Recognizing, normalizing and articulating: an approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia

The dialectical relationship between ecosystems and society is complex; therefore, holistic approaches are required to address this complexity. This view also stands out in the ecosystem services valuation field, where different scholars and global platforms have drawn attention to the need to incor...

Full description

Autores:
Suarez, Andrés
Ruiz Agudelo, Cesar Augusto
Arias-Arévalo, Paola
Florez Yepes, Gloria Yaneth
Arciniegas, Nicolas
Vargas-Marín, Luis A.
Marulanda, Alejandro
Ramírez, Jesica
Castro Escobar, Edisson Stiven
Bastidas, Juan C.
Blanco, David
Tipo de recurso:
Article of investigation
Fecha de publicación:
2022
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9595
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9595
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Nature contributions to people
Plural valuation
Social participation
Integration
Decision making
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
id RCUC2_4ed8c114de75eb903f4ed2a050acaa24
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9595
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Recognizing, normalizing and articulating: an approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia
title Recognizing, normalizing and articulating: an approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia
spellingShingle Recognizing, normalizing and articulating: an approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia
Nature contributions to people
Plural valuation
Social participation
Integration
Decision making
title_short Recognizing, normalizing and articulating: an approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia
title_full Recognizing, normalizing and articulating: an approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia
title_fullStr Recognizing, normalizing and articulating: an approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia
title_full_unstemmed Recognizing, normalizing and articulating: an approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia
title_sort Recognizing, normalizing and articulating: an approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Suarez, Andrés
Ruiz Agudelo, Cesar Augusto
Arias-Arévalo, Paola
Florez Yepes, Gloria Yaneth
Arciniegas, Nicolas
Vargas-Marín, Luis A.
Marulanda, Alejandro
Ramírez, Jesica
Castro Escobar, Edisson Stiven
Bastidas, Juan C.
Blanco, David
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Suarez, Andrés
Ruiz Agudelo, Cesar Augusto
Arias-Arévalo, Paola
Florez Yepes, Gloria Yaneth
Arciniegas, Nicolas
Vargas-Marín, Luis A.
Marulanda, Alejandro
Ramírez, Jesica
Castro Escobar, Edisson Stiven
Bastidas, Juan C.
Blanco, David
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Nature contributions to people
Plural valuation
Social participation
Integration
Decision making
topic Nature contributions to people
Plural valuation
Social participation
Integration
Decision making
description The dialectical relationship between ecosystems and society is complex; therefore, holistic approaches are required to address this complexity. This view also stands out in the ecosystem services valuation field, where different scholars and global platforms have drawn attention to the need to incorporate plural valuation initiatives at decision-making. In this sense, through a comprehensive design, we conducted a multi-layered valuation of ecosystem services, and we highlighted multiple values in two areas of the province of Caldas, Colombia. We proposed a three-phase valuation process called Recognizing, Normalizing and Articulating values. Then, in cooperation with the regional environmental authority, we obtained different water-related ecosystem services values. Our results showed some warnings: first, we found mismatches between ecosystem services values; second, people assigned high values to ecosystems but the actual capacity of ecosystems to support ES is low. Finally, monetary values were marginal compared to social and ecological values. We conclude by saying that the more strata are assessed, the more values appear in the valuation scenarios, and those values could be conflicting. Our results have political implications, since they highlight the need to incorporate plural values as a fundamental tool for planning and land use in real scenarios where conflicts of interest and values are evident.
publishDate 2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-10-28T15:09:52Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-10-28T15:09:52Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2022
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv Andres Suarez, Cesar Augusto Ruiz-Agudelo, Paola Arias-Arévalo, Gloria Y. Flórez-Yepes, Nicolas Arciniegas, Luis A. Vargas-Marín, Alejandro Marulanda, Jesica Ramirez, Edisson Castro-Escobar, Juan C. Bastidas, David Blanco, Recognizing, normalizing and articulating: An approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia, Heliyon, Volume 8, Issue 9, 2022, e10622, ISSN 2405-8440, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10622.
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9595
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10622
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv 2405-8440
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv Andres Suarez, Cesar Augusto Ruiz-Agudelo, Paola Arias-Arévalo, Gloria Y. Flórez-Yepes, Nicolas Arciniegas, Luis A. Vargas-Marín, Alejandro Marulanda, Jesica Ramirez, Edisson Castro-Escobar, Juan C. Bastidas, David Blanco, Recognizing, normalizing and articulating: An approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia, Heliyon, Volume 8, Issue 9, 2022, e10622, ISSN 2405-8440, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10622.
