments. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 88(166–180), 166–180. Chan, C. K., Wong, W. H., Langevin, A., & Lee, Y. C. E. (2017). An integrated production-inventory model for deteriorating items with consideration of optimal production rate and deterioration during delivery. International Journal of Production Economics, 189, 1–13. Chen, J., Dong, M., Rong, Y., & Yang, L. (2018). Dynamic pricing for deteriorating products with menu cost. Omega (united Kingdom), 75, 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2017.02.001 Chen, T. H. (2017). Optimizing pricing, replenishment and rework decision for imperfect and deteriorating items in a manufacturer–retailer channel. International Journal of Production Economics, 183, 539–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.08.015 Cheng, T. C. E. (1989). An economic production quantity model with flexibility and reliability considerations. European Journal of Operational Research, 39(2), 174–179. Cheng, T. C. E. (1991). An economic order quantity model with demand-dependent unit production cost and imperfect production processes. IIE Transaction, 23(1), 23–28. Chiu, Y. P. (2003). Determining the optimal lot size for the finite production model with random defective rate, the rework process, and backlogging. Engineering Optimization, 35(4), 427–437. Choudhary, D., & Shankar, R. (2015). The value of VMI beyond information sharing in a single supplier multiple retailers supply chain under a non-stationary (Rn, Sn) policy.pdf. Omega, 51, 59–70. Chung, S., Wee, H., & Yang, P. (2008). Optimal policy for a closed-loop supply chain inventory system with remanufacturing. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 48, 867–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm. 2007.11.014 Coelho, L. C., Cordeau, J. F., & Laporte, G. (2014). Thirty years of inventory routing. Transportation Science, 48(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2013.0472 Coelho, L. C., De Maio, A., & Laganà, D. (2020). A variable MIP neighborhood descent for the multi-attribute inventory routing problem. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 144, 102137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.102137 Darwish, M. A., & Odah, O. M. (2010). Vendor managed inventory model for single-vendor multi-retailer supply chains. European Journal of Operational Research, 204, 473–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor. 2009.11.023 Duan, Y., Cao, Y., & Huo, J. (2016). Optimal pricing, production, and inventory for deteriorating items under demand uncertainty: The finite horizon case. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 62, 52–67. Dye, C.-Y., & Yang, C.-T. (2016). Optimal dynamic pricing and preservation technology investment for deteriorating products with reference price effects. Omega (united Kingdom), 62, 52–67. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.omega.2015.08.009 Eroglu, A., & Ozdemir, G. (2007). An economic order quantity model with defective items and shortages. International Journal of Production Economics, 106(2), 544–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2006.06 .015 Escuín, D., Polo, L., & Ciprés, D. (2017). On the comparison of inventory replenishment policies with timevarying stochastic demand for the paper industry. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 309, 424–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2016.03.027 Fauza, G., Amer, Y., Lee, S., & Prasetyo, H. (2016). An integrated single-vendor multi-buyer productioninventory policy for food products incorporating quality degradation. International Journal of Production Economics, 182, 409–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.09.009 Freeman, N., Mittenthal, J., Keskin, B., & Melouk, S. (2018). Sourcing strategies for a capacitated firm subject to supply and demand uncertainty. Omega (united Kingdom), 77, 127–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.om ega.2017.06.004 Gharaei, A., Karimi, M., & Hoseini Shekarabi, S. A. (2019). An integrated multi-product, multi-buyer supply chain under penalty, green, and quality control polices and a vendor managed inventory with consignment stock agreement: The outer approximation with equality relaxation and augmented penalty algorithm. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 69, 223–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2018.11.035 Ghare, P. M., & Schrader, G. F. (1963). A model for exponentially decaying inventory. Journal of Industrial Engineering, 14, 238–243. Govindan, K. (2015). The optimal replenishment policy for time-varying stochastic demand under vendor managed inventory. European Journal of Operational Research, 242(2), 402–423. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.ejor.2014.09.045 Goyal, S. K., & Giri, B. C. (2001). Recent trends in modeling of deteriorating inventory. European Journal of Operational Research, 134(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(00)00248-4 Gross, D., & Harris, C. M. (1971). On one-for-one-ordering inventory policies with state-dependent leadtimes. Operations Research, 19(3), 735–760. Han, J., Lu, J., & Zhang, G. (2017). Tri-level decision-making for decentralized vendor-managed inventory. Information Sciences, 421, 85–103. Hariga, M., Gumus, M., & Daghfous, A. (2014). Storage constrained vendor managed inventory models with unequal shipment frequencies. Omega, 48, 94–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2013.11.003 Hariga, M., Gumus, M., Daghfous, A., & Goyal, S. K. (2013). A vendor managed inventory model under contractual storage agreement. Computers and Operations Research, 40(8), 2138–2144. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cor.2013.03.005 Hollier, R. H., & Mak, K. L. (1983). Inventory replenishment policies for deteriorating items in a declining market. International Journal of Production Research, 21(6), 813–836. Hong, X., Chunyuan, W., Xu, L., & Diabat, A. (2016). Multiple-vendor, multiple-retailer based vendormanaged inventory. Annals of Operations Research, 238(1), 277–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479- 015-2040-0 Jaggi, C. K., Goel, S. K., & Mittal, M. (2013). Credit financing in economic ordering policies for defective items with allowable shortages. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 219(10), 5268–5282. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2012.11.027 Janssen, L., Claus, T., & Sauer, J. (2016). Literature review of deteriorating inventory models by key topics from 2012 to 2015. International Journal of Production Economics, 182, 86–112. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.ijpe.2016.08.019 Kaasgari, M. A., Imani, D. M., & Mahmoodjanloo, M. (2017). Optimizing a vendor managed inventory (VMI) supply chain for perishable products by considering discount: Two calibrated meta-heuristic algorithms. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 103, 227–241. Khakzad, A., & Gholamian, M. R. (2020). The effect of inspection on deterioration rate: An inventory model for deteriorating items with advanced payment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 254, 120117. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120117 Khan, M., Jaber, M. Y., Zanoni, S., & Zavanella, L. (2016). Vendor managed inventory with consignment stock agreement for a supply chain with defective items. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 40, 7102–7114 Kiesmüller, G. P., & Broekmeulen, R. A. C. M. (2010). The benefit of VMI strategies in a stochastic multiproduct serial two echelon system. Computers & Operations Research, 37, 406–416. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.cor.2009.06.013 Kim, T., Glock, C. H., & Kwon, Y. (2014). A closed-loop supply chain for deteriorating products under stochastic container return times. Omega (united Kingdom), 43, 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega. 2013.06.002 Kitaeva, A. V., Stepanova, N. V., & Zukovskaya, A. O. (2017). Pricing and lot-sizing for continuously decaying items with stochastic demand. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 50(1), 10160–10165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.if acol.2017.08.1763 Kreng, V. B., & Tan, S. J. (2011). Optimal replenishment decision in an EPQ model with defective items under supply chain trade credit policy. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(8), 9888–9899. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.eswa.2011.02.040 Lan, Y., Li, Y., & Papier, F. (2018). Competition and coordination in a three-tier supply chain with differentiated channels. European Journal of Operational Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2018.02.032 Lee, J.-Y., Cho, R. K., & Paik, S.-K. (2016a). Supply chain coordination in vendor-managed inventory systems with stockout-cost sharing under limited storage capacity. European Journal of Operational Research, 248, 95–106 Lee, J., & Cho, R. K. (2018). Optimal (z, Z)-type contracts for vendor-managed inventory. International Journal of Production Economics, 202, 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.05.011 Lee, J. Y., & Cho, R. K. (2014). Contracting for vendor-managed inventory with consignment stock and stockout-cost sharing. International Journal of Production Economics, 151, 158–173. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.ijpe.2013.10.008 Lee, J. Y., Cho, R. K., & Paik, S. K. (2016b). Supply chain coordination in vendor-managed inventory systems with stockout-cost sharing under limited storage capacity. European Journal of Operational Research, 248(1), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.06.080 Lee, S., & Kim, D. (2014). An optimal policy for a single-vendor single-buyer integrated production—Distribution model with both deteriorating and defective items. International Journal of Production Economics, 147, 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2013.09.011 Lee, W., Wang, S., & Chen, W. (2017). Forward and backward stocking policies for a two-level supply chain with consignment stock agreement and stock-dependent demand. European Journal of Operational Research, 256(3), 830–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.06.060 Li, G., He, X., Zhou, J., & Wu, H. (2019). Pricing, replenishment and preservation technology investment decisions for non-instantaneous deteriorating items. Omega (united Kingdom), 84, 114–126. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.omega.2018.05.001 Li, Y., Zhang, S., & Han, J. (2017). Dynamic pricing and periodic ordering for a stochastic inventory system with deteriorating items. Automatica, 76, 200–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2016.11.003 Lin, H. (2013). Reducing lost-sales rate on the stochastic inventory model with defective goods for the mixtures of distributions. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 37(5), 3296–3306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. apm.2012.07.020 Lin, Y. J., Ouyang, L. Y., & Dang, Y. F. (2012). A joint optimal ordering and delivery policy for an integrated supplier–retailer inventory model with trade credit and defective items. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 218(14), 7498–7514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2012.01.016 Mahdavisharif, M., Kazemi, M., Jahani, H., & Bagheri, F. (2022). Pricing and inventory policy for noninstantaneous deteriorating items in vendor-managed inventory systems: A Stackelberg game theory approach. International Journal of Systems Science: Operations and Logistics. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 23302674.2022.2038715 Mateen, A., & Chatterjee, A. K. (2015). Vendor managed inventory for single-vendor multi-retailer supply chains. Decision Support Systems, 70, 31–41. Mateen, A., Chatterjee, A. K., & Mitra, S. (2015). VMI for single-vendor multi-retailer supply chains under stochastic. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 79, 95–102 Misra, R. B. (1975). Optimal production lot size model for a system with deteriorating inventory. International Journal Production Research, 13(5), 495–505. Nahmias, S. (1982). Perishable inventory theory: A review. Operations Research, 30(4), 680–708. https://doi. org/10.1287/opre.30.4.680 Ouyang, L., Wu, K., & Cheng, M.-C. (2005). An inventory model for deteriorating items with exponential declining demand and partial backlogging. Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research, 15(2), 277–288. Pal, B., Sana, S. S., & Chaudhuri, K. (2013a). A mathematical model on EPQ for stochastic demand in an imperfect production system. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 32(1), 260–270. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jmsy.2012.11.009 Pal, B., Sana, S. S., & Chaudhuri, K. (2013b). A stochastic inventory model with product recovery. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 6(2), 120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2013. 01.001 Pal, B., Sankar, S., & Chaudhuri, K. (2012). A three layer multi-item production—Inventory model for multiple suppliers and retailers. Economic Modelling, 29(6), 2704–2710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012. 08.022 Pal, S., & Mahapatra, G. S. (2017). A manufacturing-oriented supply chain model for imperfect quality with inspection errors, stochastic demand under rework and shortages. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 106, 299–314. Panda, S., Modak, N. M., Basu, M., & Goyal, S. K. (2015). Channel coordination and pro fi t distribution in a social responsible three-layer supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics, 168, 224–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.07.001 Pando, V., San-José, L. A., García-Laguna, J., & Sicilia, J. (2018). Optimal lot-size policy for deteriorating items with stock-dependent demand considering profit maximization. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 117, 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2018.01.008 Poormoaied, S. (2022). Inventory decision in a periodic review inventory model with two complementary products. Annals of Operations Research, 315(2), 1937–1970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-03 949-w Porteus, E. L. (1986). Optimal lot sizing, process quality improvement and setup cost reduction. Operations Research, 34(1), 137–144. Raafat, F. (1991). Survey of literature on continuously deteriorating inventory models. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 42(1), 27–37. Rad, R. H., Razmi, J., Sangari, M. S., & Ebrahimi, Z. F. (2014). Optimizing an integrated vendor-managed inventory system for a single-vendor two-buyer supply chain with determining weighting factor for vendor’s ordering cost. International Journal of Production Economics, 153, 295–308. Roy, A., Maity, K., & KarMaity, S. M. (2009). A production-inventory model with remanufacturing for defective and usable items in fuzzy-environment. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 56(1), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2008.04.004 Roy, A., Sana, S. S., & Chaudhuri, K. (2012). Optimal replenishment order for uncertain demand in three layer supply chain. Economic Modelling, 29(6), 2274–2282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.07.008 Roy, M. D., & Sana, S. S. (2021). Production rate and lot-size dependent lead time reduction strategies in a supply chain model with stochastic demand, controllable setup cost and trade-credit financing. RAIROOperations Research, 55, S1469–S2185 Sadeghi, J., & Niaki, S. T. A. (2015). Two parameter tuned multi-objective evolutionary algorithms for a bi-objective vendor managed inventory model with trapezoidal fuzzy demand. Applied Soft Computing, 30, 567–576. Sajadieh, M. S., & Larsen, C. (2015). A coordinated manufacturer-retailer model under stochastic demand and production rate. International Journal of Production Economics, 168, 64–70. Salameh, M. K., & Jaber, M. Y. (2000). Economic production quantity model for items with imperfect quality. International Journal of Production Economics, 64, 59–64 Salas-Navarro, K., Acevedo-Chedid, J., Árquez, G. M., Florez, W. F., Ospina-Mateus, H., Sana, S. S., & Cárdenas-Barrón, L. E. (2020). An EPQ inventory model considering an imperfect production system with probabilistic demand and collaborative approach. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 17(2), 282–304. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-07-2019-0141 Salas-Navarro, K., Maiguel-Mejía, H., & Acevedo-Chedid, J. (2017). Inventory Management Methodology to determine the levels of integration and collaboration in supply chain. Ingeniare. https://doi.org/10.4067/ S0718-33052017000200326 Salas-Navarro, K., Romero-Montes, J. M., Acevedo-Chedid, J., Ospina-Mateus, H., Florez, W. F., & CárdenasBarrón, L. E. (2023). Vendor managed inventory system considering deteriorating items and probabilistic demand for a three-layer supply chain. Expert Systems with Applications, 218, 119608. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.eswa.2023.119608 Salas-Navarro, K., Serrano-Pájaro, P., Ospina-Mateus, H., & Zamora-Musa, R. (2022). Inventory models in a sustainable supply chain: A bibliometric analysis. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106003 Salas Navarro, K., Chedid, J. A., Caruso, N. M., & Sana, S. S. (2018). An inventory model of three-layer supply chain of wood and furniture industry in the Caribbean region of Colombia. International Journal of Systems Science: Operations & Logistics, 5(1), 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/23302674.2016.12 12428 San-José, L. A., Sicilia, J., Gonzalez-de-la-Rosa, M., & Febles-Acosta, J. (2022). Profit maximization in an inventory system with time-varying demand, partial backordering and discrete inventory cycle. Annals of Operations Research, 316, 763–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2022.105861 Sana, S. S. (2010). Optimal selling price and lotsize with time varying deterioration and partial backlogging. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 217(1), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2010.05.040 Sana, S. S. (2012). Price sensitive demand with random sales price—A newsboy problem. International Journal of Systems Science, 43(3), 491–498. Sarkar, S., & Giri, B. C. (2020). Stochastic supply chain model with imperfect production and controllable defective rate.International Journal of Systems Science: Operations and Logistics, 7(2), 133–146. https:// doi.org/10.1080/23302674.2018.1536231 Setak, M., & Daneshfar, L. (2014). An inventory model for deteriorating items using vendor-managed inventory policy. International Journal of Engineering, Transactions a: Basics, 27(7), 1081–1090. https://doi.org/ 10.5829/idosi.ije.2014.27.07a.09 Shaabani, H. (2022). A literature review of the perishable inventory routing problem. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 38, 143–161. Shah, N. H., Soni, H. N., & Patel, K. A. (2013). Optimizing inventory and marketing policy for noninstantaneous deteriorating items with generalized type deterioration and holding cost rates. In Omega (Vol. 41, pp. 421–430). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2012.03.002 Shaikh, A. A., Cárdenas-Barrón, L. E., & Bhunia, A. K. (2022). An EOQ model for a deteriorating item under permissible delay in a vendor managed inventory system. International Journal of Applied Management Science, 14(3), 183–204. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJAMS.2022.125121 Sicilia, J., González-De-la-Rosa, M., Febles-Acosta, J., & Alcaide-López-de-Pablo, D. (2014). An inventory model for deteriorating items with shortages and time-varying demand. International Journal of Production Economics, 155, 155–162. Son, J. Y., & Ghosh, S. (2020). Vendor managed inventory with fixed shipping cost allocation. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 23(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2019.15 68974 Soni, H. N., & Patel, K. A. (2012). Optimal strategy for an integrated inventory system involving variable production and defective items under retailer partial trade credit policy. In Decision support systems (Vol. 54, pp. 235–247). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2012.05.009 Taleizadeh, A. A., Hazarkhani, B., & Moon, I. (2020). Joint pricing and inventory decisions with carbon emission considerations, partial backordering and planned discounts. Annals of Operations Research, 290(1–2), 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-018-2968-y Taleizadeh, A. A., Noori-daryan, M., & Cárdenas-Barrón, L. E. (2015a). Joint optimization of price, replenishment frequency, replenishment cycle and production rate in vendor managed inventory system with deteriorating items. International Journal of Production Economics, 159, 285–295. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.ijpe.2014.09.009 Taleizadeh, A. A., Noori-daryan, M., & Tavakkoli-moghaddam, R. (2015b). Pricing and ordering decisions in a supply chain with imperfect quality items and inspection under buyback of defective items. International Journal of Production Research, 43(15), 4553–4582. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2014.997399 Tat, R., Taleizadeh, A. A., & Esmaeili, M. (2015). Developing economic order quantity model for noninstantaneous deteriorating items in vendor-managed inventory (VMI) system. International Journal of Systems Science, 46(7), 1257–1268. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207721.2013.815827 Tiwari, S., Cárdenas-Barrón, L. E., Iqbal Malik, A., & Jaggi, C. K. (2022). Retailer’s credit and inventory decisions for imperfect quality and deteriorating items under two-level trade credit. Computers and Operations Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2021.105617 Tripathi, R. P. (2012). An inventory model with shortage and exponential demand rate under permissible delay in payments. International Journal of Management Science and Engineering Management, 7(2), 134–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509653.2012.10671216 VandanaKaur, A. (2019). Two-level trade credit with default risk in the supply chain under stochastic demand. Omega, 88, 4–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2018.12.003 Verma, N. K., & Chatterjee, A. K. (2017). A multiple-retailer replenishment model under VMI: Accounting for the retailer heterogeneity. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 104, 175–187. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.cie.2016.12.001 Van Der Vlist, P., Kuik, R., & Verheijen, B. (2007). Note on supply chain integration in vendor-managed inventory. Decision Support Systems, 44, 360–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2007.03.003 Von Stackelberg, H. (2011). Market structure and equilibrium. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642- 12586-7 Wang, C., & Huang, R. (2016). Comments on “vendor-managed inventory with consignment stock agreement for single vendor-single buyer under the emission-trading scheme.” International Journal of Production Research, 54(13), 4081–4086. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.1106610 Wang, Q., Zhao, N., Wu, J., & Zhu, Q. (2021). Optimal pricing and inventory policies with reference price effect and loss-Averse customers. Omega. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2019.102174 Wangsa, I. D., Tiwari, S., Wee, H. M., & Reong, S. (2020). A sustainable vendor-buyer inventory system considering transportation, loading and unloading activities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 271, 122120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122120 Wee, H. M., & Widyadana, G. A. (2013). A production model for deteriorating items with stochastic preventive maintenance time and rework process with FIFO rule. Omega, 41(6), 941–954. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.omega.2012.12.001 Wee, H. M., Yu, J., & Chen, M. C. (2007). Optimal inventory model for items with imperfect quality and shortage backordering. Omega, 35(1), 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2005.01.019 Wei, Q., Zhang, J., Zhu, G., Dai, R., & Zhang, S. (2020). Retailer vs. vendor managed inventory with considering stochastic learning effect. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 71(4), 628–646. https:// doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2019.1581407 Weraikat, D., Zanjani, M. K., & Lehoux, N. (2019). Improving sustainability in a two-level pharmaceutical supply chain through Vendor-Managed Inventory system. Operations Research for Health Care, 21, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orhc.2019.04.004 Whitin, T. M. (1957). The theory of inventory management (pp. 62–72). Princeton University Press Woo, Y. Y., Hsu, S., & Wu, S. (2001). An integrated inventory model for a single vendor and multiple buyers with ordering cost reduction. International Journal of Production Economics, 73, 203–215. Xiao, T., & Xu, T. (2013). Coordinating price and service level decisions for a supply chain with deteriorating item under vendor managed inventory. International Journal of Production Economics, 145(2), 743–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2013.06.004 Yadav, A. S., & Swami, A. (2013). A two-warehouse inventory model for decaying items with exponential demand and variable holding cost. International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences, 1(5), 18–22 Yao, Y., Evers, P. T., & Dresner, M. E. (2007). Supply chain integration in vendor-managed inventory. Decision Support Systems, 43, 663–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2005.05.021 Yu, Y., Wang, Z., & Liang, L. (2012). A vendor managed inventory supply chain with deteriorating raw materials and products. International Journal of Production Economics, 136(2), 266–274. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2011.11.029 Zanoni, S., Mazzoldi, L., & Jaber, M. Y. (2014). Vendor-managed inventory with consignment stock agreement for single vendor-single buyer under the emission-trading scheme. International Journal of Production Research, 52(1), 20–31. Zhang, T., Liang, L., Yu, Y., & Yu, Y. (2007). An integrated vendor-managed inventory model for a two-echelon system with order cost reduction. International Journal of Production Economics, 109(1–2), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2006.12.051 |
| dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv |
371 |
| dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv |
329 |
| dc.relation.citationissue.none.fl_str_mv |
1-3 |
| dc.relation.citationvolume.none.fl_str_mv |
332 |
| dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv |
© The Author(s) 2024 |
| dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
| dc.rights.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) © The Author(s) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv |
43 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Springer Netherlands |
| dc.publisher.place.none.fl_str_mv |
Netherlands |
| publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Springer Netherlands |
| dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10479-023-05793-6?utm_source=getftr&utm_medium=getftr&utm_campaign=getftr_pilot&getft_integrator=scopus |
| institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/44561de9-a58a-4f12-b601-535858d94d5b/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/cb97373a-4284-4943-8f81-a7f8f24b5c62/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/28d977f7-41fe-4720-949e-dfef3a9ddccf/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/7db06463-eb68-4812-8bd5-2db8757e1f0a/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
2d127f31e63d38aaa933acdcd63d7eff 73a5432e0b76442b22b026844140d683 4b8a71b151b1ba143ae9ff409e876ce8 ec258b510438dd165e6e66a3bd354627 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1828166536485928960 |
| spelling |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© The Author(s) 2024https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Salas Navarro, KatherinneFlorez, Whady F.Cárdenas Barrón, Eduardo Leopoldo2025-03-26T17:11:19Z2025-03-26T17:11:19Z2024-01-06Salas-Navarro, K., Florez, W.F. & Cárdenas-Barrón, L.E. A vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply chain considering exponential demand, imperfect system, and remanufacturing. Ann Oper Res 332, 329–371 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-023-05793-60254-5330https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1403010.1007/s10479-023-05793-61572-9338Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/This paper presents a vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply chain comprised of suppliers, manufacturers, and retailers. This model considers an imperfect production system with a deterministic percentage of defective and deteriorated items, exponential demand for perishable products, and operational costs. The VMI model maximizes the benefits, assuming a Stackelberg approach to find the optimal values of replenishment lot sizes, production rates, selling prices, and product cycle length. A solution algorithm is developed to find the optimal solutions. A case study of the Dairy Industry for highly perishable products is provided to illustrate the applications, evaluate the performance, and obtain managerial insights. The results show that the percentage of defective and deteriorated items and remanufacturing rates are crucial in replenishment, production, and selling policies. The VMI agreement includes remanufacturing defective products to obtain new dairy derivates. The deteriorated products can be sold as near-expired products or inputs for compost, fertilizers, etc. Finally, some conclusions and future research lines are provided.43 páginasapplication/pdfengSpringer NetherlandsNetherlandshttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10479-023-05793-6?utm_source=getftr&utm_medium=getftr&utm_campaign=getftr_pilot&getft_integrator=scopusA vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply chain considering exponential demand, imperfect system, and remanufacturingArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Annals of Operations ResearchAlDurgam, M., Adegbola, K., & Glock, C. H. (2017). A single-vendor single-manufacturer integrated inventory model with stochastic demand and variable production rate. International Journal of Production Economics, 191, 335–350Almehdawe, E., & Mantin, B. (2010). Vendor managed inventory with a capacitated manufacturer and multiple retailers : Retailer versus manufacturer leadership. International Journal of Production Economics, 128(1), 292–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2010.07.029Amirhosseini, K., Pasandideh, S. H. R., & Mohammadi, M. (2018). Solving and modeling a stochastic multiproduct vendor managed inventory problem with defective items. Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 35(6), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681015.2018.1441194Archetti, C., Bertazzi, L., Laporte, G., & Speranza, M. G. (2007). A branch-and-cut algorithm for a vendormanaged inventory-routing problem. Transportation Science, 41(3), 382–391. https://doi.org/10.1287/ trsc.1060.0188Bakker, M., Riezebos, J., & Teunter, R. H. (2012). Review of inventory systems with deterioration since 2001. European Journal of Operational Research, 221(2), 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2012.03.004Bazan, E., Jaber, M. Y., Zanoni, S., & Zavanella, L. E. (2014). Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) with Consignment Stock (CS) agreement for a two-level supply chain with an imperfect production process with/without restoration interruptions. International Journal of Production Economics, 157, 289–301.Borade, A. B., & Sweeney, E. (2015). Decision support system for vendor managed inventory supply chain: A case study. International Journal of Production Research, 53(16), 4789–4818. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 00207543.2014.993047Braglia, M., Castellano, D., Marrazzini, L., & Song, D. (2019). A continuous review, (Q, r) inventory model for a deteriorating item with random demand and positive lead time. Computers and Operations Research, 109, 102–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2019.04.019Cai, J., Tadikamalla, P. R., Shang, J., & Huang, G. (2017). Optimal inventory decisions under vendor managed inventory—Substitution effects and replenishment tactics. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 43, 611–629Chakraborty, D., Jana, D. K., & Roy, T. K. (2015). Multi-item integrated supply chain model for deteriorating items with stock dependent demand under fuzzy random and bifuzzy environments. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 88(166–180), 166–180.Chan, C. K., Wong, W. H., Langevin, A., & Lee, Y. C. E. (2017). An integrated production-inventory model for deteriorating items with consideration of optimal production rate and deterioration during delivery. International Journal of Production Economics, 189, 1–13.Chen, J., Dong, M., Rong, Y., & Yang, L. (2018). Dynamic pricing for deteriorating products with menu cost. Omega (united Kingdom), 75, 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2017.02.001Chen, T. H. (2017). Optimizing pricing, replenishment and rework decision for imperfect and deteriorating items in a manufacturer–retailer channel. International Journal of Production Economics, 183, 539–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.08.015Cheng, T. C. E. (1989). An economic production quantity model with flexibility and reliability considerations. European Journal of Operational Research, 39(2), 174–179.Cheng, T. C. E. (1991). An economic order quantity model with demand-dependent unit production cost and imperfect production processes. IIE Transaction, 23(1), 23–28.Chiu, Y. P. (2003). Determining the optimal lot size for the finite production model with random defective rate, the rework process, and backlogging. Engineering Optimization, 35(4), 427–437.Choudhary, D., & Shankar, R. (2015). The value of VMI beyond information sharing in a single supplier multiple retailers supply chain under a non-stationary (Rn, Sn) policy.pdf. Omega, 51, 59–70.Chung, S., Wee, H., & Yang, P. (2008). Optimal policy for a closed-loop supply chain inventory system with remanufacturing. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 48, 867–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm. 2007.11.014Coelho, L. C., Cordeau, J. F., & Laporte, G. (2014). Thirty years of inventory routing. Transportation Science, 48(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2013.0472Coelho, L. C., De Maio, A., & Laganà, D. (2020). A variable MIP neighborhood descent for the multi-attribute inventory routing problem. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 144, 102137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.102137Darwish, M. A., & Odah, O. M. (2010). Vendor managed inventory model for single-vendor multi-retailer supply chains. European Journal of Operational Research, 204, 473–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor. 2009.11.023Duan, Y., Cao, Y., & Huo, J. (2016). Optimal pricing, production, and inventory for deteriorating items under demand uncertainty: The finite horizon case. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 62, 52–67.Dye, C.-Y., & Yang, C.-T. (2016). Optimal dynamic pricing and preservation technology investment for deteriorating products with reference price effects. Omega (united Kingdom), 62, 52–67. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.omega.2015.08.009Eroglu, A., & Ozdemir, G. (2007). An economic order quantity model with defective items and shortages. International Journal of Production Economics, 106(2), 544–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2006.06 .015Escuín, D., Polo, L., & Ciprés, D. (2017). On the comparison of inventory replenishment policies with timevarying stochastic demand for the paper industry. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 309, 424–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2016.03.027Fauza, G., Amer, Y., Lee, S., & Prasetyo, H. (2016). An integrated single-vendor multi-buyer productioninventory policy for food products incorporating quality degradation. International Journal of Production Economics, 182, 409–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.09.009Freeman, N., Mittenthal, J., Keskin, B., & Melouk, S. (2018). Sourcing strategies for a capacitated firm subject to supply and demand uncertainty. Omega (united Kingdom), 77, 127–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.om ega.2017.06.004Gharaei, A., Karimi, M., & Hoseini Shekarabi, S. A. (2019). An integrated multi-product, multi-buyer supply chain under penalty, green, and quality control polices and a vendor managed inventory with consignment stock agreement: The outer approximation with equality relaxation and augmented penalty algorithm. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 69, 223–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2018.11.035Ghare, P. M., & Schrader, G. F. (1963). A model for exponentially decaying inventory. Journal of Industrial Engineering, 14, 238–243.Govindan, K. (2015). The optimal replenishment policy for time-varying stochastic demand under vendor managed inventory. European Journal of Operational Research, 242(2), 402–423. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.ejor.2014.09.045Goyal, S. K., & Giri, B. C. (2001). Recent trends in modeling of deteriorating inventory. European Journal of Operational Research, 134(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(00)00248-4Gross, D., & Harris, C. M. (1971). On one-for-one-ordering inventory policies with state-dependent leadtimes. Operations Research, 19(3), 735–760.Han, J., Lu, J., & Zhang, G. (2017). Tri-level decision-making for decentralized vendor-managed inventory. Information Sciences, 421, 85–103.Hariga, M., Gumus, M., & Daghfous, A. (2014). Storage constrained vendor managed inventory models with unequal shipment frequencies. Omega, 48, 94–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2013.11.003Hariga, M., Gumus, M., Daghfous, A., & Goyal, S. K. (2013). A vendor managed inventory model under contractual storage agreement. Computers and Operations Research, 40(8), 2138–2144. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cor.2013.03.005Hollier, R. H., & Mak, K. L. (1983). Inventory replenishment policies for deteriorating items in a declining market. International Journal of Production Research, 21(6), 813–836.Hong, X., Chunyuan, W., Xu, L., & Diabat, A. (2016). Multiple-vendor, multiple-retailer based vendormanaged inventory. Annals of Operations Research, 238(1), 277–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479- 015-2040-0Jaggi, C. K., Goel, S. K., & Mittal, M. (2013). Credit financing in economic ordering policies for defective items with allowable shortages. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 219(10), 5268–5282. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2012.11.027Janssen, L., Claus, T., & Sauer, J. (2016). Literature review of deteriorating inventory models by key topics from 2012 to 2015. International Journal of Production Economics, 182, 86–112. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.ijpe.2016.08.019Kaasgari, M. A., Imani, D. M., & Mahmoodjanloo, M. (2017). Optimizing a vendor managed inventory (VMI) supply chain for perishable products by considering discount: Two calibrated meta-heuristic algorithms. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 103, 227–241.Khakzad, A., & Gholamian, M. R. (2020). The effect of inspection on deterioration rate: An inventory model for deteriorating items with advanced payment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 254, 120117. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120117Khan, M., Jaber, M. Y., Zanoni, S., & Zavanella, L. (2016). Vendor managed inventory with consignment stock agreement for a supply chain with defective items. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 40, 7102–7114Kiesmüller, G. P., & Broekmeulen, R. A. C. M. (2010). The benefit of VMI strategies in a stochastic multiproduct serial two echelon system. Computers & Operations Research, 37, 406–416. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.cor.2009.06.013Kim, T., Glock, C. H., & Kwon, Y. (2014). A closed-loop supply chain for deteriorating products under stochastic container return times. Omega (united Kingdom), 43, 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega. 2013.06.002Kitaeva, A. V., Stepanova, N. V., & Zukovskaya, A. O. (2017). Pricing and lot-sizing for continuously decaying items with stochastic demand. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 50(1), 10160–10165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.if acol.2017.08.1763Kreng, V. B., & Tan, S. J. (2011). Optimal replenishment decision in an EPQ model with defective items under supply chain trade credit policy. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(8), 9888–9899. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.eswa.2011.02.040Lan, Y., Li, Y., & Papier, F. (2018). Competition and coordination in a three-tier supply chain with differentiated channels. European Journal of Operational Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2018.02.032Lee, J.-Y., Cho, R. K., & Paik, S.-K. (2016a). Supply chain coordination in vendor-managed inventory systems with stockout-cost sharing under limited storage capacity. European Journal of Operational Research, 248, 95–106Lee, J., & Cho, R. K. (2018). Optimal (z, Z)-type contracts for vendor-managed inventory. International Journal of Production Economics, 202, 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.05.011Lee, J. Y., & Cho, R. K. (2014). Contracting for vendor-managed inventory with consignment stock and stockout-cost sharing. International Journal of Production Economics, 151, 158–173. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.ijpe.2013.10.008Lee, J. Y., Cho, R. K., & Paik, S. K. (2016b). Supply chain coordination in vendor-managed inventory systems with stockout-cost sharing under limited storage capacity. European Journal of Operational Research, 248(1), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.06.080Lee, S., & Kim, D. (2014). An optimal policy for a single-vendor single-buyer integrated production—Distribution model with both deteriorating and defective items. International Journal of Production Economics, 147, 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2013.09.011Lee, W., Wang, S., & Chen, W. (2017). Forward and backward stocking policies for a two-level supply chain with consignment stock agreement and stock-dependent demand. European Journal of Operational Research, 256(3), 830–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.06.060Li, G., He, X., Zhou, J., & Wu, H. (2019). Pricing, replenishment and preservation technology investment decisions for non-instantaneous deteriorating items. Omega (united Kingdom), 84, 114–126. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.omega.2018.05.001Li, Y., Zhang, S., & Han, J. (2017). Dynamic pricing and periodic ordering for a stochastic inventory system with deteriorating items. Automatica, 76, 200–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2016.11.003Lin, H. (2013). Reducing lost-sales rate on the stochastic inventory model with defective goods for the mixtures of distributions. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 37(5), 3296–3306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. apm.2012.07.020Lin, Y. J., Ouyang, L. Y., & Dang, Y. F. (2012). A joint optimal ordering and delivery policy for an integrated supplier–retailer inventory model with trade credit and defective items. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 218(14), 7498–7514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2012.01.016Mahdavisharif, M., Kazemi, M., Jahani, H., & Bagheri, F. (2022). Pricing and inventory policy for noninstantaneous deteriorating items in vendor-managed inventory systems: A Stackelberg game theory approach. International Journal of Systems Science: Operations and Logistics. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 23302674.2022.2038715Mateen, A., & Chatterjee, A. K. (2015). Vendor managed inventory for single-vendor multi-retailer supply chains. Decision Support Systems, 70, 31–41.Mateen, A., Chatterjee, A. K., & Mitra, S. (2015). VMI for single-vendor multi-retailer supply chains under stochastic. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 79, 95–102Misra, R. B. (1975). Optimal production lot size model for a system with deteriorating inventory. International Journal Production Research, 13(5), 495–505.Nahmias, S. (1982). Perishable inventory theory: A review. Operations Research, 30(4), 680–708. https://doi. org/10.1287/opre.30.4.680Ouyang, L., Wu, K., & Cheng, M.-C. (2005). An inventory model for deteriorating items with exponential declining demand and partial backlogging. Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research, 15(2), 277–288.Pal, B., Sana, S. S., & Chaudhuri, K. (2013a). A mathematical model on EPQ for stochastic demand in an imperfect production system. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 32(1), 260–270. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jmsy.2012.11.009Pal, B., Sana, S. S., & Chaudhuri, K. (2013b). A stochastic inventory model with product recovery. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 6(2), 120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2013. 01.001Pal, B., Sankar, S., & Chaudhuri, K. (2012). A three layer multi-item production—Inventory model for multiple suppliers and retailers. Economic Modelling, 29(6), 2704–2710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012. 08.022Pal, S., & Mahapatra, G. S. (2017). A manufacturing-oriented supply chain model for imperfect quality with inspection errors, stochastic demand under rework and shortages. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 106, 299–314.Panda, S., Modak, N. M., Basu, M., & Goyal, S. K. (2015). Channel coordination and pro fi t distribution in a social responsible three-layer supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics, 168, 224–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.07.001Pando, V., San-José, L. A., García-Laguna, J., & Sicilia, J. (2018). Optimal lot-size policy for deteriorating items with stock-dependent demand considering profit maximization. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 117, 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2018.01.008Poormoaied, S. (2022). Inventory decision in a periodic review inventory model with two complementary products. Annals of Operations Research, 315(2), 1937–1970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-03 949-wPorteus, E. L. (1986). Optimal lot sizing, process quality improvement and setup cost reduction. Operations Research, 34(1), 137–144.Raafat, F. (1991). Survey of literature on continuously deteriorating inventory models. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 42(1), 27–37.Rad, R. H., Razmi, J., Sangari, M. S., & Ebrahimi, Z. F. (2014). Optimizing an integrated vendor-managed inventory system for a single-vendor two-buyer supply chain with determining weighting factor for vendor’s ordering cost. International Journal of Production Economics, 153, 295–308.Roy, A., Maity, K., & KarMaity, S. M. (2009). A production-inventory model with remanufacturing for defective and usable items in fuzzy-environment. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 56(1), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2008.04.004Roy, A., Sana, S. S., & Chaudhuri, K. (2012). Optimal replenishment order for uncertain demand in three layer supply chain. Economic Modelling, 29(6), 2274–2282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.07.008Roy, M. D., & Sana, S. S. (2021). Production rate and lot-size dependent lead time reduction strategies in a supply chain model with stochastic demand, controllable setup cost and trade-credit financing. RAIROOperations Research, 55, S1469–S2185Sadeghi, J., & Niaki, S. T. A. (2015). Two parameter tuned multi-objective evolutionary algorithms for a bi-objective vendor managed inventory model with trapezoidal fuzzy demand. Applied Soft Computing, 30, 567–576.Sajadieh, M. S., & Larsen, C. (2015). A coordinated manufacturer-retailer model under stochastic demand and production rate. International Journal of Production Economics, 168, 64–70.Salameh, M. K., & Jaber, M. Y. (2000). Economic production quantity model for items with imperfect quality. International Journal of Production Economics, 64, 59–64Salas-Navarro, K., Acevedo-Chedid, J., Árquez, G. M., Florez, W. F., Ospina-Mateus, H., Sana, S. S., & Cárdenas-Barrón, L. E. (2020). An EPQ inventory model considering an imperfect production system with probabilistic demand and collaborative approach. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 17(2), 282–304. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-07-2019-0141Salas-Navarro, K., Maiguel-Mejía, H., & Acevedo-Chedid, J. (2017). Inventory Management Methodology to determine the levels of integration and collaboration in supply chain. Ingeniare. https://doi.org/10.4067/ S0718-33052017000200326Salas-Navarro, K., Romero-Montes, J. M., Acevedo-Chedid, J., Ospina-Mateus, H., Florez, W. F., & CárdenasBarrón, L. E. (2023). Vendor managed inventory system considering deteriorating items and probabilistic demand for a three-layer supply chain. Expert Systems with Applications, 218, 119608. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.eswa.2023.119608Salas-Navarro, K., Serrano-Pájaro, P., Ospina-Mateus, H., & Zamora-Musa, R. (2022). Inventory models in a sustainable supply chain: A bibliometric analysis. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106003Salas Navarro, K., Chedid, J. A., Caruso, N. M., & Sana, S. S. (2018). An inventory model of three-layer supply chain of wood and furniture industry in the Caribbean region of Colombia. International Journal of Systems Science: Operations & Logistics, 5(1), 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/23302674.2016.12 12428San-José, L. A., Sicilia, J., Gonzalez-de-la-Rosa, M., & Febles-Acosta, J. (2022). Profit maximization in an inventory system with time-varying demand, partial backordering and discrete inventory cycle. Annals of Operations Research, 316, 763–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2022.105861Sana, S. S. (2010). Optimal selling price and lotsize with time varying deterioration and partial backlogging. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 217(1), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2010.05.040Sana, S. S. (2012). Price sensitive demand with random sales price—A newsboy problem. International Journal of Systems Science, 43(3), 491–498.Sarkar, S., & Giri, B. C. (2020). Stochastic supply chain model with imperfect production and controllable defective rate.International Journal of Systems Science: Operations and Logistics, 7(2), 133–146. https:// doi.org/10.1080/23302674.2018.1536231Setak, M., & Daneshfar, L. (2014). An inventory model for deteriorating items using vendor-managed inventory policy. International Journal of Engineering, Transactions a: Basics, 27(7), 1081–1090. https://doi.org/ 10.5829/idosi.ije.2014.27.07a.09Shaabani, H. (2022). A literature review of the perishable inventory routing problem. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 38, 143–161.Shah, N. H., Soni, H. N., & Patel, K. A. (2013). Optimizing inventory and marketing policy for noninstantaneous deteriorating items with generalized type deterioration and holding cost rates. In Omega (Vol. 41, pp. 421–430). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2012.03.002Shaikh, A. A., Cárdenas-Barrón, L. E., & Bhunia, A. K. (2022). An EOQ model for a deteriorating item under permissible delay in a vendor managed inventory system. International Journal of Applied Management Science, 14(3), 183–204. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJAMS.2022.125121Sicilia, J., González-De-la-Rosa, M., Febles-Acosta, J., & Alcaide-López-de-Pablo, D. (2014). An inventory model for deteriorating items with shortages and time-varying demand. International Journal of Production Economics, 155, 155–162.Son, J. Y., & Ghosh, S. (2020). Vendor managed inventory with fixed shipping cost allocation. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 23(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2019.15 68974Soni, H. N., & Patel, K. A. (2012). Optimal strategy for an integrated inventory system involving variable production and defective items under retailer partial trade credit policy. In Decision support systems (Vol. 54, pp. 235–247). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2012.05.009Taleizadeh, A. A., Hazarkhani, B., & Moon, I. (2020). Joint pricing and inventory decisions with carbon emission considerations, partial backordering and planned discounts. Annals of Operations Research, 290(1–2), 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-018-2968-yTaleizadeh, A. A., Noori-daryan, M., & Cárdenas-Barrón, L. E. (2015a). Joint optimization of price, replenishment frequency, replenishment cycle and production rate in vendor managed inventory system with deteriorating items. International Journal of Production Economics, 159, 285–295. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.ijpe.2014.09.009Taleizadeh, A. A., Noori-daryan, M., & Tavakkoli-moghaddam, R. (2015b). Pricing and ordering decisions in a supply chain with imperfect quality items and inspection under buyback of defective items. International Journal of Production Research, 43(15), 4553–4582. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2014.997399Tat, R., Taleizadeh, A. A., & Esmaeili, M. (2015). Developing economic order quantity model for noninstantaneous deteriorating items in vendor-managed inventory (VMI) system. International Journal of Systems Science, 46(7), 1257–1268. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207721.2013.815827Tiwari, S., Cárdenas-Barrón, L. E., Iqbal Malik, A., & Jaggi, C. K. (2022). Retailer’s credit and inventory decisions for imperfect quality and deteriorating items under two-level trade credit. Computers and Operations Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2021.105617Tripathi, R. P. (2012). An inventory model with shortage and exponential demand rate under permissible delay in payments. International Journal of Management Science and Engineering Management, 7(2), 134–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509653.2012.10671216VandanaKaur, A. (2019). Two-level trade credit with default risk in the supply chain under stochastic demand. Omega, 88, 4–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2018.12.003Verma, N. K., & Chatterjee, A. K. (2017). A multiple-retailer replenishment model under VMI: Accounting for the retailer heterogeneity. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 104, 175–187. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.cie.2016.12.001Van Der Vlist, P., Kuik, R., & Verheijen, B. (2007). Note on supply chain integration in vendor-managed inventory. Decision Support Systems, 44, 360–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2007.03.003Von Stackelberg, H. (2011). Market structure and equilibrium. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642- 12586-7Wang, C., & Huang, R. (2016). Comments on “vendor-managed inventory with consignment stock agreement for single vendor-single buyer under the emission-trading scheme.” International Journal of Production Research, 54(13), 4081–4086. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.1106610Wang, Q., Zhao, N., Wu, J., & Zhu, Q. (2021). Optimal pricing and inventory policies with reference price effect and loss-Averse customers. Omega. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2019.102174Wangsa, I. D., Tiwari, S., Wee, H. M., & Reong, S. (2020). A sustainable vendor-buyer inventory system considering transportation, loading and unloading activities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 271, 122120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122120Wee, H. M., & Widyadana, G. A. (2013). A production model for deteriorating items with stochastic preventive maintenance time and rework process with FIFO rule. Omega, 41(6), 941–954. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.omega.2012.12.001Wee, H. M., Yu, J., & Chen, M. C. (2007). Optimal inventory model for items with imperfect quality and shortage backordering. Omega, 35(1), 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2005.01.019Wei, Q., Zhang, J., Zhu, G., Dai, R., & Zhang, S. (2020). Retailer vs. vendor managed inventory with considering stochastic learning effect. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 71(4), 628–646. https:// doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2019.1581407Weraikat, D., Zanjani, M. K., & Lehoux, N. (2019). Improving sustainability in a two-level pharmaceutical supply chain through Vendor-Managed Inventory system. Operations Research for Health Care, 21, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orhc.2019.04.004Whitin, T. M. (1957). The theory of inventory management (pp. 62–72). Princeton University PressWoo, Y. Y., Hsu, S., & Wu, S. (2001). An integrated inventory model for a single vendor and multiple buyers with ordering cost reduction. International Journal of Production Economics, 73, 203–215.Xiao, T., & Xu, T. (2013). Coordinating price and service level decisions for a supply chain with deteriorating item under vendor managed inventory. International Journal of Production Economics, 145(2), 743–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2013.06.004Yadav, A. S., & Swami, A. (2013). A two-warehouse inventory model for decaying items with exponential demand and variable holding cost. International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences, 1(5), 18–22Yao, Y., Evers, P. T., & Dresner, M. E. (2007). Supply chain integration in vendor-managed inventory. Decision Support Systems, 43, 663–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2005.05.021Yu, Y., Wang, Z., & Liang, L. (2012). A vendor managed inventory supply chain with deteriorating raw materials and products. International Journal of Production Economics, 136(2), 266–274. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2011.11.029Zanoni, S., Mazzoldi, L., & Jaber, M. Y. (2014). Vendor-managed inventory with consignment stock agreement for single vendor-single buyer under the emission-trading scheme. International Journal of Production Research, 52(1), 20–31.Zhang, T., Liang, L., Yu, Y., & Yu, Y. (2007). An integrated vendor-managed inventory model for a two-echelon system with order cost reduction. International Journal of Production Economics, 109(1–2), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2006.12.0513713291-3332InventoryVMIExponential demandDeteriorating itemRemanufacturingPublicationORIGINALA vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply.pdfA vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply.pdfapplication/pdf962369https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/44561de9-a58a-4f12-b601-535858d94d5b/download2d127f31e63d38aaa933acdcd63d7effMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-815543https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/cb97373a-4284-4943-8f81-a7f8f24b5c62/download73a5432e0b76442b22b026844140d683MD52TEXTA vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply.pdf.txtA vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain101709https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/28d977f7-41fe-4720-949e-dfef3a9ddccf/download4b8a71b151b1ba143ae9ff409e876ce8MD53THUMBNAILA vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply.pdf.jpgA vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg11265https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/7db06463-eb68-4812-8bd5-2db8757e1f0a/downloadec258b510438dd165e6e66a3bd354627MD5411323/14030oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/140302025-03-27 04:00:38.344https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/© The Author(s) 2024open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |