Classification of chest diseases using deep learning

The field of computer vision has had exponential progress in a wide range of applications due to the use of deep learning and especially the existence of large annotated image data sets [1]. Significant improvements have been shown in the performance of problems previously considered difficult, such...

Full description

Autores:
Silva, Jesús
Zilberman, Jack
Pinillos-Patiño, Yisel
Varela Izquierdo, Noel
Pineda, Omar
Tipo de recurso:
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/7278
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7278
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
ChestX-ray8
Classification of chest diseases
Deep learning
Rights
closedAccess
License
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
id RCUC2_551828b0f0e1b9747698214e17e72be8
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/7278
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Classification of chest diseases using deep learning
title Classification of chest diseases using deep learning
spellingShingle Classification of chest diseases using deep learning
ChestX-ray8
Classification of chest diseases
Deep learning
title_short Classification of chest diseases using deep learning
title_full Classification of chest diseases using deep learning
title_fullStr Classification of chest diseases using deep learning
title_full_unstemmed Classification of chest diseases using deep learning
title_sort Classification of chest diseases using deep learning
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Silva, Jesús
Zilberman, Jack
Pinillos-Patiño, Yisel
Varela Izquierdo, Noel
Pineda, Omar
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Silva, Jesús
Zilberman, Jack
Pinillos-Patiño, Yisel
Varela Izquierdo, Noel
Pineda, Omar
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv ChestX-ray8
Classification of chest diseases
Deep learning
topic ChestX-ray8
Classification of chest diseases
Deep learning
description The field of computer vision has had exponential progress in a wide range of applications due to the use of deep learning and especially the existence of large annotated image data sets [1]. Significant improvements have been shown in the performance of problems previously considered difficult, such as object recognition, detection and segmentation over approaches based on obtaining the characteristics of the image by hand [2]. This article presents a novel method for the classification of chest diseases in the standard and widely used data set ChestX-ray8, which contains more than 100,000 front view images with 8 diseases.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2020-11-12T17:36:19Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2020-11-12T17:36:19Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020
dc.date.embargoEnd.none.fl_str_mv 2021-06-19
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Pre-Publicación
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTOTR
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 2194-5357
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7278
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv 2194-5357
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7278
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Song, Q., Zhao, L., Luo, X., Dou, X.: Using deep learning for classification of lung nodules on computed tomography images. J. Healthc. Eng. (2017)
Pouyanfar, S., Sadiq, S., Yan, Y., Tian, H., Tao, Y., Presa Reyes, M., Shyu, M.-L., Chen, S.-C., Iyengar, S.S.: A survey on deep learning: algorithms, techniques, and applications. ACM Comput. Surv. 51(5), 36 (2018). Article 92
Litjens, G., et al.: A survey on deep learning in medical image analysis. Med. Image Anal. 42, 60–88 (2017)
Wang, H., Jia, H., Lu, L., Xia, Y.: Thorax-Net: an attention regularized deep neural network for classification of Thoracic diseases on chest radiography. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 24(2), 475–485 (2019)
Shadeed, G.A., Tawfeeq, M.A., Mahmoud, S.M.: Deep learning model for thorax diseases detection. Telkomnika 18(1), 441–449 (2020)
Viloria, A., Bucci, N., Luna, M., Lis-Gutiérrez, J.P., Parody, A., Bent, D.E.S., López, L.A.B.: Determination of dimensionality of the psychosocial risk assessment of internal, individual, double presence and external factors in work environments. In: International Conference on Data Mining and Big Data, pp. 304–313. Springer, Cham, June 2018
Mao, K.P., Xie, S.P., Shao, W.Z.: Automatic Segmentation of Thorax CT Images with Fully Convolutional Networks. In: Current Trends in Computer Science and Mechanical Automation vol. 1, pp. 402–412. Sciendo Migration (2017)
Krishna, R., Zhu, Y., Groth, O., Johnson, J., Hata, K., Kravitz, J., Chen, S., Kalantidis, Y., Li, L.J., Shamma, D. A., Bernstein, M., Fei-Fei, L.: Visual genome: Connecting language and vision using crowdsourced dense image annotations (2016)
Wang, X., Peng, Y., Lu, L., Lu, Z., Summers, R. M.: Automatic classification and reporting of multiple common thorax diseases using chest radiographs. In: Deep Learning and Convolutional Neural Networks for Medical Imaging and Clinical Informatics, pp. 393–412. Springer, Cham (2019)