10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10622
2405-8440
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9595
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Heliyon
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Arias-Arévalo et al., 2018 P. Arias-Arévalo, E. Gómez-Baggethun, B. Martín-López, M. Pérez-Rincón Widening the evaluative space for ecosystem services: a taxonomy of plural values and valuation methods Environ. Val., 27 (1) (2018), pp. 29-53
Arias-Arévalo et al., 2017 P. Arias-Arévalo, B. Martín-López, E. Gómez-Baggethun Exploring intrinsic, instrumental, and relational values for sustainable management of social-ecological systems Ecol. Soc., 22 (4) (2017)
Bhaskar, 2008 R. Bhaskar A Realistic Theory of Science Routledge (2008)
Bhaskar et al., 2010 R. Bhaskar, C. Frank, K.G. Høyer, P. Næss, J. Parker Interdisciplinarity and climate change: transforming knowledge and practice for our global future Interdisciplinarity and Climate Change: Transforming Knowledge and Practice for Our Global Future (2010)
Biggs et al., 2021 R. Biggs, A.de Vos, R. Preiser, H. Clements, K. Maciejewski, M. Schlüter The routledge handbook of research methods for social-ecological systems The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods for Social-Ecological Systems (2021)
Brück et al., 2022 M. Brück, D.J. Abson, J. Fischer, J. Schultner Broadening the scope of ecosystem services research: disaggregation as a powerful concept for sustainable natural resource management Ecosyst. Serv., 53 (June 2021) (2022), Article 101399
Campagne and Roche, 2018 S.C. Campagne, P.K. Roche May the matrix be with you! Guidelines for the application of expert-based matrix approach for ecosystem services assessment and mapping One Ecosyst., 3 (2018)
Coelho-Junior et al., 2021 M.G. Coelho-Junior, A.L. de Oliveira, E.C. da Silva-Neto, T.C. Castor-Neto, A.A.d.O. Tavares, V.M. Basso, A.P.D. Turetta, P.E. Perkins, A.G. de Carvalho Exploring plural values of ecosystem services: local peoples’ perceptions and implications for protected area management in the atlantic forest of Brazil Sustainability, 13 (3) (2021), pp. 1-20
Creswell and Creswell, 2018 J. Creswell, J. Creswell Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (Fifht) SAGE Publications, Inc (2018)
Dendoncker et al., 2018 N. Dendoncker, F. Turkelboom, F. Boeraeve, A. Boerema, S. Broekx, C. Fontaine, R. Demeyer, R. De Vreese, G. Devillet, H. Keune, L. Janssens, I. Liekens, E. Lord-Tarte, F. Popa, I. Simoens, N. Smeets, P. Ulenaers, A. Van Herzele, K. Van Tichelen, S. Jacobs Integrating ecosystem services values for sustainability? Evidence from the Belgium ecosystem services community of practice Ecosyst. Serv., 31 (2018), pp. 68-76
Díaz et al., 2018 B.S. Díaz, U. Pascual, M. Stenseke, B. Martín-lópez, R.T. Watson, Z. Molnár, R. Hill, K.M.A. Chan, I.A. Baste, K.A. Brauman, S. Polasky, A. Church, M. Lonsdale, A. Larigauderie, P.W. Leadley, P.E. Alexander, V. Oudenhoven, F. Van Der Plaat, M. Schröter, et al. Assessing nature’s contributions to people Science, 359 (6373) (2018)
Ebner et al., 2022 M. Ebner, V. Fontana, U. Schirpke, U. Tappeiner Stakeholder perspectives on ecosystem services of mountain lakes in the European Alps Ecosyst. Serv., 53 (October 2021) (2022), Article 101386
Elder-Vass, 2022 D. Elder-Vass Pragmatism, critical realism and the study of value J. Crit. Realism (2022), pp. 1-27
Friedrichsen et al., 2021 C.N. Friedrichsen, M.C. Monroe, S.H. Daroub, S.P. Wani Yuck! Plural valuation of constructed wetland maintenance for decentralized wastewater treatment in rural India Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 4 (January) (2021), pp. 1-16
Gale and Ednie, 2020 T. Gale, A. Ednie Can intrinsic, instrumental, and relational value assignments inform more integrative methods of protected area conflict resolution? Exploratory findings from Aysén, Chile J. Tourism Cult. Change, 18 (6) (2020), pp. 690-710
Gómez-Baggethun and Martín-López, 2015 E. Gómez-Baggethun, B. Martín-López Ecological economics perspectives on ecosystem services valuation Handbook of Ecological Economics (2015), pp. 260-282
Gsottbauer et al., 2015 E. Gsottbauer, I. Logar, J. van den Bergh Towards a fair, constructive and consistent criticism of all valuation languages: comment on Kallis et al. (2013) Ecol. Econ., 112 (2015), pp. 164-169
Gwet, 2015 K.L. Gwet On Krippendorff ’ S Alpha Coefficient (Issue 1971 (2015)
Herbst et al., 2020 D.F. Herbst, L.C. Gerhardinger, D.A. Vila-Nova, F.G. de Carvalho, N. Hanazaki Integrated and deliberative multidimensional assessment of a subtropical coastal-marine ecosystem (Babitonga bay, Brazil) Ocean Coast Manag., 196 (July 2019) (2020), Article 105279
