Evaluación de las concentraciones de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Cr y Pb) en productos cosméticos y su riesgo potencial a la salud humana
La creciente preocupación por la presencia de metales pesados en productos de uso diario, como los cosméticos, resalta la importancia de estudiar su posible impacto en la salud humana. En este estudio se evaluaron las concentraciones de metales pesados como cadmio (Cd), níquel (Ni), cromo (Cr) y plo...
- Autores:
-
Rincón Mendoza, Andrea Carolina
- Tipo de recurso:
- Trabajo de grado de pregrado
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2025
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/14240
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/14240
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Productos cosméticos
Bases de maquillaje
Espectrometría de emisión óptica de plasma acoplado inductivamente
Metales pesados
Riesgo potencial
Salud pública
Cosmetic products
Foundation makeup
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
Heavy metals
Potential risk
Public health
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
| id |
RCUC2_40cf6ca9f2f1c78c10ef7b8c3391bc39 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/14240 |
| network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
| network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Evaluación de las concentraciones de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Cr y Pb) en productos cosméticos y su riesgo potencial a la salud humana |
| title |
Evaluación de las concentraciones de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Cr y Pb) en productos cosméticos y su riesgo potencial a la salud humana |
| spellingShingle |
Evaluación de las concentraciones de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Cr y Pb) en productos cosméticos y su riesgo potencial a la salud humana Productos cosméticos Bases de maquillaje Espectrometría de emisión óptica de plasma acoplado inductivamente Metales pesados Riesgo potencial Salud pública Cosmetic products Foundation makeup Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry Heavy metals Potential risk Public health |
| title_short |
Evaluación de las concentraciones de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Cr y Pb) en productos cosméticos y su riesgo potencial a la salud humana |
| title_full |
Evaluación de las concentraciones de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Cr y Pb) en productos cosméticos y su riesgo potencial a la salud humana |
| title_fullStr |
Evaluación de las concentraciones de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Cr y Pb) en productos cosméticos y su riesgo potencial a la salud humana |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Evaluación de las concentraciones de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Cr y Pb) en productos cosméticos y su riesgo potencial a la salud humana |
| title_sort |
Evaluación de las concentraciones de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Cr y Pb) en productos cosméticos y su riesgo potencial a la salud humana |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Rincón Mendoza, Andrea Carolina |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Fuentes Gándara, Fabio Toloza Toloza, Carlos |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Rincón Mendoza, Andrea Carolina |
| dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv |
Gindri, Claudete De la Parra, Ana Cabrera, Wilman |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Productos cosméticos Bases de maquillaje Espectrometría de emisión óptica de plasma acoplado inductivamente Metales pesados Riesgo potencial Salud pública |
| topic |
Productos cosméticos Bases de maquillaje Espectrometría de emisión óptica de plasma acoplado inductivamente Metales pesados Riesgo potencial Salud pública Cosmetic products Foundation makeup Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry Heavy metals Potential risk Public health |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Cosmetic products Foundation makeup Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry Heavy metals Potential risk Public health |
| description |
La creciente preocupación por la presencia de metales pesados en productos de uso diario, como los cosméticos, resalta la importancia de estudiar su posible impacto en la salud humana. En este estudio se evaluaron las concentraciones de metales pesados como cadmio (Cd), níquel (Ni), cromo (Cr) y plomo (Pb) en 25 muestras de bases de maquillaje, clasificadas en gama baja, media y alta según los rangos de precios del mercado local de la ciudad de Barranquilla. Las muestras fueron analizadas mediante espectrometría de emisión óptica de plasma acoplado inductivamente. No se detectaron concentraciones de Cd ni Ni en las muestras analizadas, mientras que las mayores concentraciones fueron reportadas para Cr (28.1 mg kg⁻¹) y Pb (47.3 mg kg⁻¹). La mayor concentración promedio de Cr se encontró en productos de gama media (12.2 mg kg⁻¹), mientras que para el Pb se reportó en productos de gama alta (16.7 mg kg⁻¹). Contrario a lo esperado, los productos de gama baja presentaron concentraciones menores (10.8 mg kg⁻¹ de Cr y 12.9 mg kg⁻¹ de Pb), desafiando la percepción general de que un producto costoso equivale a mayor seguridad. Aunque estas concentraciones excedieron los límites permisibles establecidos por entidades internacionales, la estimación del riesgo potencial indicó que no existe un riesgo significativo al utilizar estos productos, ya que los valores del Cociente de Riesgo (HQ) para Pb y Cr fueron 0.1183 y 0.1149 respectivamente. Se concluye que las muestras analizadas pueden considerarse seguras, sugiriendo un riesgo no relevante para la salud humana; sin embargo, se recomienda un uso moderado de este tipo de productos. |
| publishDate |
2025 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-05-15T20:55:08Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-05-15T20:55:08Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-05-06 |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Pregrado |
| dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
| dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis |
| dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TP |
| dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
| status_str |
acceptedVersion |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/14240 |
| dc.identifier.instname.none.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.identifier.reponame.none.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/14240 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
spa |
| language |
spa |
| dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv |
Abata, E. O., Ogunkalu, O. D., Adeoba, A. A., & Oluwasina, O. O. (2019). Evaluation of the Heavy Metals in Tonic Creams using the Wet Acid and Dry Ashing Methods. Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences, 1(1), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.34198/ejcs.1119.3743 Adepoju-Bello, A., Oguntibeju, O. O., Adebisi, R. A., Okpala, N., & Coker, H. A. B. (2012). Evaluation of the concentration of toxic metals in cosmetic products in Nigeria. African journal of biotechnology, 11(97), 16360-16364. http://doi.org/10.5897/AJB12.1411 Agorku, E. S., Kwaansa-Ansah, E. E., Voegborlo, R. B., Amegbletor, P., & Opoku, F. (2016). Mercury and hydroquinonecontent of skin toning creams and cosmetic soaps, and the potential risks to the health of Ghanaian women.SpringerPlus,5(1), 1. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40064-016-1967-1 Aguirre Paredes, M. G., Cordova Zorrilla, E. F., & Valverde Reyna, R. E. (2024). Establecimiento de un enfoque regulatorio integral para fortalecer la vigilancia sanitaria de productos cosméticos en Perú. https://repositorio.upch.edu.pe/handle/20.500.12866/16013 Alam, M.F., Akhter, M., Mazumder, B. et al. (2019). Assessment of some heavy metals in selected cosmetics commonly used in Bangladesh and human health risk. J Anal Sci Technol 10, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-018-0162-0 AL-Azzawi, M. N. A., & AL-Hilifi, H. T. A. R. (2017). Detection of cadmium and chromium in some facial cosmetics. Iraqi Journal of Science, 58(1C), 408-416. https://ijs.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/eijs/article/view/6114 Almeida, J. C., Santos, E. P., & Nunes, L. (2020). Quantification of heavy metals in makeup foundation samples from Brazilian market. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 115, 104711. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072022000305615 Alqadami, A. A., Naushad, M., Abulhassan Abdalla, M., Khan, M. R., Alothman, Z. A., Wabaidur, S. M., & Ghfar, A. A. (2017). Determination of heavy metals in skin‐ whitening cosmetics using microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Iet Nanobiotechnology, 11(5), 597-603. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40064- 016-1967-1 Al-Saleh, I., Elkhatib, R., & Al-Rouqi, R. (2019). Levels of selected heavy metals in popular cigarette brands and impact on smokers' health. Environmental Pollution, 253, 713-720. https://www-sciencedirect com.ezproxy.cuc.edu.co/science/article/pii/S004896972406409X Alvarez-Muñoz, D., Rodríguez-Mozaz, S., & Barceló, D. (2023). Regulatory framework and analytical challenges in the determination of toxic metals in cosmetics: A critical review. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1156, 338964. https://doi.org/10.0342/j.jsps.2023.07.009 Amel Y. Ahmed, Ageela Asada, I.A.A. Hamza. (2021) Cobalt and lead concentrations in cosmetic products sold at local markets in Saudi Arabia. Toxicology Reports. Volume 8. Pages 1693-1698. SSN 2214-7500. https://doi.org/10.112/j.jsps.2021.05.086 ANDI - Asociación Nacional de Industriales de Colombia. (2023). Informe del sector cosmético y aseo en Colombiahttps://www.andi.com.co/Home/Noticia/17696-cada-colombiano gasta-un-promedio-de-44 Área Metropolitana de Barranquilla. (2020). Zonas Metropolitanas [Mapa]. Subdirección Técnica de Planeación. https://www.ambq.gov.co/nuestras-dependencias/subdireccion-tecnica-de planeacion/plano Arshad, H., Mehmood, M. A., Shah, M., & Abbasi, A. M. (2020). Evaluation of heavy metals in cosmetic products and their health risk assessment. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 28(7), 779-790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.05.006 Baroi, A., Siddique, M.A.B., Akbor, M.A. et al (2023) Exposure and health risks of metals in imported and local brands’ lipsticks and eye pencils from Bangladesh. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 46222–46233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25416-8 Barraza, F., & Vega, M. (2022). Assessment of heavy metals in facial cosmetics commercialized in Chile: A public health concern. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(7), 512. https://doi.org/10.1327/d15386-090-21466-4 Barros Neto, B. D., Pimentel, M. F., & Araújo, M. C. U. (2002). Recomendações para calibração em química analítica: parte I. Fundamentos e calibração com um componente (calibração univariada). Química nova, 25, 856-865. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100- 40422002000500024 Barros, A. I., Silva, M. F., & Nunes, L. C. (2021). Matrix effects in cosmetic analysis by ICP OES: Challenges and solutions. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 176, 105988. https://shop.elsevier.com/journals/spectrochimica-acta-part-b-atomic spectroscopy/0584-854 Basketter, D. A., White, I. R., Kullavanijaya, P., Tresukosol, P., Wichaidit, M., & McFadden, J. P. (2021). Influence of vitamin C on the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis to chromium. Contact Dermatitis, 84(5), 322-328. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12576 Batista, É. F., Augusto, A. D. S., Pereira-Filho, E. R. (2016). Chemometric evaluation of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) and Pb (graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry) concentrations in lipstick samples intended to beused by adults and children. Talanta, 150, 206-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.007 Batista, É. F., Pessoa, G. S., Pereira-Filho, E. R. (2020). Toxic elements in lipstick: A systematic review. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 62, 126560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126560 Bellinger, D. C. (2008). Very low lead exposures and children's neurodevelopment. Current opinion in pediatrics, 20(2), 172-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.007 Bernal, A. R., Macorra, M. Z., & Alvarenga, J. C. L. (2011). ¿ Cómo y cuándo realizar un análisis de regresión lineal simple? Aplicación e interpretación. Dermatología Revista Mexicana, 55(6), 395-402. https://biblat.unam.mx/es/revista/dermatologia-mexico-d f/articulo/como-y-cuando-realizar-un-analisis-de-regresion-lineal-simple-aplicacion-e interpretacion Björklund, S., Engblom, J., Thuresson, K., & Sparr, E. (2013). Glycerol and urea can be used to increase skin permeability in reduced hydration conditions.European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,50(5), 638-645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.02 Bocca, B., Pino, A., Alimonti, A., & Forte, G. (2014). Toxic metals contained in cosmetics: a status report. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 68(3), 447-467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.02.003 Bolan, S., Kunhikrishnan, A., Seshadri, B., Choppala, G., Naidu, R., Bolan, N. S., ... & Kirkham, M. B. (2017). Sources, distribution, bioavailability, toxicity, and risk assessment of heavy metal (loid) s in complementary medicines.Environment international,108, 103-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.005 Borg, D., & Attard, E. (2020). Honeybees and their products as bioindicators for heavy metal pollution in Malta. Acta Brasiliensis, 4(1), 60-69. https://doi.org/10.22571/2526-4338282 Borowska, S., & Brzóska, M. M. (2015). Metals in cosmetics: implications for human health. Journal of applied toxicology, 35(6), 551-572. https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jat.3129 Brandão, J. D. O., Okonkwo, O. J., Sehili, M., & Chaudhry, A. S. (2020). Assessment of metal contaminants in commercially available nail polishes from South Africa. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 112, 104611. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2281- 4485/17925 Buksh, E., Naz, S. A., Zubair, A., Yasmeen, K., Shafique, M., & Jabeen, N. (2020). Kohl: A Widely used eye Cosmetic with Hazardous Biochemical Composition. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 17(3), 621-628. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2865 Burger, P., Plainfossé, H., Brochet, X., Chemat, F., & Fernandez, X. (2021). Extraction of natural fragrance ingredients: History, overview and future trends. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 18(4), e2000834. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202000834 Cámara de Comercio de Barranquilla. (2023). Estudio económico del sector cosmético en Barranquilla. https://www.camarabaq.org.co/ Chaudhri, S. K., & Jain, N. K. (2014). History of cosmetics. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics, 3(3), 164-167. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-8398.56292 Coutiño Rodriguez, E. M., Ávila Lagunes, L., & Arroyo, O. (2019). Figura 1. Principales vías de exposición y absorción de AgNPs... [Imagen]. Recuperado de https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Figura-1-Principales-vias-de-exposicion-y absorcion-de-AgNPs-Elaborado-a-partir-de-la_fig1_33054565 Dagnino, J. (2014). Regresión lineal. Rev. chil. anest, 43(2) pp. 143-149. https://doi.org/10.25237/revchilanestv43n02.14 Dalmázio, I., & Menezes, M. A. D. B. (2011). Multi-elemental profile of some Brazilian make-up products by instrumental neutron activation. https://doi.org/10.43891/revchilanestv65z09.32 DANE - Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. (2023). Encuesta anual manufacturera: Sector cosmético. https://www.dane.gov.co/ Darbre, P. D. (2016). Endocrine Disruptors and Obesogens: A Basis for Childhood Obesity? Frontiers in Endocrinology, 7, 1-15. https://inis.iaea.org/records/gzpy5-rwg10 De Groot, R., Wackernagel, M., Stehfest, E., Lankreijer, R., Alblas, A., & Montalvo, A. (2017). The Ecological Footprint of Amsterdam and its Global Consequences. Ecological Economics, 23(1), 59-72. De Souza, J. R. (2011). Determinação elementar em óleo lubrificante, óleo combustível e biodiesel por ICP OES e DRC-ICP-MS. https://bdtd.ibict.br/vufind/Record/PUC_RIO1_e3ceba4c68c774b866e697c9eaaa5863 Delmaar, C., Bokkers, B., ter Burg, W., & Schuur, G. (2018). Validation of an aggregate exposure model for substances in consumer products: A case study of diethyl phthalate in personal care products. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 28(2), 208– 214. https://www.nature.com/articles/jes201468 Dharmendra, P. K., Ahamad, T., Syed, M. A., & Alshehri, S. M. (2021). Determination of toxic elements in cosmetic products: A comprehensive review and safety assessment. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 33(5), 101435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101435 Draelos, Z. D. (2021). The evolution of cosmetic dermatology: The history of currently used therapeutic agents. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 20(2), 398-406. https://doi.org/10.1118/k.sxkzy.2021.121176 El-Sayed, Y. S., El-Sayed, R. M., Elgazzar, A. M., & Saleh, R. M. (2022). Contamination profile and health hazards of heavy metals in cosmetic products marketed in Egypt. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(10), 14304-14316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356- 021-16981-x Emenike, C. P., Tenebe, I. T., Omole, D. O., Ndambuki, J. M., Ogbiye, A. S., & Sojobi, A. O. (2021). Health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in cosmetic products sold in Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08784-3 European Chemicals Agency. (2021). Cosmetics safety report: Heavy metals monitoring program 2018-2020. ECHA Technical Publications. https://echa.europa.eu/technical-scientific report European Commission. (2009). Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products. Official Journal of the European Union, 342, 59-209. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32009R122 Ferreira, M., & López, B. (2023). Avances en formulaciones de maquillaje multifuncional: Un enfoque hacia la sostenibilidad y el cuidado de la piel. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 74(3), 245-261. Ficheux, A. S., Chevillotte, G., Wesolek, N., Morisset, T., Dornic, N., Bernard, A., Bertho, A., Romanet, A., Leroy, L., Mercat, A. C., Creusot, T., Simon, E., & Roudot, A. C. (2019). Consumption of cosmetic products by the French population second part: Amount data. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 90, 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.02.008 Filon, F. L., Boeniger, M., Maina, G., Adami, G., Spinelli, P., & Damian, A. (2020). Skin absorption of inorganic lead (PbO) and the effect of skin cleansers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(2), e30-e35. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001778 Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2012). Limiting Lead in Lipstick and Other Cosmetics. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-products/limiting-lead-lipstick-and-other cosmetics García-Martínez, M., López-Silva, R., & Chen, H. (2023). Applications of ICP-OES in environmental monitoring: A comprehensive review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(4), 234-249. https://www.technologynetworks.com/analysis/articles/icp oes-icp-chemistry-icp-oes-analysis-strengths-and-limitations-342 Genchi, G., Sinicropi, M. S., Lauria, G., Carocci, A., & Catalano, A. (2020). The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3782. