Hydraulic characterization of a check valve for low-pressure potable water distribution applications
The potable water in residential hydraulic networks is measured using volumetric meters. However, when the water carries air bubbles or pockets through the pipes, the accuracy of the meter readings is reduced, which can negatively impact the billing that users pay for their water consumption. A chec...
- Autores:
-
Javier Carpintero
Carpintero Durango, Javier Andrés
Martínez, Brayan
Jonathan Fábregas
Fábregas Villegas, Jonathan
Pérez, José
Fausto A. Canales
Canales, Fausto
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/13929
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13929
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Pressure drop
Check valve
Loss coefficient
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
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| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Hydraulic characterization of a check valve for low-pressure potable water distribution applications |
| title |
Hydraulic characterization of a check valve for low-pressure potable water distribution applications |
| spellingShingle |
Hydraulic characterization of a check valve for low-pressure potable water distribution applications Pressure drop Check valve Loss coefficient |
| title_short |
Hydraulic characterization of a check valve for low-pressure potable water distribution applications |
| title_full |
Hydraulic characterization of a check valve for low-pressure potable water distribution applications |
| title_fullStr |
Hydraulic characterization of a check valve for low-pressure potable water distribution applications |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Hydraulic characterization of a check valve for low-pressure potable water distribution applications |
| title_sort |
Hydraulic characterization of a check valve for low-pressure potable water distribution applications |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Javier Carpintero Carpintero Durango, Javier Andrés Martínez, Brayan Jonathan Fábregas Fábregas Villegas, Jonathan Pérez, José Fausto A. Canales Canales, Fausto |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Javier Carpintero Carpintero Durango, Javier Andrés Martínez, Brayan Jonathan Fábregas Fábregas Villegas, Jonathan Pérez, José Fausto A. Canales Canales, Fausto |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Pressure drop Check valve Loss coefficient |
| topic |
Pressure drop Check valve Loss coefficient |
| description |
The potable water in residential hydraulic networks is measured using volumetric meters. However, when the water carries air bubbles or pockets through the pipes, the accuracy of the meter readings is reduced, which can negatively impact the billing that users pay for their water consumption. A check valve accessory exists that reduces the size of these air bubbles to correct the meter readings and improve the service experience. However, the device has only been tested for networks with relative pressures higher than 275.79 kPa. This research proposes to characterize the hydraulic behavior of the accessory through an experimental procedure in which the operating conditions are similar to those found in water networks in Latin America, where the networks have relative pressures lower than 275.79 kPa. The study found that the accessory significantly reduces the coefficient of loss for velocities greater than 1 m/s. The use of the device is suggested in flow regimes with Reynolds numbers close to 20,000 for operating conditions of temperatures close to 25 °C and residential pipes with an internal diameter of 20.9 mm and a flow velocity between 1.3 m/s and 1.78 m/s. This condition allows it to operate with minimal local energy loss and a low coefficient of loss, providing an improved service experience. |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-07-05 |
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2025-01-20T22:11:00Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-01-20T22:11:00Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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Carpintero, J.; Martinez, B.; Fábregas, J.; Pérez, J.; Canales, F.A. Hydraulic Characterization of a Check Valve for Low-Pressure Potable Water Distribution Applications. Water 2023, 15, 2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132475 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13929 |