Himes et al., 2020 A. Himes, K. Puettmann, B. Muraca Trade-offs between ecosystem services along gradients of tree species diversity and values Ecosyst. Serv., 44 (September 2019) (2020), Article 101133
IDEAM, 2013 IDEAM Lineamientos conceptuales y metodológicos para la evaluación regional del agua - ERA 2013 (2013) Bogotá, Colombia2. Available at: http://documentacion.ideam.gov.co/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=10753 retrieved on 31.05.2023
Jacobs et al., 2016 S. Jacobs, N. Dendoncker, B. Martín-López, D.N. Barton, E. Gomez-Baggethun, F. Boeraeve, F.L. McGrath, K. Vierikko, D. Geneletti, K.J. Sevecke, N. Pipart, E. Primmer, P. Mederly, S. Schmidt, A. Aragão, H. Baral, R.H. Bark, T. Briceno, D. Brogna, et al. A new valuation school: integrating diverse values of nature in resource and land use decisions Ecosyst. Serv., 22 (November) (2016), pp. 213-220
Kallis et al., 2013 G. Kallis, E. Gómez-Baggethun, C. Zografos To value or not to value? That is not the question Ecol. Econ., 94 (2013), pp. 97-105
Kenter, 2016 J.O. Kenter Integrating deliberative monetary valuation, systems modelling and participatory mapping to assess shared values of ecosystem services Ecosyst. Serv., 21 (2016), pp. 291-307
Koemle and Yu, 2020 D. Koemle, X. Yu Choice experiments in non-market value analysis: some methodological issues Forestry Economics Review, 2 (1) (2020), pp. 3-31
Lau, 2015 J. Lau What Matters to Whom and Why? Understanding the Importance of Coastal Ecosystem Services in Developing Coastal Communities (2015), pp. 2015-2017
Li et al., 2021 M. Li, D. Liang, J. Xia, J. Song, D. Cheng, J. Wu, Y. Cao, H. Sun, Q. Li Evaluation of water conservation function of danjiang river basin in qinling mountains, China based on InVEST model J. Environ. Manag., 286 (February) (2021)
Liquete et al., 2016 C. Liquete, A. Udias, G. Conte, B. Grizzetti, F. Masi Integrated valuation of a nature-based solution for water pollution control. Highlighting hidden benefits Ecosyst. Serv., 22 (December 2015) (2016), pp. 392-401
Lopes and Videira, 2019 R. Lopes, N. Videira How to articulate the multiple value dimensions of ecosystem services? Insights from implementing the PArticulatES framework in a coastal social-ecological system in Portugal Ecosyst. Serv., 38 (June) (2019), Article 100955
Manzolli et al., 2022 R. Manzolli, D. Blanco, L. Portz, A. Yanes, S. Zielinski, A. Ruiz, A. Suarez Large wood debris contributes to beach ecosystems but Colombian beachgoer’s do not recognize it Suatainability, 14 (2022), pp. 1-22
Maydana et al., 2020 G. Maydana, M. Romagnoli, M. Cunha, M. Portapila Integrated valuation of alternative land use scenarios in the agricultural ecosystem of a watershed with limited available data, in the Pampas region of Argentina Sci. Total Environ., 714 (2020), Article 136430
Melnikovas, 2018 A. Melnikovas Towards an explicit research methodology: adapting research onion model for futures studies Journal of Futures Studies, 23 (2) (2018), pp. 29-44
Muñoz-Rios et al., 2020 L.A. Muñoz-Rios, J. Vargas-Villegas, A. Suarez Local perceptions about rural abandonment drivers in the Colombian coffee region: insights from the city of Manizales Land Use Pol., 91 (2020)
Neuteleers and Hugé, 2021 S. Neuteleers, J. Hugé Value pluralism in ecosystem services assessments: closing the gap between academia and conservation practitioners Ecosyst. Serv., 49 (May) (2021), pp. 2016-2017
Pandeya et al., 2016 B. Pandeya, W. Buytaert, Z. Zulkafli, T. Karpouzoglou, F. Mao, D.M. Hannah A comparative analysis of ecosystem services valuation approaches for application at the local scale and in data scarce regions Ecosyst. Serv., 22 (October) (2016), pp. 250-259
Pascual et al., 2017 U. Pascual, P. Balvanera, S. Dı, E. Roth, M. Stenseke, R.T. Watson, E. Ba, M. Islar, E. Kelemen, V. Maris, M. Quaas, S.M. Subramanian, H. Wittmer, A. Adlan, S. Ahn, Y.S. Al-hafedh, E. Amankwah, S.T. Asah, P. Berry, et al. Valuing nature ’ s contributions to people : the IPBES approach Erik Go Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health, 26–27 (2017), pp. 7-16
Peck and Khirfan, 2021 M. Peck, L. Khirfan Improving the validity and credibility of the sociocultural valuation of ecosystem services in Amman, Jordan Ecol. Econ., 189 (2021), Article 107111