Trullo, R., Petitjean, C., Ruan, S., Dubray, B., Nie, D., Shen, D.: Segmentation of organs at risk in thoracic CT images using a sharpmask architecture and conditional random fields. In: 2017 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2017), pp. 1003–1006. IEEE, April 2017
Wang, X., Peng, Y., Lu, L., Lu, Z., Bagheri, M., Summers, R.M.: Chestx-ray8: Hospital- scale chest x-ray database and benchmarks on weakly-supervised classification and localization of common thorax diseases. arXiv preprint arXiv:1705.02315 (2017)
Ming, J.T.C., Noor, N.M., Rijal, O.M., Kassim, R.M., Yunus, A.: Lung disease classification using different deep learning architectures and principal component analysis. In: 2018 2nd International Conference on BioSignal Analysis, Processing and Systems (ICBAPS), pp. 187–190. IEEE, July 2018
Yao, L., Poblenz, E., Dagunts, D., Covington, B., Bernard, D., Lyman, K.: Learning to diagnose from scratch by exploiting dependencies among labels. arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.10501 (2017)
Dodge, S., Karam, L.: Understanding how image quality affects deep neural networks. In: Eighth International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX), IEEE, pp. 1–6. arXiv:1604.04004v2 (2016)
Wang, X., Peng, Y., Lu, L., Lu, Z., Bagheri, M., Summers, R.M.: Chestx-ray8: Hospital-scale chest x-ray database and benchmarks on weakly-supervised classification and localization of common thorax diseases. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2097–2106 (2017)
Liu, Z., Chen, H., Liu, H.: Deep Learning Based Framework for Direct Reconstruction of PET Images. In International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, pp. 48–56. Springer, Cham, October 2019
Gamero, W.M., Agudelo-Castañeda, D., Ramirez, M. C., Hernandez, M. M., Mendoza, H. P., Parody, A., Viloria, A.: Hospital admission and risk assessment associated to exposure of fungal bioaerosols at a municipal landfill using statistical models. In: International Conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning, pp. 210–218. Springer, Cham, November 2018
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb
rights_invalid_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb
eu_rights_str_mv closedAccess
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
institution Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.source.url.spa.fl_str_mv https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089718610&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-030-53036-5_16&partnerID=40&md5=4f88abf4eec4df89f9e24a649951c350
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/622032a7-23bc-40c3-9e43-e1867d253230/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/57bd516f-9d49-41b8-8f04-fcf0a84007be/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/30e41645-0aca-477f-8ba4-feb890aa73ab/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/9a6b2aa4-b536-4c09-b629-51e8ebc813f3/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/1eaa74b6-77ed-4882-86e4-4cb2ca0bf747/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv d36f4edba5d65dffa0f48b846d6dd68f
4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347
e30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9bad
ef5ef1f131b7feda29d85e29ca0c5365
571405cae012d9c6cbf9d089c1150fd5
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repdigital@cuc.edu.co
_version_ 1828166909302931456
spelling Silva, JesúsZilberman, JackPinillos-Patiño, YiselVarela Izquierdo, NoelPineda, Omar2020-11-12T17:36:19Z2020-11-12T17:36:19Z20202021-06-192194-5357https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7278Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The field of computer vision has had exponential progress in a wide range of applications due to the use of deep learning and especially the existence of large annotated image data sets [1]. Significant improvements have been shown in the performance of problems previously considered difficult, such as object recognition, detection and segmentation over approaches based on obtaining the characteristics of the image by hand [2]. This article presents a novel method for the classification of chest diseases in the standard and widely used data set ChestX-ray8, which contains more than 100,000 front view images with 8 diseases.Silva, JesúsZilberman, Jack-will be generated-orcid-0000-0003-0956-4059-600Pinillos-Patiño, Yisel-will be generated-orcid-0000-0001-5047-3883-600Varela Izquierdo, Noel-will be generated-orcid-0000-0001-7036-4414-600Pineda, Omar-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-8239-3906-600application/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbAdvances in Intelligent Systems and Computinghttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089718610&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-030-53036-5_16&partnerID=40&md5=4f88abf4eec4df89f9e24a649951c350ChestX-ray8Classification of chest diseasesDeep learningClassification of chest diseases using deep learningPre-Publicaciónhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816bTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/preprinthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTOTRinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionSong, Q., Zhao, L., Luo, X., Dou, X.: Using deep learning for classification of lung nodules on computed tomography images. J. Healthc. Eng. (2017)Pouyanfar, S., Sadiq, S., Yan, Y., Tian, H., Tao, Y., Presa Reyes, M., Shyu, M.-L., Chen, S.-C., Iyengar, S.S.: A survey on deep learning: algorithms, techniques, and applications. ACM Comput. Surv. 51(5), 36 (2018). Article 92Litjens, G., et al.: A survey on deep learning in medical image analysis. Med. Image Anal. 42, 60–88 (2017)Wang, H., Jia, H., Lu, L., Xia, Y.: Thorax-Net: an attention regularized deep neural network for classification of Thoracic diseases on chest radiography. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 24(2), 475–485 (2019)Shadeed, G.A., Tawfeeq, M.A., Mahmoud, S.M.: Deep learning model for thorax diseases detection. Telkomnika 18(1), 441–449 (2020)Viloria, A., Bucci, N., Luna, M., Lis-Gutiérrez, J.P., Parody, A., Bent, D.E.S., López, L.A.B.: Determination of dimensionality of the psychosocial risk assessment of internal, individual, double presence and external factors in work environments. In: International Conference on Data Mining and Big Data, pp. 304–313. Springer, Cham, June 2018Mao, K.P., Xie, S.P., Shao, W.Z.: Automatic Segmentation of Thorax CT Images with Fully Convolutional Networks. In: Current Trends in Computer Science and Mechanical Automation vol. 1, pp. 402–412. Sciendo Migration (2017)Krishna, R., Zhu, Y., Groth, O., Johnson, J., Hata, K., Kravitz, J., Chen, S., Kalantidis, Y., Li, L.J., Shamma, D. A., Bernstein, M., Fei-Fei, L.: Visual genome: Connecting language and vision using crowdsourced dense image annotations (2016)Wang, X., Peng, Y., Lu, L., Lu, Z., Summers, R. M.: Automatic classification and reporting of multiple common thorax diseases using chest radiographs. In: Deep Learning and Convolutional Neural Networks for Medical Imaging and Clinical Informatics, pp. 393–412. Springer, Cham (2019)Trullo, R., Petitjean, C., Ruan, S., Dubray, B., Nie, D., Shen, D.: Segmentation of organs at risk in thoracic CT images using a sharpmask architecture and conditional random fields. In: 2017 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2017), pp. 1003–1006. IEEE, April 2017Wang, X., Peng, Y., Lu, L., Lu, Z., Bagheri, M., Summers, R.M.: Chestx-ray8: Hospital- scale chest x-ray database and benchmarks on weakly-supervised classification and localization of common thorax diseases. arXiv preprint arXiv:1705.02315 (2017)Ming, J.T.C., Noor, N.M., Rijal, O.M., Kassim, R.M., Yunus, A.: Lung disease classification using different deep learning architectures and principal component analysis. In: 2018 2nd International Conference on BioSignal Analysis, Processing and Systems (ICBAPS), pp. 187–190. IEEE, July 2018Yao, L., Poblenz, E., Dagunts, D., Covington, B., Bernard, D., Lyman, K.: Learning to diagnose from scratch by exploiting dependencies among labels. arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.10501 (2017)Dodge, S., Karam, L.: Understanding how image quality affects deep neural networks. In: Eighth International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX), IEEE, pp. 1–6. arXiv:1604.04004v2 (2016)Wang, X., Peng, Y., Lu, L., Lu, Z., Bagheri, M., Summers, R.M.: Chestx-ray8: Hospital-scale chest x-ray database and benchmarks on weakly-supervised classification and localization of common thorax diseases. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2097–2106 (2017)Liu, Z., Chen, H., Liu, H.: Deep Learning Based Framework for Direct Reconstruction of PET Images. In International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, pp. 48–56. Springer, Cham, October 2019Gamero, W.M., Agudelo-Castañeda, D., Ramirez, M. C., Hernandez, M. M., Mendoza, H. P., Parody, A., Viloria, A.: Hospital admission and risk assessment associated to exposure of fungal bioaerosols at a municipal landfill using statistical models. In: International Conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning, pp. 210–218. Springer, Cham, November 2018PublicationORIGINALCLASSIFICATION OF CHEST DISEASES USING DEEP LEARNING.pdfCLASSIFICATION OF CHEST DISEASES USING DEEP LEARNING.pdfapplication/pdf6012https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/622032a7-23bc-40c3-9e43-e1867d253230/downloadd36f4edba5d65dffa0f48b846d6dd68fMD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/57bd516f-9d49-41b8-8f04-fcf0a84007be/download4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83196https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/30e41645-0aca-477f-8ba4-feb890aa73ab/downloade30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9badMD53THUMBNAILCLASSIFICATION OF CHEST DISEASES USING DEEP LEARNING.pdf.jpgCLASSIFICATION OF CHEST DISEASES USING DEEP LEARNING.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg36269https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/9a6b2aa4-b536-4c09-b629-51e8ebc813f3/downloadef5ef1f131b7feda29d85e29ca0c5365MD54TEXTCLASSIFICATION OF CHEST DISEASES USING DEEP LEARNING.pdf.txtCLASSIFICATION OF CHEST DISEASES USING DEEP LEARNING.pdf.txttext/plain896https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/1eaa74b6-77ed-4882-86e4-4cb2ca0bf747/download571405cae012d9c6cbf9d089c1150fd5MD5511323/7278oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/72782024-09-17 14:24:52.778http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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