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10.3390/w15132475 |
| dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv |
2073-4441 |
| dc.identifier.instname.none.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.identifier.reponame.none.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Carpintero, J.; Martinez, B.; Fábregas, J.; Pérez, J.; Canales, F.A. Hydraulic Characterization of a Check Valve for Low-Pressure Potable Water Distribution Applications. Water 2023, 15, 2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132475 10.3390/w15132475 2073-4441 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13929 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv |
Water |
| dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv |
Villegas, J.F.; Carpintero, J.; Díaz Cantillo, Á.; Fábregas Villegas, J.; Durango, J.C. Numerical Simulation of the Air Content of a Two-Phase Flow in a Non-Return Valve for the Correction of Billing Measures in Domestic Drinking Water Networks. Technol. Rep. Kansai Univ. 2020, 62, 2589–2594. Brandt, M.J.; Johnson, K.M.; Elphinston, A.J.; Ratnayaka, D.D. Chapter 18—Valves and Meters. In Twort’s Water Supply, 7th ed.; Butterworth-Heinemann: Boston, MA, USA, 2017; pp. 743–775, ISBN 978-0-08-100025-0. Ali, F.; Saidi, M.F.H. Water Leakage Detection Based on Automatic Meter Reading. In Proceedings of the 2021 15th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (IMCOM), Seoul, Republich of Korea, 4–6 January 2021; pp. 1–7. Pietrosanto, A.; Carratù, M.; Liguori, C. Sensitivity of Water Meters to Small Leakage. Measurement 2021, 168, 108479. DiCarlo, M.F.; Berglund, E.Z. Using Advanced Metering Infrastructure Data to Evaluate Consumer Compliance with Water Advisories during a Water Service Interruption. Water Res. 2022, 221, 118802. Pothof, I.W.M.; Clemens, F.H.L.R. Experimental Study of Air-Water Flow in Downward Sloping Pipes. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2011, 37, 278–292. Carpintero, J.; Canales, F.A.; Fábregas, J.; Ávila, J. Factors and Interactions That Influence the Pressure Drop Across An Air Volume Reducing Device on Low—Pressure Water Distribution Networks. Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng. 2021, 46, 1433–1443. Carpintero, J.; Fabregas, J.; Pérez, S.; Pacheco, J.; Villa, J.; Fontalvo, C. Ingeniería Inversa Sobre Un Dispositivo Ahorrador de Consumo de Agua Para Su Potencial Aplicación En Ciudades Con Presiones Hidráulicas Por Debajo de 40 PSIg. Rev. Gest. Compet. Innov. 2018, 68–78. Ecowa México S.A.P.I. de C.V. Ecowa Air Retention. Available online: https://ecowa.com.mx/ (accessed on 2 July 2023). Ministerio de Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Resolución 0330 de 2017: “Por La Cual Se Adopta el Reglamento Técnico Para el Sector de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Básico-RAS-y Se Derogan las Resoluciones 1096 de 2000, 0424 de 2001, 0668 de 2003, 1459 de 2005, 1447 de 2005 y 2320 de 2009; Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio: Bogotá, Colombia, 2017; p. 182. Comisión Nacional del Agua. Manual Para el Diseño de Sistemas de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado Sanitario—Diseño de Redes de Distribución de Agua Potable; Comisión Nacional del Agua: México, Mexico, 2007. Nguyen, Q.K.; Jung, K.H.; Lee, G.N.; Park, H.J.; To, P.; Suh, S.B.; Lee, J. Bubble Formation in Globe Valve and Flow Characteristics of Partially Filled Pipe Water Flow. Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean. Eng. 2021, 13, 554–565. Mott, R.; Utener, J. Applied Fluids Mechanics, 7th ed.; Pearson: London, UK, 2015; Volume 1, ISBN 978-0-13-255892-1. Meniconi, S.; Brunone, B.; Mazzetti, E.; Laucelli, D.B.; Borta, G. Pressure Reducing Valve Characterization for Pipe System Management. Procedia Eng. 2016, 162, 455–462. Amankwaa, G.; Heeks, R.; Browne, A.L. Smartening up: User Experience with Smart Water Metering Infrastructure in an African City. Util. Policy 2023, 80, 101478. Oberascher, M.; Rauch, W.; Sitzenfrei, R. Towards a Smart Water City: A Comprehensive Review of Applications, Data Requirements, and Communication Technologies for Integrated Management. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2022, 76, 103442. Zhao, L.; Wu, J.Y.; Jin, Z.J.; Qian, J.Y. Cavitation Effect on Flow Resistance of Sleeve Regulating Valve. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2022, 88, 102259. Gan, R.; Li, B.; Liu, S.; Wu, Z.; Peng, Y.; Yang, G. Multi Structural Parameter Analysis Based on the Labyrinth Valve Design with High Pressure Drop and Low Noise. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2023, 89, 102301. Go, T.-S.; Kim, K. The Effect of Divergence Angle on the Control Valve Trim Characteristics. J. Fluid Mach. 2013, 16, 32–39. Forero, D. CFD Analysis of the Airflow Behavior in the Intake System of a Low-Displacement Diesel Engine. INGE CUC 2020, 16, 285–298. Benbella, S. Mixture Loss Coefficient of Safety Valves Used in Nuclear Plants. Nucl. Eng. Des. 2009, 239, 1779–1788. Iravani, M.; Toghraie, D. Design a High-Pressure Test System to Investigate the Performance Characteristics of Ball Valves in a Compressible Choked Flow. Measurement 2020, 151, 107200. Yu, R.; Wu, Y.; Chen, X.; Wu, X. Study on the Design of Ball Valve Based on Elastic Ring Valve Seat Structure and Fluid Characteristics and Fatigue Strength. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2023, 89, 102302. Zhao, Y.; Wang, P.; Sun, Q.; Feng, D.; Tu, Y. Modeling and Experiment of Pressure Drop on Valve Section of Hydraulic Oscillator. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2022, 208, 109294. de Moraes, M.S.; Torneiros, D.L.M.; da Silva Rosa, V.; Higa, J.S.; De Castro, Y.R.; Santos, A.R.; de Almeida Coelho, N.M.; de Moraes Júnior, D. Experimental Quantification of the Head Loss Coefficient K for Fittings and Semi-Industrial Pipe Cross Section Solid Concentration Profile in Pneumatic Conveying of Polypropylene Pellets in Dilute Phase. Powder Technol. 2017, 310, 250–263. Amaranatha Raju, M.; Ashok Babu, T.P.; Ranganayakulu, C. Flow Boiling Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Analysis of R134a in a Brazed Heat Exchanger with Offset Strip Fins. Heat Mass Transf./Waerme-Stoffuebertragung 2017, 53, 3167–3180. Vinoth, R.; Sachuthananthan, B. Experimental Study of Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics of Microtube Condenser Using R134a. Int. J. Ambient. Energy 2022, 43, 4832–4837. Khayat, O.; Afarideh, H. Numerical Investigation of Non-Newtonian Liquid–Gas Flow in Venturi Flow Meter Using Computational Fluid Dynamics. Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Mech. Eng. 2021, 45, 393–401. Crane Co. Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings and Pipe—Technical Paper No. 410; Crane Co.: Stamford, CT, USA, 2013; ISBN 1400527120. Gabl, R.; Achleitner, S.; Neuner, J.; Aufleger, M. Accuracy Analysis of a Physical Scale Model Using the Example of an Asymmetric Orifice. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2014, 36, 36–46. Wu, J.; Ai, Z.; Zhou, Q. Head Loss Coefficient of Orifice Plate Energy Dissipator. J. Hydraul. Res. 2010, 48, 526–530. Ulusarslan, D. Effect of Diameter Ratio on Loss Coefficient of Elbows in the Flow of Low-Density Spherical Capsule Trains. Part. Sci. Technol. 2010, 28, 348–359. Jo, J.B.; Kim, J.S.; Yoon, S.E. Experimental Estimation of the Head Loss Coefficient at Surcharged Four-Way Junction Manholes. Urban Water J. 2018, 15, 780–789. Fester, V.G.; Kazadi, D.M.; Mbiya, B.M.; Slatter, P.T. Loss Coefficients for Flow of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids through Diaphragm Valves. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2007, 85, 1314–1324. Lee, J.H.; Lee, K.H. Prediction of the Resistance Coefficient in a Segment Ball Valve. J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 2010, 24, 185–188. Mylaram, N.K.; Idem, S. Pressure Loss Coefficient Measurements of Two Close-Coupled HVAC Elbows. HVAC R Res. 2005, 11, 133–146. Ministerio de Vivienda. Resolucion 0799 de 2021; Ministerio de Vivienda: Santa fé de Bogotá, Colombia, 2021. Khan, T.S.; Dai, Y.; Alshehhi, M.S.; Khezzar, L. Experimental Flow Characterization of Sand Particles for Pneumatic Transport in Horizontal Circular Pipes. Powder Technol. 2016, 292, 158–168. Nguyen, Q.K.; Jung, K.H.; Lee, G.N.; Park, S.B.; Kim, J.M.; Suh, S.B.; Lee, J. Experimental Study on Pressure Characteristics and Flow Coefficient of Butterfly Valve. Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean. Eng. 2022, 15, 100495. Kwon, H.J. Head Loss Coefficient Regarding Backflow Preventer for Transient Flow. KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 2008, 12, 205–211. Wen, Q.; Liu, Y.; Chen, Z.; Wang, W. Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of Flow Characteristics for a Butterfly Check Valve in Small Modular Reactor. Nucl. Eng. Des. 2022, 391, 111732. [ AL-Washali, T.; Mahardani, M.; Sharma, S.; Arregui, F.; Kennedy, M. Impact of Float-Valves on Water Meter Performance under Intermittent and Continuous Supply Conditions. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2020, 163, 105091. Gilbert, M. Principles of Pressure Transducer Function, and Sources of Error in Clinical Use. Anaesth. Intensive Care Med. 2015, 16, 1–6. Torres-Guzman, J.; Forastieri, J. Differential Pressure Comparison from 5 Pa to 500 Pa with a Liquid Column Manometer between CENAM (Mexico) and INTI—Fisica y Metrologia (Argentina). Measurement 2013, 46, 4328–4331. |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Javier CarpinteroCarpintero Durango, Javier Andrésvirtual::79-1Martínez, BrayanJonathan FábregasFábregas Villegas, Jonathanvirtual::80-1Pérez, JoséFausto A. CanalesCanales, Faustovirtual::81-12025-01-20T22:11:00Z2025-01-20T22:11:00Z2023-07-05Carpintero, J.; Martinez, B.; Fábregas, J.; Pérez, J.; Canales, F.A. Hydraulic Characterization of a Check Valve for Low-Pressure Potable Water Distribution Applications. Water 2023, 15, 2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132475https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1392910.3390/w151324752073-4441Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The potable water in residential hydraulic networks is measured using volumetric meters. However, when the water carries air bubbles or pockets through the pipes, the accuracy of the meter readings is reduced, which can negatively impact the billing that users pay for their water consumption. A check valve accessory exists that reduces the size of these air bubbles to correct the meter readings and improve the service experience. However, the device has only been tested for networks with relative pressures higher than 275.79 kPa. This research proposes to characterize the hydraulic behavior of the accessory through an experimental procedure in which the operating conditions are similar to those found in water networks in Latin America, where the networks have relative pressures lower than 275.79 kPa. The study found that the accessory significantly reduces the coefficient of loss for velocities greater than 1 m/s. The use of the device is suggested in flow regimes with Reynolds numbers close to 20,000 for operating conditions of temperatures close to 25 °C and residential pipes with an internal diameter of 20.9 mm and a flow velocity between 1.3 m/s and 1.78 m/s. This condition allows it to operate with minimal local energy loss and a low coefficient of loss, providing an improved service experience.16 páginasapplication/pdfengMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)Switzerlandhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/13/2475Hydraulic characterization of a check valve for low-pressure potable water distribution applicationsArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85WaterVillegas, J.F.; Carpintero, J.; Díaz Cantillo, Á.; Fábregas Villegas, J.; Durango, J.C. Numerical Simulation of the Air Content of a Two-Phase Flow in a Non-Return Valve for the Correction of Billing Measures in Domestic Drinking Water Networks. Technol. Rep. Kansai Univ. 2020, 62, 2589–2594.Brandt, M.J.; Johnson, K.M.; Elphinston, A.J.; Ratnayaka, D.D. Chapter 18—Valves and Meters. In Twort’s Water Supply, 7th ed.; Butterworth-Heinemann: Boston, MA, USA, 2017; pp. 743–775, ISBN 978-0-08-100025-0.Ali, F.; Saidi, M.F.H. Water Leakage Detection Based on Automatic Meter Reading. In Proceedings of the 2021 15th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (IMCOM), Seoul, Republich of Korea, 4–6 January 2021; pp. 1–7.Pietrosanto, A.; Carratù, M.; Liguori, C. Sensitivity of Water Meters to Small Leakage. Measurement 2021, 168, 108479.DiCarlo, M.F.; Berglund, E.Z. Using Advanced Metering Infrastructure Data to Evaluate Consumer Compliance with Water Advisories during a Water Service Interruption. Water Res. 2022, 221, 118802.Pothof, I.W.M.; Clemens, F.H.L.R. Experimental Study of Air-Water Flow in Downward Sloping Pipes. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2011, 37, 278–292.Carpintero, J.; Canales, F.A.; Fábregas, J.; Ávila, J. Factors and Interactions That Influence the Pressure Drop Across An Air Volume Reducing Device on Low—Pressure Water Distribution Networks. Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng. 2021, 46, 1433–1443.Carpintero, J.; Fabregas, J.; Pérez, S.; Pacheco, J.; Villa, J.; Fontalvo, C. Ingeniería Inversa Sobre Un Dispositivo Ahorrador de Consumo de Agua Para Su Potencial Aplicación En Ciudades Con Presiones Hidráulicas Por Debajo de 40 PSIg. Rev. Gest. Compet. Innov. 2018, 68–78.Ecowa México S.A.P.I. de C.V. Ecowa Air Retention. Available online: https://ecowa.com.mx/ (accessed on 2 July 2023).Ministerio de Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio Resolución 0330 de 2017: “Por La Cual Se Adopta el Reglamento Técnico Para el Sector de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Básico-RAS-y Se Derogan las Resoluciones 1096 de 2000, 0424 de 2001, 0668 de 2003, 1459 de 2005, 1447 de 2005 y 2320 de 2009; Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio: Bogotá, Colombia, 2017; p. 182.Comisión Nacional del Agua. Manual Para el Diseño de Sistemas de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado Sanitario—Diseño de Redes de Distribución de Agua Potable; Comisión Nacional del Agua: México, Mexico, 2007.Nguyen, Q.K.; Jung, K.H.; Lee, G.N.; Park, H.J.; To, P.; Suh, S.B.; Lee, J. Bubble Formation in Globe Valve and Flow Characteristics of Partially Filled Pipe Water Flow. Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean. Eng. 2021, 13, 554–565.Mott, R.; Utener, J. Applied Fluids Mechanics, 7th ed.; Pearson: London, UK, 2015; Volume 1, ISBN 978-0-13-255892-1.Meniconi, S.; Brunone, B.; Mazzetti, E.; Laucelli, D.B.; Borta, G. Pressure Reducing Valve Characterization for Pipe System Management. Procedia Eng. 2016, 162, 455–462.Amankwaa, G.; Heeks, R.; Browne, A.L. Smartening up: User Experience with Smart Water Metering Infrastructure in an African City. Util. Policy 2023, 80, 101478.Oberascher, M.; Rauch, W.; Sitzenfrei, R. Towards a Smart Water City: A Comprehensive Review of Applications, Data Requirements, and Communication Technologies for Integrated Management. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2022, 76, 103442.Zhao, L.; Wu, J.Y.; Jin, Z.J.; Qian, J.Y. Cavitation Effect on Flow Resistance of Sleeve Regulating Valve. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2022, 88, 102259.Gan, R.; Li, B.; Liu, S.; Wu, Z.; Peng, Y.; Yang, G. Multi Structural Parameter Analysis Based on the Labyrinth Valve Design with High Pressure Drop and Low Noise. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2023, 89, 102301.Go, T.-S.; Kim, K. The Effect of Divergence Angle on the Control Valve Trim Characteristics. J. Fluid Mach. 2013, 16, 32–39.Forero, D. CFD Analysis of the Airflow Behavior in the Intake System of a Low-Displacement Diesel Engine. INGE CUC 2020, 16, 285–298.Benbella, S. Mixture Loss Coefficient of Safety Valves Used in Nuclear Plants. Nucl. Eng. Des. 2009, 239, 1779–1788.Iravani, M.; Toghraie, D. Design a High-Pressure Test System to Investigate the Performance Characteristics of Ball Valves in a Compressible Choked Flow. Measurement 2020, 151, 107200.Yu, R.; Wu, Y.; Chen, X.; Wu, X. Study on the Design of Ball Valve Based on Elastic Ring Valve Seat Structure and Fluid Characteristics and Fatigue Strength. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2023, 89, 102302.Zhao, Y.; Wang, P.; Sun, Q.; Feng, D.; Tu, Y. Modeling and Experiment of Pressure Drop on Valve Section of Hydraulic Oscillator. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2022, 208, 109294.de Moraes, M.S.; Torneiros, D.L.M.; da Silva Rosa, V.; Higa, J.S.; De Castro, Y.R.; Santos, A.R.; de Almeida Coelho, N.M.; de Moraes Júnior, D. Experimental Quantification of the Head Loss Coefficient K for Fittings and Semi-Industrial Pipe Cross Section Solid Concentration Profile in Pneumatic Conveying of Polypropylene Pellets in Dilute Phase. Powder Technol. 2017, 310, 250–263.Amaranatha Raju, M.; Ashok Babu, T.P.; Ranganayakulu, C. Flow Boiling Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Analysis of R134a in a Brazed Heat Exchanger with Offset Strip Fins. Heat Mass Transf./Waerme-Stoffuebertragung 2017, 53, 3167–3180.Vinoth, R.; Sachuthananthan, B. Experimental Study of Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics of Microtube Condenser Using R134a. Int. J. Ambient. Energy 2022, 43, 4832–4837.Khayat, O.; Afarideh, H. Numerical Investigation of Non-Newtonian Liquid–Gas Flow in Venturi Flow Meter Using Computational Fluid Dynamics. Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Mech. 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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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