Peh et al., 2016 K.S.H. Peh, I. Thapa, M. Basnyat, A. Balmford, G.P. Bhattarai, R.B. Bradbury, C. Brown, S.H.M. Butchart, M. Dhakal, H. Gurung, F.M.R. Hughes, M. Mulligan, B. Pandeya, A.J. Stattersfield, D.H.L. Thomas, M. Walpole, J.C. Merriman Synergies between biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provision: lessons on integrated ecosystem service valuation from a Himalayan protected area, Nepal Ecosyst. Serv., 22 (2016), pp. 359-369
Pereira et al., 2020 L.M. Pereira, K.K. Davies, E. den Belder, S. Ferrier, S. Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, H.J. Kim, J.J. Kuiper, S. Okayasu, M.G. Palomo, H.M. Pereira, G. Peterson, J. Sathyapalan, M. Schoolenberg, R. Alkemade, S. Carvalho Ribeiro, A. Greenaway, J. Hauck, N. King, T. Lazarova, et al. Developing multiscale and integrative nature–people scenarios using the Nature Futures Framework People and Nature, 2 (4) (2020), pp. 1172-1195
Phelan and Jacobs, 2016 A.(Anya) Phelan, S. Jacobs Facing the true cost of fracking; social externalities and the role of integrated valuation Ecosyst. Serv., 22 (November) (2016), pp. 348-358
Raymond and Kenter, 2016 C.M. Raymond, J.O. Kenter Transcendental values and the valuation and management of ecosystem services Ecosyst. Serv., 21 (2016), pp. 241-257
Rincón-Ruiz et al., 2019 A. Rincón-Ruiz, P. Arias-Arévalo, J.M. Núñez Hernández, H. Cotler, M. Aguado Caso, P. Meli, A. Tauro, V.D. Ávila Akerberg, V.S. Avila-Foucat, J.P. Cardenas, L.A. Castillo Hernández, L.G. Castro, V.A. Cerón Hernández, A. Contreras Araque, J. Deschamps-Lomeli, J.M. Galeana-Pizaña, K. Guillén Oñate, J.A. Hernández Aguilar, A.D. Jimenez, et al. Applying integrated valuation of ecosystem services in Latin America: insights from 21 case studies Ecosyst. Serv., 36 (45) (2019), Article 100901
Rojas et al., 2019 A.M. Rojas, C.A. Ruiz–Agudelo, M.C. Diazgranados, H. Polanco, R. Anderson Approach to an integral valuation of mangrove’s ecosystem services in a marine protected area. Colombian Pacific region Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 8 (3) (2019), pp. 322-342
Saarikoski et al., 2016 H. Saarikoski, J. Mustajoki, D.N. Barton, D. Geneletti, J. Langemeyer, E. Gomez-Baggethun, M. Marttunen, P. Antunes, H. Keune, R. Santos Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis and Cost-Benefit Analysis: comparing alternative frameworks for integrated valuation of ecosystem services Ecosyst. Serv., 22 (November) (2016), pp. 238-249
Spash, 2012 C.L. Spash New foundations for ecological economics Ecol. Econ., 77 (2012), pp. 36-47
Suarez et al., 2021 A. Suarez, C. Ruiz-Agudelo, E. Castro-Escobar, G.Y. Flórez-Yepes, L.A. Vargas-Marín On the mismatches between the monetary and social values of air purification in the colombian andean region: a case study Forests, 12 (9) (2021)
TEEB, 2010 TEEB The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: mainstreaming the economics of nature: a synthesis of the approach, conclusions and recommendations of TEEB available at: http://teebweb.org/publications/teeb-for/synthesis/ (2010)
Tusznio et al., 2020 J. Tusznio, A. Pietrzyk-Kaszyńska, M. Rechciński, A. Olszańska, M. Grodzińska-Jurczak Application of the ecosystem services concept at the local level – challenges, opportunities, and limitations Ecosyst. Serv., 42 (January) (2020)
Villegas-Palacio et al., 2016 C. Villegas-Palacio, L. Berrouet, C. López, A. Ruiz, A. Upegui Lessons from the integrated valuation of ecosystem services in a developing country: three case studies on ecological, socio-cultural and economic valuation Ecosyst. Serv., 22 (November) (2016), pp. 297-308
Wam et al., 2016 H.K. Wam, N. Bunnefeld, N. Clarke, O. Hofstad Conflicting interests of ecosystem services: multi-criteria modelling and indirect evaluation of trade-offs between monetary and non-monetary measures Ecosyst. Serv., 22 (August) (2016), pp. 280-288
Zafra-Calvo et al., 2020 N. Zafra-Calvo, P. Balvanera, U. Pascual, J. Merçon, B. Martín-López, M. van Noordwijk, T.H. Mwampamba, S. Lele, C. Ifejika Speranza, P. Arias-Arévalo, D. Cabrol, D.M. Cáceres, P. O’Farrell, S.M. Subramanian, S. Devy, S. Krishnan, R. Carmenta, L. Guibrunet, Y. Kraus-Elsin, et al. Plural valuation of nature for equity and sustainability: insights from the Global South Global Environ. Change, 63 (May) (2020), Article 102115
Zhang et al., 2004 L. Zhang, K. Hickel, W.R. Dawes, F.H.S. Chiew, A.W. Western, P.R. Briggs A rational function approach for estimating mean annual evapotranspiration Water Resour. Res., 40 (2) (2004), pp. 1-14
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 12
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 9
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 8
dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 12 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.coverage.country.none.fl_str_mv Colombia
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Elsevier BV
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Netherlands
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844022019107
institution Corporación Universidad de la Costa
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/cea3920c-76b4-4f12-970a-3393071f65af/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/8f31f6d6-c549-4a48-9b92-d41cf24bbae6/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/097c8444-ef3f-4954-8537-f432d06aa3b6/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/63d6f8ed-0744-45cd-8aa4-9b17023bbaca/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 844d6836e55e7c911c382134a4f846f2
2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7a
077ca14af7c6787856a9de52b685ff39
71efda20f36192d23b786c6d7c77a662
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repdigital@cuc.edu.co
_version_ 1828166810745176064
spelling Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Suarez, AndrésRuiz Agudelo, Cesar AugustoArias-Arévalo, PaolaFlorez Yepes, Gloria YanethArciniegas, NicolasVargas-Marín, Luis A.Marulanda, AlejandroRamírez, JesicaCastro Escobar, Edisson StivenBastidas, Juan C.Blanco, David2022-10-28T15:09:52Z2022-10-28T15:09:52Z2022Andres Suarez, Cesar Augusto Ruiz-Agudelo, Paola Arias-Arévalo, Gloria Y. Flórez-Yepes, Nicolas Arciniegas, Luis A. Vargas-Marín, Alejandro Marulanda, Jesica Ramirez, Edisson Castro-Escobar, Juan C. Bastidas, David Blanco, Recognizing, normalizing and articulating: An approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia, Heliyon, Volume 8, Issue 9, 2022, e10622, ISSN 2405-8440, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10622.https://hdl.handle.net/11323/959510.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e106222405-8440Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The dialectical relationship between ecosystems and society is complex; therefore, holistic approaches are required to address this complexity. This view also stands out in the ecosystem services valuation field, where different scholars and global platforms have drawn attention to the need to incorporate plural valuation initiatives at decision-making. In this sense, through a comprehensive design, we conducted a multi-layered valuation of ecosystem services, and we highlighted multiple values in two areas of the province of Caldas, Colombia. We proposed a three-phase valuation process called Recognizing, Normalizing and Articulating values. Then, in cooperation with the regional environmental authority, we obtained different water-related ecosystem services values. Our results showed some warnings: first, we found mismatches between ecosystem services values; second, people assigned high values to ecosystems but the actual capacity of ecosystems to support ES is low. Finally, monetary values were marginal compared to social and ecological values. We conclude by saying that the more strata are assessed, the more values appear in the valuation scenarios, and those values could be conflicting. Our results have political implications, since they highlight the need to incorporate plural values as a fundamental tool for planning and land use in real scenarios where conflicts of interest and values are evident.12 páginasapplication/pdfengElsevier BVNetherlandshttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844022019107Recognizing, normalizing and articulating: an approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in ColombiaArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85ColombiaHeliyonArias-Arévalo et al., 2018 P. Arias-Arévalo, E. Gómez-Baggethun, B. Martín-López, M. Pérez-Rincón Widening the evaluative space for ecosystem services: a taxonomy of plural values and valuation methods Environ. Val., 27 (1) (2018), pp. 29-53Arias-Arévalo et al., 2017 P. Arias-Arévalo, B. Martín-López, E. Gómez-Baggethun Exploring intrinsic, instrumental, and relational values for sustainable management of social-ecological systems Ecol. Soc., 22 (4) (2017)Bhaskar, 2008 R. Bhaskar A Realistic Theory of Science Routledge (2008)Bhaskar et al., 2010 R. Bhaskar, C. Frank, K.G. Høyer, P. Næss, J. Parker Interdisciplinarity and climate change: transforming knowledge and practice for our global future Interdisciplinarity and Climate Change: Transforming Knowledge and Practice for Our Global Future (2010)Biggs et al., 2021 R. Biggs, A.de Vos, R. Preiser, H. Clements, K. Maciejewski, M. Schlüter The routledge handbook of research methods for social-ecological systems The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods for Social-Ecological Systems (2021)Brück et al., 2022 M. Brück, D.J. Abson, J. Fischer, J. Schultner Broadening the scope of ecosystem services research: disaggregation as a powerful concept for sustainable natural resource management Ecosyst. Serv., 53 (June 2021) (2022), Article 101399Campagne and Roche, 2018 S.C. Campagne, P.K. Roche May the matrix be with you! Guidelines for the application of expert-based matrix approach for ecosystem services assessment and mapping One Ecosyst., 3 (2018)Coelho-Junior et al., 2021 M.G. Coelho-Junior, A.L. de Oliveira, E.C. da Silva-Neto, T.C. Castor-Neto, A.A.d.O. Tavares, V.M. Basso, A.P.D. Turetta, P.E. Perkins, A.G. de Carvalho Exploring plural values of ecosystem services: local peoples’ perceptions and implications for protected area management in the atlantic forest of Brazil Sustainability, 13 (3) (2021), pp. 1-20Creswell and Creswell, 2018 J. Creswell, J. Creswell Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (Fifht) SAGE Publications, Inc (2018)Dendoncker et al., 2018 N. Dendoncker, F. Turkelboom, F. Boeraeve, A. Boerema, S. Broekx, C. Fontaine, R. Demeyer, R. De Vreese, G. Devillet, H. Keune, L. Janssens, I. Liekens, E. Lord-Tarte, F. Popa, I. Simoens, N. Smeets, P. Ulenaers, A. Van Herzele, K. Van Tichelen, S. Jacobs Integrating ecosystem services values for sustainability? Evidence from the Belgium ecosystem services community of practice Ecosyst. Serv., 31 (2018), pp. 68-76Díaz et al., 2018 B.S. Díaz, U. Pascual, M. Stenseke, B. Martín-lópez, R.T. Watson, Z. Molnár, R. Hill, K.M.A. Chan, I.A. Baste, K.A. Brauman, S. Polasky, A. Church, M. Lonsdale, A. Larigauderie, P.W. Leadley, P.E. Alexander, V. Oudenhoven, F. Van Der Plaat, M. Schröter, et al. Assessing nature’s contributions to people Science, 359 (6373) (2018)Ebner et al., 2022 M. Ebner, V. Fontana, U. Schirpke, U. Tappeiner Stakeholder perspectives on ecosystem services of mountain lakes in the European Alps Ecosyst. Serv., 53 (October 2021) (2022), Article 101386Elder-Vass, 2022 D. Elder-Vass Pragmatism, critical realism and the study of value J. Crit. Realism (2022), pp. 1-27Friedrichsen et al., 2021 C.N. Friedrichsen, M.C. Monroe, S.H. Daroub, S.P. Wani Yuck! Plural valuation of constructed wetland maintenance for decentralized wastewater treatment in rural India Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 4 (January) (2021), pp. 1-16Gale and Ednie, 2020 T. Gale, A. Ednie Can intrinsic, instrumental, and relational value assignments inform more integrative methods of protected area conflict resolution? Exploratory findings from Aysén, Chile J. Tourism Cult. Change, 18 (6) (2020), pp. 690-710Gómez-Baggethun and Martín-López, 2015 E. Gómez-Baggethun, B. Martín-López Ecological economics perspectives on ecosystem services valuation Handbook of Ecological Economics (2015), pp. 260-282Gsottbauer et al., 2015 E. Gsottbauer, I. Logar, J. van den Bergh Towards a fair, constructive and consistent criticism of all valuation languages: comment on Kallis et al. (2013) Ecol. Econ., 112 (2015), pp. 164-169Gwet, 2015 K.L. Gwet On Krippendorff ’ S Alpha Coefficient (Issue 1971 (2015)Herbst et al., 2020 D.F. Herbst, L.C. Gerhardinger, D.A. Vila-Nova, F.G. de Carvalho, N. Hanazaki Integrated and deliberative multidimensional assessment of a subtropical coastal-marine ecosystem (Babitonga bay, Brazil) Ocean Coast Manag., 196 (July 2019) (2020), Article 105279Himes et al., 2020 A. Himes, K. Puettmann, B. Muraca Trade-offs between ecosystem services along gradients of tree species diversity and values Ecosyst. Serv., 44 (September 2019) (2020), Article 101133IDEAM, 2013 IDEAM Lineamientos conceptuales y metodológicos para la evaluación regional del agua - ERA 2013 (2013) Bogotá, Colombia2. Available at: http://documentacion.ideam.gov.co/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=10753 retrieved on 31.05.2023Jacobs et al., 2016 S. Jacobs, N. Dendoncker, B. Martín-López, D.N. Barton, E. Gomez-Baggethun, F. Boeraeve, F.L. McGrath, K. Vierikko, D. Geneletti, K.J. Sevecke, N. Pipart, E. Primmer, P. Mederly, S. Schmidt, A. Aragão, H. Baral, R.H. Bark, T. Briceno, D. Brogna, et al. A new valuation school: integrating diverse values of nature in resource and land use decisions Ecosyst. Serv., 22 (November) (2016), pp. 213-220Kallis et al., 2013 G. Kallis, E. Gómez-Baggethun, C. Zografos To value or not to value? That is not the question Ecol. Econ., 94 (2013), pp. 97-105Kenter, 2016 J.O. Kenter Integrating deliberative monetary valuation, systems modelling and participatory mapping to assess shared values of ecosystem services Ecosyst. Serv., 21 (2016), pp. 291-307Koemle and Yu, 2020 D. Koemle, X. Yu Choice experiments in non-market value analysis: some methodological issues Forestry Economics Review, 2 (1) (2020), pp. 3-31Lau, 2015 J. Lau What Matters to Whom and Why? Understanding the Importance of Coastal Ecosystem Services in Developing Coastal Communities (2015), pp. 2015-2017Li et al., 2021 M. Li, D. Liang, J. Xia, J. Song, D. Cheng, J. Wu, Y. Cao, H. Sun, Q. Li Evaluation of water conservation function of danjiang river basin in qinling mountains, China based on InVEST model J. Environ. Manag., 286 (February) (2021)Liquete et al., 2016 C. Liquete, A. Udias, G. Conte, B. Grizzetti, F. Masi Integrated valuation of a nature-based solution for water pollution control. Highlighting hidden benefits Ecosyst. Serv., 22 (December 2015) (2016), pp. 392-401Lopes and Videira, 2019 R. Lopes, N. Videira How to articulate the multiple value dimensions of ecosystem services? Insights from implementing the PArticulatES framework in a coastal social-ecological system in Portugal Ecosyst. Serv., 38 (June) (2019), Article 100955Manzolli et al., 2022 R. Manzolli, D. Blanco, L. Portz, A. Yanes, S. Zielinski, A. Ruiz, A. Suarez Large wood debris contributes to beach ecosystems but Colombian beachgoer’s do not recognize it Suatainability, 14 (2022), pp. 1-22Maydana et al., 2020 G. Maydana, M. Romagnoli, M. Cunha, M. Portapila Integrated valuation of alternative land use scenarios in the agricultural ecosystem of a watershed with limited available data, in the Pampas region of Argentina Sci. Total Environ., 714 (2020), Article 136430Melnikovas, 2018 A. Melnikovas Towards an explicit research methodology: adapting research onion model for futures studies Journal of Futures Studies, 23 (2) (2018), pp. 29-44Muñoz-Rios et al., 2020 L.A. Muñoz-Rios, J. Vargas-Villegas, A. Suarez Local perceptions about rural abandonment drivers in the Colombian coffee region: insights from the city of Manizales Land Use Pol., 91 (2020)Neuteleers and Hugé, 2021 S. Neuteleers, J. Hugé Value pluralism in ecosystem services assessments: closing the gap between academia and conservation practitioners Ecosyst. Serv., 49 (May) (2021), pp. 2016-2017Pandeya et al., 2016 B. Pandeya, W. Buytaert, Z. Zulkafli, T. Karpouzoglou, F. Mao, D.M. Hannah A comparative analysis of ecosystem services valuation approaches for application at the local scale and in data scarce regions Ecosyst. Serv., 22 (October) (2016), pp. 250-259Pascual et al., 2017 U. Pascual, P. Balvanera, S. Dı, E. Roth, M. Stenseke, R.T. Watson, E. Ba, M. Islar, E. Kelemen, V. Maris, M. Quaas, S.M. Subramanian, H. Wittmer, A. Adlan, S. Ahn, Y.S. Al-hafedh, E. Amankwah, S.T. Asah, P. Berry, et al. Valuing nature ’ s contributions to people : the IPBES approach Erik Go Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health, 26–27 (2017), pp. 7-16Peck and Khirfan, 2021 M. Peck, L. Khirfan Improving the validity and credibility of the sociocultural valuation of ecosystem services in Amman, Jordan Ecol. Econ., 189 (2021), Article 107111Peh et al., 2016 K.S.H. Peh, I. Thapa, M. Basnyat, A. Balmford, G.P. Bhattarai, R.B. Bradbury, C. Brown, S.H.M. Butchart, M. Dhakal, H. Gurung, F.M.R. Hughes, M. Mulligan, B. Pandeya, A.J. Stattersfield, D.H.L. Thomas, M. Walpole, J.C. Merriman Synergies between biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provision: lessons on integrated ecosystem service valuation from a Himalayan protected area, Nepal Ecosyst. Serv., 22 (2016), pp. 359-369Pereira et al., 2020 L.M. Pereira, K.K. Davies, E. den Belder, S. Ferrier, S. Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, H.J. Kim, J.J. Kuiper, S. Okayasu, M.G. Palomo, H.M. Pereira, G. Peterson, J. Sathyapalan, M. Schoolenberg, R. Alkemade, S. Carvalho Ribeiro, A. Greenaway, J. Hauck, N. King, T. Lazarova, et al. Developing multiscale and integrative nature–people scenarios using the Nature Futures Framework People and Nature, 2 (4) (2020), pp. 1172-1195Phelan and Jacobs, 2016 A.(Anya) Phelan, S. Jacobs Facing the true cost of fracking; social externalities and the role of integrated valuation Ecosyst. Serv., 22 (November) (2016), pp. 348-358Raymond and Kenter, 2016 C.M. Raymond, J.O. Kenter Transcendental values and the valuation and management of ecosystem services Ecosyst. Serv., 21 (2016), pp. 241-257Rincón-Ruiz et al., 2019 A. Rincón-Ruiz, P. Arias-Arévalo, J.M. Núñez Hernández, H. Cotler, M. Aguado Caso, P. Meli, A. Tauro, V.D. Ávila Akerberg, V.S. Avila-Foucat, J.P. Cardenas, L.A. Castillo Hernández, L.G. Castro, V.A. Cerón Hernández, A. Contreras Araque, J. Deschamps-Lomeli, J.M. Galeana-Pizaña, K. Guillén Oñate, J.A. Hernández Aguilar, A.D. Jimenez, et al. Applying integrated valuation of ecosystem services in Latin America: insights from 21 case studies Ecosyst. Serv., 36 (45) (2019), Article 100901Rojas et al., 2019 A.M. Rojas, C.A. Ruiz–Agudelo, M.C. Diazgranados, H. Polanco, R. Anderson Approach to an integral valuation of mangrove’s ecosystem services in a marine protected area. Colombian Pacific region Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 8 (3) (2019), pp. 322-342Saarikoski et al., 2016 H. Saarikoski, J. Mustajoki, D.N. Barton, D. Geneletti, J. Langemeyer, E. Gomez-Baggethun, M. Marttunen, P. Antunes, H. Keune, R. Santos Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis and Cost-Benefit Analysis: comparing alternative frameworks for integrated valuation of ecosystem services Ecosyst. Serv., 22 (November) (2016), pp. 238-249Spash, 2012 C.L. Spash New foundations for ecological economics Ecol. Econ., 77 (2012), pp. 36-47Suarez et al., 2021 A. Suarez, C. Ruiz-Agudelo, E. Castro-Escobar, G.Y. Flórez-Yepes, L.A. Vargas-Marín On the mismatches between the monetary and social values of air purification in the colombian andean region: a case study Forests, 12 (9) (2021)TEEB, 2010 TEEB The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: mainstreaming the economics of nature: a synthesis of the approach, conclusions and recommendations of TEEB available at: http://teebweb.org/publications/teeb-for/synthesis/ (2010)Tusznio et al., 2020 J. Tusznio, A. Pietrzyk-Kaszyńska, M. Rechciński, A. Olszańska, M. Grodzińska-Jurczak Application of the ecosystem services concept at the local level – challenges, opportunities, and limitations Ecosyst. Serv., 42 (January) (2020)Villegas-Palacio et al., 2016 C. Villegas-Palacio, L. Berrouet, C. López, A. Ruiz, A. Upegui Lessons from the integrated valuation of ecosystem services in a developing country: three case studies on ecological, socio-cultural and economic valuation Ecosyst. Serv., 22 (November) (2016), pp. 297-308Wam et al., 2016 H.K. Wam, N. Bunnefeld, N. Clarke, O. Hofstad Conflicting interests of ecosystem services: multi-criteria modelling and indirect evaluation of trade-offs between monetary and non-monetary measures Ecosyst. Serv., 22 (August) (2016), pp. 280-288Zafra-Calvo et al., 2020 N. Zafra-Calvo, P. Balvanera, U. Pascual, J. Merçon, B. Martín-López, M. van Noordwijk, T.H. Mwampamba, S. Lele, C. Ifejika Speranza, P. Arias-Arévalo, D. Cabrol, D.M. Cáceres, P. O’Farrell, S.M. Subramanian, S. Devy, S. Krishnan, R. Carmenta, L. Guibrunet, Y. Kraus-Elsin, et al. Plural valuation of nature for equity and sustainability: insights from the Global South Global Environ. Change, 63 (May) (2020), Article 102115Zhang et al., 2004 L. Zhang, K. Hickel, W.R. Dawes, F.H.S. Chiew, A.W. Western, P.R. Briggs A rational function approach for estimating mean annual evapotranspiration Water Resour. Res., 40 (2) (2004), pp. 1-1412198Nature contributions to peoplePlural valuationSocial participationIntegrationDecision makingPublicationORIGINALRecognizing, normalizing and articulating. An approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia.pdfRecognizing, normalizing and articulating. An approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf1771918https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/cea3920c-76b4-4f12-970a-3393071f65af/download844d6836e55e7c911c382134a4f846f2MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/8f31f6d6-c549-4a48-9b92-d41cf24bbae6/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTRecognizing, normalizing and articulating. An approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia.pdf.txtRecognizing, normalizing and articulating. An approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain68089https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/097c8444-ef3f-4954-8537-f432d06aa3b6/download077ca14af7c6787856a9de52b685ff39MD53THUMBNAILRecognizing, normalizing and articulating. An approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia.pdf.jpgRecognizing, normalizing and articulating. An approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg12885https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/63d6f8ed-0744-45cd-8aa4-9b17023bbaca/download71efda20f36192d23b786c6d7c77a662MD5411323/9595oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/95952024-09-17 14:12:37.119https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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