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113782 Ghaderpoori, M., Kamarehie, B., Jafari, A., Ghaderpoury, A., & Karami, M. (2021). Heavy metals analysis and quality assessment in drinking water – Khorramabad city, Iran. Data in Brief, 16, 685-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.11.078 Godt, J., Scheidig, F., Grosse-Siestrup, C., Esche, V., Brandenburg, P., Reich, A., & Groneberg, D. A. (2006). The toxicity of cadmium and resulting hazards for human health. Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology, 1, 1-6. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1745-6673-1-22 Gondal, M. A., Seddigi, Z. S., Nasr, M. M., & Gondal, B. (2022). Spectroscopic detection of health hazardous contaminants in lipstick using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175(1-3), 726-732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.069 González-Muñoz, M., & Rodríguez-Yoldi, M. J. (2023). Comparative analysis of cosmetic regulations in Latin America: Challenges and opportunities. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 131, 105218. 10.1007/s43441-023-00341-9 González-Muñoz, P., Conde, E., & Santos, V. (2022). Increased prevalence of contact dermatitis associated with metal contaminants in cosmetic products: An epidemiological assessment. Journal of Dermatological Science, 107(2), 89-97. https://www.actasdermo.org/es estadisticas-S1578219014002455 Gupta, M. K., Kumari, K., Srivastava, A., & Shikha, G. (2014). Bioremediation of heavy metal polluted environment using resistant bacteria. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 8(4), 883–889. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264004661_Bioremediation_of_heavy_metals_ polluted_environment_by_using_resistance_bacteria Gutiérrez, H., & De La Vara, R. (2008). Análisis y diseño de experimentos. México DF: McGraw Hill Interamericana. Halicz, L., Portugal-Cohen, M., Russo, M. Z., Robino, F., Vanhaecke, T., & Rogiers, V. (2015). Safety evaluation of traces of nickel and chrome in cosmetics: The case of Dead Sea mud.Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,73(3), 797-801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.10.016 Hall, D., & de Sousa Araújo, T. (2019). Digital Fashion Communication: The Influence of Instagram-Queer-Makeup Artists and Their Future Developments on the Industry. In Fashion Communication in the Digital Age: FACTUM 19 Fashion Communication Conference, Ascona, Switzerland, July 21-26, 2019 (pp. 21-45). Springer International Publishing. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-15436-3_3 Hasan, M., Ahmed, Q. M. M., Tarannum, N., Ahmed, S., & Shafiquzzaman, M. (2021). Assessment of toxic metals in cosmetic products used by Bangladeshi consumers. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 20(6), 1848-1858. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13758 Hepp, N. M., Mindak, W. R., & Cheng, J. (2014). Determination of total lead in lipstick: Development and validation of a microwave-assisted digestion, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometric method. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 65(3), 157-163. https://doi.org/10.0953/xoyvd.98767 Hernández, L., García, P., & Rodríguez, S. (2022). Innovación en protección solar: Evaluación de nuevas tecnologías de filtros y vehículos. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 44(2), 178-193. https://doi.org/10.1181/vozyu.11348 Hou, X., & Jones, B. T. (2021). Recent advances in plasma optical emission spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 36(8), 1542-1563. https://doi.org/10.0023/vjcop.15269 International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. (2023). Impact and toxicity of heavy metals on human health and latest trends in removal process from aquatic media. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-023-04258-8 Irfan, M., Shafeeq, A., Siddiq, U., Bashir, F., Ahmad, T., Athar, M., ... & Lam, S. S. (2022). A mechanistic approach for toxicity and risk assessment of heavy metals, hydroquinone and microorganisms in cosmetic creams. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 433, 128806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128806 Iwegbue, C. M. A., Emakunu, O. S., Obi, G., Nwajei, G. E., & Martincigh, B. S. (2021). Evaluation of human exposure and health risks from selected metals in facial cosmetics commonly used in Nigeria. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 119, 104823. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221475001630035X Iwegbue, C. M., Bassey, F. I., Obi, G., Tesi, G. O., & Martincigh, B. S. (2016). Concentrations and exposure risks of some metals in facial cosmetics in Nigeria. Toxicology reports, 3, 464-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.04.004 Johnson, A., Lee, K., & Park, S. (2024). Heavy metal contamination in 'natural' and 'organic' cosmetics: A global concern. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 75(2), 112-128. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00204-024-03903-2 Jurado, J. M. (2008). Aplicación de Microsoft Excel a la Química Analítica: validación de métodos analíticos. Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla-Departamento de Química Analítica. https://doi.org/10.1085/37242-001768.2008.003157 Kang, I. J., Lee, M. H., & Shim, J. (2019). Safety assessment of cosmetic metallic nanoparticles using alternative approaches to animal testing. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 22(5-6), 268-285 Kazakova, I., Lebedynets, V., Kovalenko, S., & Kazakova, V. (2021). Research of the activities of the enterprises of the perfume and cosmetic industry of Ukraine. EUREKA: Health Sciences, (2), 44-55. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5679.2021.001700 Khan, Z. I., Ahmad, K., Rehman, S., Ashfaq, A., Mehmood, N., Ugulu, I., ... & Sohail, M. (2021). Health risk assessment of heavy metals in wheat grown in sewage-irrigated soils of Lahore, Pakistan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(4), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09018-w Kim, H. S., Kim, Y. J., & Seo, Y. R. (2019). An Overview of Carcinogenic Heavy Metal: Molecular Toxicity Mechanism and Prevention. Journal of Cancer Prevention, 20(4), 232- 240. https://doi.org /10.15430/JCP.2015.20.4.232 Kim, J. H., Gibb, H. J., & Howe, P. D. (2019). Cobalt and inorganic cobalt compounds: Concise international chemical assessment document. World Health Organization. https://doi.org /10.0015/jnk.2019.298.761 Kim, J., Park, S., & Lee, Y. (2020). Tendencias globales en el desarrollo de productos para el cuidado de la piel: Un análisis de mercado y formulación. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 42(1), 56-72. https://doi.org/10.5608/yvsuzx.2020.0801 Kim, K. H., Kabir, E., & Jahan, S. A. (2016). A review on the distribution of Hg in the environment and its human health impacts. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 306, 376-385. https://doi.org/10.0144/opjk.2016.1156 Kim, Y. J., Park, H. J., Choi, J. Y., Lee, S. Y., & Jang, Y. P. (2023). A multi-center assessment of heavy metal contamination in cosmetic products marketed in East Asian countries. Science of The Total Environment, 876, 162522. https://doi.org/10.0011/uvxk.2023. 109654 Kornaros, M., & Mahmoud, Y. A.-G. (2023). Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Recent Advances in Their Removal: A Review. Toxics, 11(7), 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11070580 Kumar, A., Sharma, I. K., Ahmad, I., & Khurana, A. (2023). Determination of heavy metals in lipsticks and their potential health risks to consumers in India. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 33(1), 168-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2021.1904001 Kumar, N., Mukherjee, S., & Parashar, A. (2023). Heavy metals in consumer products: A comprehensive review of sources, health impacts, and regulatory measures. Environmental Research, 216, 114537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114537 Landrigan, P. J., Fuller, R., Acosta, N. J. R., Adeyi, O., Arnold, R., Basu, N., Baldé, A. B., Bertollini, R., Bose-O'Reilly, S., Boufford, J. I., Breysse, P. N., Chiles, T., Mahidol, C., Coll-Seck, A. M., Cropper, M. L., Fobil, J., Fuster, V., Greenstone, M., Haines, A., ... Zhong, M. (2018). The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. The Lancet, 391(10119), 462-512. Larese Filon, F., Maina, G., Adami, G., Venier, M., Coceani, N., Bussani, R., ... & Barbieri, P. (2019). In vitro percutaneous absorption of cobalt nanoparticles through human skin. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 21(9), 1-12. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00420-003-0455-4 Lawal, A., & Mohammed, S. S. (2022). Recent advances in analytical techniques for determination of toxic metals in cosmetics. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology, 13, 32. https://www.proquest.com/openview/1eb8c7cd803fbc990077f17f1250afaa/1?cbl=202636 6&diss=y&pq-origsite=gscholar Ley 2041 de 2020. Por medio de la cual se garantiza el derecho de las personas a desarrollarse física e intelectualmente en un ambiente libre de plomo, fijando límites para su contenido en productos comercializados en el país y se dictan otras disposiciones. Julio 27 del 2020 D.O.No. 51.388. https://www.funcionpublica.gov.co/eva/gestornormativo/norma.php?i=159966 Li, W., Xu, B., Song, Q., Liu, X., Xu, J., & Brookes, P. C. (2022). The identification of 'hotspots' of heavy metal pollution in soil-rice systems at a regional scale in eastern China. Environmental Pollution, 196, 125-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.019 Li, Y., Chen, H., & Teng, Y. (2020). Bioaccesibility and health risk assessment of arsenic in soil and indoor dust in a copper mining city. Chemosphere, 243, 125412. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125412 Liu, S., Hammond, S. K., & Rojas-Cheatham, A. (2021). Concentrations and potential health risks of metals in lip products. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(6), 705-710. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205518 Liu, Y., Du, Q., Wang, Q., Yu, H., Liu, J., Tian, Y., ... & Lei, J. (2017). Causal inference between bioavailability of heavy metals and environmental factors in a large-scale region. Environmental pollution, 226, 370-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.019 Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, J., & Chen, X. (2024). Comprehensive analysis of heavy metals in cosmetic products: A study on contamination levels and potential health risks in China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 441, 129814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.129814 López, A., García, M., & Hernández, R. (2024). Chronic low-level exposure to heavy metals through daily use products: A growing public health concern. Environmental Health Perspectives, 132(3), 037002. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2024/mo/d3mo00214d Loyola-Hernández, J., Santos-Santos, E., De la Cruz, M. E., & Mejía-García, J. (2021). "Determinación de metales pesados en cosméticos faciales comercializados en Ciudad de México." Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, 37(1), 153-164. https://doi.org/10.20937/RICA.53698 Martínez, C., & González, E. (2023). Consumer awareness of heavy metal contamination in cosmetics: A study in Latin America. Journal of Consumer Health, 45(2), 178-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/07347332.2023.2187651 Massadeh, A. M., El-Khateeb, M. Y., & Ibrahim, S. M. (2017). Evaluation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb in selected cosmetic products from Jordanian, Sudanese, and Syrian markets. Public health, 149, 130-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2017.03.015 Mendoza-López, R., Vega-Castro, A., & Torres-Ramírez, M. (2024). Safety assessment of cosmetic products in emerging markets: Current status and future perspectives. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 54(1), 1-22. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033350617301324 Meseño, F., Rodríguez-Lazcano, Y., Román-Hernández, E., García-Sánchez, A., & Alfaro-De la Torre, M. C. (2020). Heavy metals in cosmetics: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 272, 111026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111026 Miller, J., & Miller, J. C. (2018). Statistics and chemometrics for analytical chemistry (7a ed.). Pearson education. https://123library.org/book/269312/statistics-and-chemometrics-for analytical-chemistr Mishra, S., Bharagava, R. N., More, N., Yadav, A., Zainith, S., Mani, S., & Chowdhary, P. (2019). Heavy metal contamination: an alarming threat to environment and human health. Environmental biotechnology: For sustainable future, 103-125. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-7284-0_5 Mocak, J., Bünger, A., & Stehlik, A. (2020). Linearity assessment in analytical chemistry revisited. Accreditation and Quality Assurance, 25(1), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.0089/dfxik.zuvps 2020-7832-9 Mohammadi, S., Mehrparvar, A. H., Labbafinejad, Y., & Attarchi, M. S. (2020). Heavy metal content in various types of cosmetic products in the Iranian market. International Journal of Environmental Health Engineering, 9(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijehe.ijehe_4_19 Monteiro, R., Silva, P., & Santos, A. (2023). Consumer behavior patterns in cosmetic product selection: A global perspective. Journal of Consumer Research in Cosmetics, 15(2), 78-95. https://doi.org/10.1130/kpoj.izyh.2023.900359 Montgomery, D. C. (2017). Design and analysis of experiments. John wiley & sons. Montgomery, D. C., Peck, E. A., & Vining, G. G. (2021). Introduction to linear regression analysis. John Wiley & Sons. Morales, E., & Chen, H. (2019). Tecnologías de encapsulación para fragancias: Impacto en la longevidad y perfil sensorial. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 34(6), 412-425. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-74182013000200007 Morales-Sánchez, J., Velázquez-Martínez, V., & Ramírez-Hernández, A. (2022). Determinantes estadísticos de la presencia de metales trazas en productos cosméticos: un enfoque multivariante. Revista de Toxicología Aplicada, 37(2), 143-158. https://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/medi/article/view/2711 Myers, R. H., Montgomery, D. C., & Anderson-Cook, C. M. (2016). Response surface methodology: process and product optimization using designed experiments. John Wiley & Sons. Nico, D., Zaharescu, T., & Radu, M. (2022). Physicochemical properties and toxicological profile of cosmetic matrices containing heavy metals. Toxicology Reports, 9, 121-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072022000305615 Olabanji, I. O., Oluyemi, E. A., Adebajo, A. C., & Ogunfowokan, A. O. (2022). Metal content and health risk assessment of facial cosmetics commonly used in Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(12), 17254-17268. https://www.scirp.org/html/3- 1050296_56758.htm Orisakwe, O. E., & Otaraku, J. O. (2013). Risk assessment of using cosmetics containing heavy metals by the Nigerian population. Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, 3(3), 8-14. https://10.4236/jcdsa.2015.52009 Park, S. H., & Zheng, W. (2021). Human exposure and health effects of inorganic and elemental mercury. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 45(6), 344-352. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.6.344 Patel, R., & Nguyen, T. (2021). Desarrollos recientes en maquillaje corporal de larga duración: Análisis de polímeros y pigmentos. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 43(5), 501- 515. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3514464/ Pimentel, M. F., & Barros Neto, B. B. (1996). Calibração: uma revisão para químicos analíticos. Química Nova, 19(3), 268-277. http://submission.quimicanova.sbq.org.br/qn/qnol/1996/vol19n3/v19_n3_09.pdf Pratinidhi, S. A., Sagare, A. A., & Patil, A. J. (2018). Heavy metal levels in commonly used cosmetic products in Asia.MIMER Medical Journal,2(2), 31-36. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338864417 ProColombia. (2023). Reporte sectorial: Industria cosmética en Colombia. https://procolombia.co/ Pusari, R. K. H. (2014). “Identificación histopatológica de lesiones inducidas por bioacumulación de metales pesados en branquias, hígado y músculo de trucha arcoíris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) de cultivo en etapa comercial de la laguna de (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad nacional Mayor de San Marcos). https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/3749 Qin, H., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Di, S., Bao, Y., Zhai, Y., & Zhu, S. (2023). Recent advances in sample preparation and chromatographic analysis of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in environment. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 164, 117112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2023.117112 Rahman, M. A., Islam, M. S., & Ahmed, S. (2023). Correlation analysis between cosmetic market segments and heavy metal contamination: A multi-regional assessment. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 103(5), 1289-1304. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165993623001991 Rahman, M. S., Islam, M. S., Uddin, M. K., Molla, M. M., & Khan, M. S. (2022). Determination of lead and cadmium contents in lipstick and their potential health risks to consumers. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 17(1), 45-58. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/S00003-018-1180-Y Rahman, Z., & Singh, V. P. (2019). The relative impact of toxic heavy metals (THMs) (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr)(VI), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)) on the total environment: an overview. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(7), 419. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-019-7528-7 Rai, P. K., Lee, S. S., Zhang, M., Tsang, Y. F., & Kim, K. H. (2019). Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. Environment International, 125, 365- 385. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.067 Ramírez, A., González, M., & Martínez, C. (2023). Heavy metal content in lipsticks: A comprehensive analysis of products from different price ranges. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 127, 105168. https://doi.org/10.22201/fi.25940732e.2023.24.4.028 Ramírez-López, M., & Sánchez, C. (2023). Heavy metals in low-cost cosmetics: A public health concern in Latin America. Environmental Health Perspectives in Cosmetics, 8(4), 112-128. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7335825/ Ramírez-Torres, A., Sánchez-López, M., & García-Moreno, E. (2023). "Evaluation of cosmetic surveillance systems in Latin American countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 2789. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405- 77432023000400004&lang=es Rehman, K., Fatima, F., Waheed, I., & Akash, M. S. H. (2018). Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 119(1), 157-184. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.26234 Ren, H., Yu, Y., & An, T. (2020). Bioaccessibilities of metal (loid) s and organic contaminants in particulates measured in simulated human lung fluids: A critical review.Environmental Pollution,265, 115070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115070 Reyes, Y., Vergara, I., Torres, O., Lagos, M. D., & Jimenez, E. E. G. (2016). Contaminación por metales pesados: Implicaciones en salud, ambiente y seguridad alimentaria. Ingeniería Investigación y Desarrollo: I2+ D, 16(2), 66-77. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6096110 Rivera, J., Martínez, A., & González, C. (2020). Formulaciones sostenibles para el cuidado de uñas: Eliminando compuestos controvertidos sin comprometer el rendimiento. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 71(2), 134-149. https://doi.org /10.0119/k.hevzj.2020.017689 Rodríguez, D. P. (2022). Las tendencias de consumo en América Latina apuntan a la belleza y aseo del hogar. Diario la República. https://www.larepublica.co/consumo/las-tendencias de-consumo-en-america-latina-apuntan-a-la-belleza-y-aseo-del-hogar-3439 Rodríguez, M., García, L., & Hernández, J. (2023). Evaluación de metales pesados en cosméticos comercializados en América Latina: Un estudio comparativo. Revista Latinoamericana de Química Cosmética, 18(3), 234-250. https://doi.org /10.1165/wzxv.kpqo.2023.0081481911 Rodríguez-Sánchez, N., García-Ruiz, S., & Moldovan, M. (2022). Critical evaluation of matrix effects in ICP-OES: Challenges and solutions. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 188, 106378. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0269749120311131 Rodríguez-Seijo, A., Lago-Vila, M., Andrade, L., & Vega, F. A. (2023). Mixture toxicity and joint effects of heavy metals in cosmetic products: Moving beyond single-compound assessments. Science of The Total Environment, 856, 159091. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111493 Rogiers, V., Benfenati, E., Bernauer, U., Bodin, L., Carmichael, P., Chaudhry, Q., Coenraads, P. J., Cronin, M. T. D., Dent, M., Dusinska, M., Ezendam, J., Gaffet, E., Galli, C. L., Goebel, C., Granum, B., Hollnagel, H. M., Kern, P. S., Kosemund-Meynen, K., Ouédraogo, G., … Yang, C. (2020). The way forward for assessing the human health safety of cosmetics in the EU - Workshop proceedings. Toxicology, 436, 152421.https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/the-way-forward-for-assessing-the-human-health safety-of-cosmeti Rustemeier, E., Melchart, D., Gröber, U., & Klement, R. J. (2021). Dietary mercury exposure in the German population – An underestimated risk? International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 235, 113754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113754 Safavi, S., Najarian, R., Rasouli-azad, M. O., Masoumzadeh, S., Ghaderi, A., & Eghtesadi, R. (2019). A narrative review of heavy metals in cosmetics; health risks. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (09752366), 11(4). https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2019.11.04.031 Safety, C. P. Guidance on Heavy Metal Impurities in Cosmetics. Modified. (2016). Available from: http://www. hcsc. gc. ca/cps-spc/pubs/indust. Saha, N., Rahman, M. S., Ahmed, M. B., Zhou, J. L., Ngo, H. H., & Guo, W. (2021). Industrial metal pollution in water and probabilistic assessment of human health risk. Journal of Environmental Management, 278, 111493. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111493 Sanders, T., Liu, Y., Buchner, V., & Tchounwou, P. B. (2009). Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: a review. Reviews on environmental health, 24(1), 15-46. https://doi.org/10.1515/REVEH.2009.24.1.15 Sani, A., Gaya, M. B., & Abubakar, F. A. (2016). Determination of some heavy metals in selected cosmetic products sold in kano metropolis, Nigeria. Toxicology Reports, 3, 866-869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.11.001 Santos, D., Oliveira, R., & Ferreira, T. (2022). Tecnologías emergentes en productos capilares: Efectos sobre la estructura y propiedades físicas del cabello. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 44(1), 78-94. https://hdl.handle.net/10481/82099 Sarkar, S. K., & Sarkar, S. K. (2018). Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of trace metals in sediments of sundarban wetland.Trace Metals in a Tropical Mangrove Wetland: Chemical Speciation, Ecotoxicological Relevance and Remedial Measures, 145-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2793-2_6 SCCS, The Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety: Notes of guidance for the testing of cosmetic substances and their safety evaluation–10th revision. SCCS/1602/18, (2018). https://doi.org/10.2875/273162 Shaaban, H. A., El-Ghorab, A. H., & Shibamoto, T. (2022). Bioactive compounds of essential oils and their role in the prevention and treatment of skin cancers. Molecules, 17(2), 1130-1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17021130 Shahid, M., Shamshad, S., Rafiq, M., Khalid, S., Bibi, I., Niazi, N. K., ... & Rashid, M. I. (2022). Chromium speciation, bioavailability, uptake, toxicity and detoxification in soil-plant system: A critical review. Chemosphere, 286, 131494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131494 Shang, Y., Meng, X., Liu, J., Song, N., Zheng, H., Han, C., & Ma, Q. (2023). Applications of mass spectrometry in cosmetic analysis: An overview. Journal of Chromatography A, 1705, 464175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464175 Sharma, P., & Kumar, A. (2023). Technical and economic challenges in reformulating cosmetic products to eliminate heavy metal contaminants. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 45(3), 247-259. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0021967323004016 Shilla, D., Pajala, G., Routh, J., Dario, M., & Kristoffersson, P. (2019). Trophodynamics and biomagnification of trace metals in aquatic food webs: The case of Rufiji estuary in Tanzania. Applied geochemistry, 100, 160-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.11.016 SHIMADZU Excellence in Science. (2016). Multitype ICP Emission Spectrometer . ICP-9000 Series Supplies and Maintenance Parts. Columbia, Estados Unidos : Shimadzu Corporation. https://www.shimadzu.com/an/products/elemental-analysis/inductively coupled-plasma-emission-spectroscopy/icpe-9800-series/index.htm Silva, A. R., Nunes, L. S., Faial, K. C. F., & Palheta, D. C. (2023). Determination of chromium and other toxic metals in eyeshadows commercialized in Brazil and their potential health risks. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(10), 25647-25659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23278-0 Silva, M. B., Santos, J. P., & Ferreira, R. (2022). Implementation and effectiveness of ANVISA's cosmetic control system: A 5-year analysis. Journal of Regulatory Science, 10(2), 45-58. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0883292718303433 Skoog, D. A., Holler, F. J., & Crouch, S. R. (2019). Textbook principles of instrumental analysis.. Cengage learning. https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/chem-syllabi/ Smith, E., Reddy, A., Jung, A., Fu, J., & Kornik, R. (2019). Makeup: A Review of Ingredients, Efficacy, and Potential Side Effects. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 81(4), 1342-1348. https://10.1048/091-2-9756-1011-5_9 Smith, J. & Brown, T. (2023). Long-term health effects of chronic low-level exposure to heavy metals through cosmetic use. Environmental Health Perspectives, 131(4), 047006. https://10.0076/652-9-0323-1766-7_3 Stewart, S. (2020). Painted faces: A colourful history of cosmetics. Reaktion Books. Swati, A., & Hait, S. (2017). Fate and bioavailability of heavy metals during vermicomposting of various organic wastes—A review. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 109, 30- 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.03.031 Szynkowska, M. I., Pawlaczyk, A., & Maćkiewicz, E. (2018). Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of trace elements in the environment. Recent advances in trace elements, 251-276. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119133780.ch13 Tchounwou, P. B., Yedjou, C. G., Patlolla, A. K., & Sutton, D. J. (2012). Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Experientia supplementum, 101, 133-164. https://10.1007/978-3-7643- 8340-4_6 Thompson, M., & Ellison, S. L. R. (2021). Quality Assurance Principles for Analytical Laboratories (5th ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry. Thompson, R. M., & Miller, J. D. (2023). Modern Analytical Chemistry Methods (5th ed.). Academic Press. ISBN: 978-0-12. Thyssen, J. P., Menné, T., Johansen, J. D., Lidén, C., Julander, A., Møller, P., & Jellesen, M. S. (2018). A spot test for detection of cobalt release—early experience and findings. Contact Dermatitis, 63(2), 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01749.x Toma, R. B., Fhaner, M., & Wong, S. S. (2022). Historic cosmetics and the visible presence of heavy metals: An interdisciplinary microanalysis and implications for history and toxicology courses. Journal of Chemical Education, 99(3), 1312-1319. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0957582017300976 Ullah, H., Noreen, S., Fozia, Ali Rehman, F., Waseem, A., Zubair, S., Adnan, M., & Ahmad, I. (2017). Comparative study of heavy metals content in cosmetic products of different countries marketed in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10(1), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.09.021 Ullah, H., Rehman, S., Ullah, I., Ahmad, I., & Shah, S. (2023). Health risk assessment and chemometric evaluation of potentially toxic elements in lipsticks commonly used in Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 17267-17278. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535213003195 Umar, M. A., & Caleb, H. (2013). Analysis of metals in some cosmetic products in FCT-Abuja, Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Cosmetic Science, 3(2), 14-18. https://www sciencedirect com.ezproxy.cuc.edu.co/search?qs=Analysis%20of%20metals%20in%20some%20cosme tic%20products%20in%20FCT-Abuja%2C%20Nigeria Vargas, N. (2022). CoverGirl, Natura y L’Oréal son algunas de las marcas pioneras de cosmética sostenible. Diario la República. https://www.larepublica.co/responsabilidad social/covergirl-natura-y-l-oreal-son-algunas-de-las-marcas-pioneras-de-cosmetica sostenible-3468287 Velasco-Carrillo, F., & Martínez-Romero, S. (2022). Market analysis of cosmetic consumption patterns in Latin America: Economic factors and consumer preferences. Latin American Business Review, 28(3), 245-262. https://doi.org/10.0009-0007-9325-8260 Verma, S., & Patel, R. (2024). Market exclusion risks for non-compliant cosmetic manufacturers: Analysis of international regulatory divergence. Journal of Business Ethics, 184(1), 145- 162. https://doi.org/10.0175/jzkwx2024.87.00662389 Vilá Baños, R., Torrado-Fonseca, M., & Reguante Alvarez, M. (2019). Análisis de regresión lineal múltiple con SPSS: un ejemplo práctico. REIRE Revista de Innovación E Investigación En Educación. 12 (2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1344/reire2019.12.222704 Wang, X., Li, Y., & Chen, G. (2021). Heavy metal contamination in urban soil: Sources, risks and remediation strategies. Journal of Environmental Management, 283, 112012(1).48. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2024.2 Wang, X., Xia, T., Ning, Z., Hu, X., Yin, L., & Zhang, X. (2019). Bioaccumulation and transfer of heavy metals in the soil-crop system and associated health risks in the mining-impacted region of South China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(35), 35872- 35885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06555-3 Wang, Y. X., Wang, P., Feng, W., Liu, C., Yang, P., Chen, Y. J., Sun, L., Sun, Y., Yue, J., Gu, L. J., Zeng, Q., Lu, W. Q., & Pan, A. (2022). Associations between low-level lead exposure and semen quality: A cross-sectional study in China. Environmental Health, 21(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00823-x Williams, R., Thompson, K., & Davis, M. (2024). Global disparities in heavy metal regulations for cosmetics: Implications for international trade and consumer safety. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 129, 105155. https://doi.org/10.0011/kjzwy.2024-3784- 19378 World Health Organization. (2022). "Guidelines on toxic metal limits in cosmetic products." WHO Technical Report Series, 1034. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/8729163491105 World Health Organization. (2023). Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to environmental exposures. WHO Press. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241563871 Yamamoto, K., Tanaka, S., & Nakamura, H. (2021). Prebióticos y probióticos en productos de higiene oral: Efectos sobre el microbioma bucal y la salud periodontal. Journal of Dental Research, 100(4), 389-401. https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0719-01072010000300007 Zhang, H., Zhou, Y., & Li, M. (2022). Dermal absorption of heavy metals from cosmetic products: Mechanisms and risk assessment. Environmental Research, 204, 112123. https://doi.org/10.1147/wkhi.2022.983456 Zhang, L., Wang, H., & Li, Y. (2022). Recent advances in analytical method validation and verification. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 414(15), 4567-4582. https://doi.org/10.0117/zqyv.2022.6130858 Zhang, Y., Chen, L., Xu, M., & Liu, J. (2022). Cosmetics as an exposure pathway for heavy metals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 32(1), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.838762 Zhang, Y., Liu, X., & Wang, Z. (2023). Technological advancements and marketing strategies driving growth in the global cosmetics industry. Journal of Business Research, 156, 113347. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.10308 Zhang, Y., Wang, L., & Liu, H. (2024). Correlation between cosmetic product pricing and heavy metal content: A comparative analysis. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 75(1), 15-32. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020411 Zhao, Q., Wang, Y., Cao, Y., Chen, A., Ren, M., Ge, Y., ... & Shen, L. (2021). Potential health risks of heavy metals in cultivated topsoil and grain, including correlations with human primary liver, lung and gastric cancer, in Anhui province, Eastern China. Science of the Total Environment, 470, 340-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.086 Zhu, Y., & Xia, Y. (2018). Toxicological effects of heavy metals mixture on organisms: Current understanding and future perspectives. Environmental Pollution, 244, 986-994. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969713011248 |
| dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) |
| dc.rights.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv |
114 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.publisher.department.none.fl_str_mv |
Civil y Ambiental |
| dc.publisher.place.none.fl_str_mv |
Barranquilla, Colombia |
| dc.publisher.program.none.fl_str_mv |
Ingeniería Ambiental |
| publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/1c133e46-62f7-49d4-a666-9be43ff51699/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/261db029-8bb0-4802-9a16-1d4dd12bf067/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/c63d86a7-577c-4fd8-9f95-296f179fb1d9/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/fa78c912-96c3-4818-b108-9591d0629e6e/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
8dd14bd337955940910e2c30a819587d 73a5432e0b76442b22b026844140d683 f8e2489dd8e67a576f20fdafb072e3dc d6ee9f0fedb1b7ea9f8c3c33db9d5954 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1834108597875769344 |
| spelling |
Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Fuentes Gándara, FabioToloza Toloza, CarlosRincón Mendoza, Andrea CarolinaGindri, ClaudeteDe la Parra, AnaCabrera, Wilman2025-05-15T20:55:08Z2025-05-15T20:55:08Z2025-05-06https://hdl.handle.net/11323/14240Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/La creciente preocupación por la presencia de metales pesados en productos de uso diario, como los cosméticos, resalta la importancia de estudiar su posible impacto en la salud humana. En este estudio se evaluaron las concentraciones de metales pesados como cadmio (Cd), níquel (Ni), cromo (Cr) y plomo (Pb) en 25 muestras de bases de maquillaje, clasificadas en gama baja, media y alta según los rangos de precios del mercado local de la ciudad de Barranquilla. Las muestras fueron analizadas mediante espectrometría de emisión óptica de plasma acoplado inductivamente. No se detectaron concentraciones de Cd ni Ni en las muestras analizadas, mientras que las mayores concentraciones fueron reportadas para Cr (28.1 mg kg⁻¹) y Pb (47.3 mg kg⁻¹). La mayor concentración promedio de Cr se encontró en productos de gama media (12.2 mg kg⁻¹), mientras que para el Pb se reportó en productos de gama alta (16.7 mg kg⁻¹). Contrario a lo esperado, los productos de gama baja presentaron concentraciones menores (10.8 mg kg⁻¹ de Cr y 12.9 mg kg⁻¹ de Pb), desafiando la percepción general de que un producto costoso equivale a mayor seguridad. Aunque estas concentraciones excedieron los límites permisibles establecidos por entidades internacionales, la estimación del riesgo potencial indicó que no existe un riesgo significativo al utilizar estos productos, ya que los valores del Cociente de Riesgo (HQ) para Pb y Cr fueron 0.1183 y 0.1149 respectivamente. Se concluye que las muestras analizadas pueden considerarse seguras, sugiriendo un riesgo no relevante para la salud humana; sin embargo, se recomienda un uso moderado de este tipo de productos.The growing concern regarding the presence of heavy metals in daily-use products, such as cosmetics, highlights the importance of studying their potential impact on human health. In this study, concentrations of heavy metals including cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) were evaluated in 25 foundation makeup samples, classified as low, medium, and high end according to price ranges in the local market of Barranquilla city. The samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. No concentrations of Cd or Ni were detected in the analyzed samples, while the highest concentrations were reported for Cr (28.1 mg kg⁻¹) and Pb (47.3 mg kg⁻¹). The highest average concentration of Cr was found in medium range products (12.2 mg kg⁻¹), while for Pb it was reported in high-end products (16.7 mg kg⁻¹). Contrary to expectations, low-end products presented lower concentrations (10.8 mg kg⁻¹ of Cr and 12.9 mg kg⁻¹ of Pb), challenging the general perception that a more expensive product equals greater safety. Although these concentrations exceeded the permissible limits established by international entities, the estimation of potential risk indicated that there is no significant risk when using these products, as the Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for Pb and Cr were 0.1183 and 0.1149 respectively. It is concluded that the analyzed samples can be considered safe, suggesting a non relevant risk to human health; however, moderate use of these types of products is recommended.Lista de tablas y figuras 10 -- Introducción 12 -- Planteamiento del problema 16 – Justificación 18 – Objetivos 20 -- Objetivo general 20 -- Objetivos específicos 20 -- Marco teórico 21 -- Productos cosméticos 21 -- Generalidades de los metales pesados 23 -- Vías de exposición a los metales pesados 25 – Ingestión 25 – Inhalación 26 -- Absorción percutánea 26 – Bioacumulación 27 -- Biodisponibilidad 28 -- Efectos de los metales pesados en la salud humana 29 -- Toxicidad aguda 29 -- Toxicidad crónica 30 -- Enfermedades asociadas 30 – Antecedentes 31 – Plomo 33 -- Níquel 34 – Cadmio 36 -- Cromo 37 -- Metodología 39 -- Área de estudio 39 -- Aplicación de encuestas 40 -- Recolección de las muestras 41 -- Reactivos y materiales 43 -- Digestión de las muestras 44 -- Determinación del contenido de metales pesados 45 -- Validación del método 46 -- Riesgo potencial a la salud humana 47 -- Resultados y discusiones 50 -- Validación estadística del método 50 -- Concentraciones de metales pesados en bases de maquillaje 62 -- Comparación de las concentraciones obtenidas en bases de maquillaje con otros estudios.68 Evaluación del riesgo potencial 71 -- Estimación del riesgo potencial 74 – Conclusiones 80 -- Recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones 83 – Referencias 83 -- Anexos 111 --Ingeniero(a) AmbientalPregrado114 páginasapplication/pdfspaCorporación Universidad de la CostaCivil y AmbientalBarranquilla, ColombiaIngeniería AmbientalEvaluación de las concentraciones de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Cr y Pb) en productos cosméticos y su riesgo potencial a la salud humanaTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesishttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TPinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAbata, E. O., Ogunkalu, O. D., Adeoba, A. A., & Oluwasina, O. O. (2019). Evaluation of the Heavy Metals in Tonic Creams using the Wet Acid and Dry Ashing Methods. Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences, 1(1), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.34198/ejcs.1119.3743Adepoju-Bello, A., Oguntibeju, O. O., Adebisi, R. A., Okpala, N., & Coker, H. A. B. (2012). Evaluation of the concentration of toxic metals in cosmetic products in Nigeria. African journal of biotechnology, 11(97), 16360-16364. http://doi.org/10.5897/AJB12.1411Agorku, E. S., Kwaansa-Ansah, E. E., Voegborlo, R. B., Amegbletor, P., & Opoku, F. (2016). Mercury and hydroquinonecontent of skin toning creams and cosmetic soaps, and the potential risks to the health of Ghanaian women.SpringerPlus,5(1), 1. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40064-016-1967-1Aguirre Paredes, M. G., Cordova Zorrilla, E. F., & Valverde Reyna, R. E. (2024). Establecimiento de un enfoque regulatorio integral para fortalecer la vigilancia sanitaria de productos cosméticos en Perú. https://repositorio.upch.edu.pe/handle/20.500.12866/16013Alam, M.F., Akhter, M., Mazumder, B. et al. (2019). Assessment of some heavy metals in selected cosmetics commonly used in Bangladesh and human health risk. J Anal Sci Technol 10, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-018-0162-0AL-Azzawi, M. N. A., & AL-Hilifi, H. T. A. R. (2017). Detection of cadmium and chromium in some facial cosmetics. Iraqi Journal of Science, 58(1C), 408-416. https://ijs.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/eijs/article/view/6114Almeida, J. C., Santos, E. P., & Nunes, L. (2020). Quantification of heavy metals in makeup foundation samples from Brazilian market. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 115, 104711. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072022000305615Alqadami, A. A., Naushad, M., Abulhassan Abdalla, M., Khan, M. R., Alothman, Z. A., Wabaidur, S. M., & Ghfar, A. A. (2017). Determination of heavy metals in skin‐ whitening cosmetics using microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Iet Nanobiotechnology, 11(5), 597-603. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40064- 016-1967-1Al-Saleh, I., Elkhatib, R., & Al-Rouqi, R. (2019). Levels of selected heavy metals in popular cigarette brands and impact on smokers' health. Environmental Pollution, 253, 713-720. https://www-sciencedirect com.ezproxy.cuc.edu.co/science/article/pii/S004896972406409XAlvarez-Muñoz, D., Rodríguez-Mozaz, S., & Barceló, D. (2023). Regulatory framework and analytical challenges in the determination of toxic metals in cosmetics: A critical review. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1156, 338964. https://doi.org/10.0342/j.jsps.2023.07.009Amel Y. Ahmed, Ageela Asada, I.A.A. Hamza. (2021) Cobalt and lead concentrations in cosmetic products sold at local markets in Saudi Arabia. Toxicology Reports. Volume 8. Pages 1693-1698. SSN 2214-7500. https://doi.org/10.112/j.jsps.2021.05.086ANDI - Asociación Nacional de Industriales de Colombia. (2023). Informe del sector cosmético y aseo en Colombiahttps://www.andi.com.co/Home/Noticia/17696-cada-colombiano gasta-un-promedio-de-44Área Metropolitana de Barranquilla. (2020). Zonas Metropolitanas [Mapa]. Subdirección Técnica de Planeación. https://www.ambq.gov.co/nuestras-dependencias/subdireccion-tecnica-de planeacion/planoArshad, H., Mehmood, M. A., Shah, M., & Abbasi, A. M. (2020). Evaluation of heavy metals in cosmetic products and their health risk assessment. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 28(7), 779-790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.05.006Baroi, A., Siddique, M.A.B., Akbor, M.A. et al (2023) Exposure and health risks of metals in imported and local brands’ lipsticks and eye pencils from Bangladesh. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 46222–46233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25416-8Barraza, F., & Vega, M. (2022). Assessment of heavy metals in facial cosmetics commercialized in Chile: A public health concern. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(7), 512. https://doi.org/10.1327/d15386-090-21466-4Barros Neto, B. D., Pimentel, M. F., & Araújo, M. C. U. (2002). Recomendações para calibração em química analítica: parte I. Fundamentos e calibração com um componente (calibração univariada). Química nova, 25, 856-865. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100- 40422002000500024Barros, A. I., Silva, M. F., & Nunes, L. C. (2021). Matrix effects in cosmetic analysis by ICP OES: Challenges and solutions. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 176, 105988. https://shop.elsevier.com/journals/spectrochimica-acta-part-b-atomic spectroscopy/0584-854Basketter, D. A., White, I. R., Kullavanijaya, P., Tresukosol, P., Wichaidit, M., & McFadden, J. P. (2021). Influence of vitamin C on the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis to chromium. Contact Dermatitis, 84(5), 322-328. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12576Batista, É. F., Augusto, A. D. S., Pereira-Filho, E. R. (2016). Chemometric evaluation of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) and Pb (graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry) concentrations in lipstick samples intended to beused by adults and children. Talanta, 150, 206-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.007Batista, É. F., Pessoa, G. S., Pereira-Filho, E. R. (2020). Toxic elements in lipstick: A systematic review. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 62, 126560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126560Bellinger, D. C. (2008). Very low lead exposures and children's neurodevelopment. Current opinion in pediatrics, 20(2), 172-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.007Bernal, A. R., Macorra, M. Z., & Alvarenga, J. C. L. (2011). ¿ Cómo y cuándo realizar un análisis de regresión lineal simple? Aplicación e interpretación. Dermatología Revista Mexicana, 55(6), 395-402. https://biblat.unam.mx/es/revista/dermatologia-mexico-d f/articulo/como-y-cuando-realizar-un-analisis-de-regresion-lineal-simple-aplicacion-e interpretacionBjörklund, S., Engblom, J., Thuresson, K., & Sparr, E. (2013). Glycerol and urea can be used to increase skin permeability in reduced hydration conditions.European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,50(5), 638-645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.02Bocca, B., Pino, A., Alimonti, A., & Forte, G. (2014). Toxic metals contained in cosmetics: a status report. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 68(3), 447-467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.02.003Bolan, S., Kunhikrishnan, A., Seshadri, B., Choppala, G., Naidu, R., Bolan, N. S., ... & Kirkham, M. B. (2017). Sources, distribution, bioavailability, toxicity, and risk assessment of heavy metal (loid) s in complementary medicines.Environment international,108, 103-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.005Borg, D., & Attard, E. (2020). Honeybees and their products as bioindicators for heavy metal pollution in Malta. Acta Brasiliensis, 4(1), 60-69. https://doi.org/10.22571/2526-4338282Borowska, S., & Brzóska, M. M. (2015). Metals in cosmetics: implications for human health. Journal of applied toxicology, 35(6), 551-572. https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jat.3129Brandão, J. D. O., Okonkwo, O. J., Sehili, M., & Chaudhry, A. S. (2020). Assessment of metal contaminants in commercially available nail polishes from South Africa. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 112, 104611. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2281- 4485/17925Buksh, E., Naz, S. A., Zubair, A., Yasmeen, K., Shafique, M., & Jabeen, N. (2020). Kohl: A Widely used eye Cosmetic with Hazardous Biochemical Composition. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 17(3), 621-628. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2865Burger, P., Plainfossé, H., Brochet, X., Chemat, F., & Fernandez, X. (2021). Extraction of natural fragrance ingredients: History, overview and future trends. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 18(4), e2000834. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202000834Cámara de Comercio de Barranquilla. (2023). Estudio económico del sector cosmético en Barranquilla. https://www.camarabaq.org.co/Chaudhri, S. K., & Jain, N. K. (2014). History of cosmetics. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics, 3(3), 164-167. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-8398.56292Coutiño Rodriguez, E. M., Ávila Lagunes, L., & Arroyo, O. (2019). Figura 1. Principales vías de exposición y absorción de AgNPs... [Imagen]. Recuperado de https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Figura-1-Principales-vias-de-exposicion-y absorcion-de-AgNPs-Elaborado-a-partir-de-la_fig1_33054565Dagnino, J. (2014). Regresión lineal. Rev. chil. anest, 43(2) pp. 143-149. https://doi.org/10.25237/revchilanestv43n02.14Dalmázio, I., & Menezes, M. A. D. B. (2011). Multi-elemental profile of some Brazilian make-up products by instrumental neutron activation. https://doi.org/10.43891/revchilanestv65z09.32DANE - Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. (2023). Encuesta anual manufacturera: Sector cosmético. https://www.dane.gov.co/Darbre, P. D. (2016). Endocrine Disruptors and Obesogens: A Basis for Childhood Obesity? Frontiers in Endocrinology, 7, 1-15. https://inis.iaea.org/records/gzpy5-rwg10De Groot, R., Wackernagel, M., Stehfest, E., Lankreijer, R., Alblas, A., & Montalvo, A. (2017). The Ecological Footprint of Amsterdam and its Global Consequences. Ecological Economics, 23(1), 59-72.De Souza, J. R. (2011). Determinação elementar em óleo lubrificante, óleo combustível e biodiesel por ICP OES e DRC-ICP-MS. https://bdtd.ibict.br/vufind/Record/PUC_RIO1_e3ceba4c68c774b866e697c9eaaa5863Delmaar, C., Bokkers, B., ter Burg, W., & Schuur, G. (2018). Validation of an aggregate exposure model for substances in consumer products: A case study of diethyl phthalate in personal care products. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 28(2), 208– 214. https://www.nature.com/articles/jes201468Dharmendra, P. K., Ahamad, T., Syed, M. A., & Alshehri, S. M. (2021). Determination of toxic elements in cosmetic products: A comprehensive review and safety assessment. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 33(5), 101435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101435Draelos, Z. D. (2021). The evolution of cosmetic dermatology: The history of currently used therapeutic agents. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 20(2), 398-406. https://doi.org/10.1118/k.sxkzy.2021.121176El-Sayed, Y. S., El-Sayed, R. M., Elgazzar, A. M., & Saleh, R. M. (2022). Contamination profile and health hazards of heavy metals in cosmetic products marketed in Egypt. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(10), 14304-14316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356- 021-16981-xEmenike, C. P., Tenebe, I. T., Omole, D. O., Ndambuki, J. M., Ogbiye, A. S., & Sojobi, A. O. (2021). Health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in cosmetic products sold in Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08784-3European Chemicals Agency. (2021). Cosmetics safety report: Heavy metals monitoring program 2018-2020. ECHA Technical Publications. https://echa.europa.eu/technical-scientific reportEuropean Commission. (2009). Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products. Official Journal of the European Union, 342, 59-209. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32009R122Ferreira, M., & López, B. (2023). Avances en formulaciones de maquillaje multifuncional: Un enfoque hacia la sostenibilidad y el cuidado de la piel. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 74(3), 245-261.Ficheux, A. S., Chevillotte, G., Wesolek, N., Morisset, T., Dornic, N., Bernard, A., Bertho, A., Romanet, A., Leroy, L., Mercat, A. C., Creusot, T., Simon, E., & Roudot, A. C. (2019). Consumption of cosmetic products by the French population second part: Amount data. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 90, 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.02.008Filon, F. L., Boeniger, M., Maina, G., Adami, G., Spinelli, P., & Damian, A. (2020). Skin absorption of inorganic lead (PbO) and the effect of skin cleansers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(2), e30-e35. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001778Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2012). Limiting Lead in Lipstick and Other Cosmetics. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-products/limiting-lead-lipstick-and-other cosmeticsGarcía-Martínez, M., López-Silva, R., & Chen, H. (2023). Applications of ICP-OES in environmental monitoring: A comprehensive review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(4), 234-249. https://www.technologynetworks.com/analysis/articles/icp oes-icp-chemistry-icp-oes-analysis-strengths-and-limitations-342Genchi, G., Sinicropi, M. S., Lauria, G., Carocci, A., & Catalano, A. (2020). The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3782. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113782Ghaderpoori, M., Kamarehie, B., Jafari, A., Ghaderpoury, A., & Karami, M. (2021). Heavy metals analysis and quality assessment in drinking water – Khorramabad city, Iran. Data in Brief, 16, 685-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.11.078Godt, J., Scheidig, F., Grosse-Siestrup, C., Esche, V., Brandenburg, P., Reich, A., & Groneberg, D. A. (2006). The toxicity of cadmium and resulting hazards for human health. Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology, 1, 1-6. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1745-6673-1-22Gondal, M. A., Seddigi, Z. S., Nasr, M. M., & Gondal, B. (2022). Spectroscopic detection of health hazardous contaminants in lipstick using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175(1-3), 726-732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.069González-Muñoz, M., & Rodríguez-Yoldi, M. J. (2023). Comparative analysis of cosmetic regulations in Latin America: Challenges and opportunities. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 131, 105218. 10.1007/s43441-023-00341-9González-Muñoz, P., Conde, E., & Santos, V. (2022). Increased prevalence of contact dermatitis associated with metal contaminants in cosmetic products: An epidemiological assessment. Journal of Dermatological Science, 107(2), 89-97. https://www.actasdermo.org/es estadisticas-S1578219014002455Gupta, M. K., Kumari, K., Srivastava, A., & Shikha, G. (2014). Bioremediation of heavy metal polluted environment using resistant bacteria. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 8(4), 883–889. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264004661_Bioremediation_of_heavy_metals_ polluted_environment_by_using_resistance_bacteriaGutiérrez, H., & De La Vara, R. (2008). Análisis y diseño de experimentos. México DF: McGraw Hill Interamericana.Halicz, L., Portugal-Cohen, M., Russo, M. Z., Robino, F., Vanhaecke, T., & Rogiers, V. (2015). Safety evaluation of traces of nickel and chrome in cosmetics: The case of Dead Sea mud.Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,73(3), 797-801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.10.016Hall, D., & de Sousa Araújo, T. (2019). Digital Fashion Communication: The Influence of Instagram-Queer-Makeup Artists and Their Future Developments on the Industry. In Fashion Communication in the Digital Age: FACTUM 19 Fashion Communication Conference, Ascona, Switzerland, July 21-26, 2019 (pp. 21-45). Springer International Publishing. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-15436-3_3Hasan, M., Ahmed, Q. M. M., Tarannum, N., Ahmed, S., & Shafiquzzaman, M. (2021). Assessment of toxic metals in cosmetic products used by Bangladeshi consumers. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 20(6), 1848-1858. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13758Hepp, N. M., Mindak, W. R., & Cheng, J. (2014). Determination of total lead in lipstick: Development and validation of a microwave-assisted digestion, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometric method. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 65(3), 157-163. https://doi.org/10.0953/xoyvd.98767Hernández, L., García, P., & Rodríguez, S. (2022). Innovación en protección solar: Evaluación de nuevas tecnologías de filtros y vehículos. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 44(2), 178-193. https://doi.org/10.1181/vozyu.11348Hou, X., & Jones, B. T. (2021). Recent advances in plasma optical emission spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 36(8), 1542-1563. https://doi.org/10.0023/vjcop.15269International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. (2023). Impact and toxicity of heavy metals on human health and latest trends in removal process from aquatic media. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-023-04258-8Irfan, M., Shafeeq, A., Siddiq, U., Bashir, F., Ahmad, T., Athar, M., ... & Lam, S. S. (2022). A mechanistic approach for toxicity and risk assessment of heavy metals, hydroquinone and microorganisms in cosmetic creams. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 433, 128806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128806Iwegbue, C. M. A., Emakunu, O. S., Obi, G., Nwajei, G. E., & Martincigh, B. S. (2021). Evaluation of human exposure and health risks from selected metals in facial cosmetics commonly used in Nigeria. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 119, 104823. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221475001630035XIwegbue, C. M., Bassey, F. I., Obi, G., Tesi, G. O., & Martincigh, B. S. (2016). Concentrations and exposure risks of some metals in facial cosmetics in Nigeria. Toxicology reports, 3, 464-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.04.004Johnson, A., Lee, K., & Park, S. (2024). Heavy metal contamination in 'natural' and 'organic' cosmetics: A global concern. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 75(2), 112-128. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00204-024-03903-2Jurado, J. M. (2008). Aplicación de Microsoft Excel a la Química Analítica: validación de métodos analíticos. Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla-Departamento de Química Analítica. https://doi.org/10.1085/37242-001768.2008.003157Kang, I. J., Lee, M. H., & Shim, J. (2019). Safety assessment of cosmetic metallic nanoparticles using alternative approaches to animal testing. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 22(5-6), 268-285Kazakova, I., Lebedynets, V., Kovalenko, S., & Kazakova, V. (2021). Research of the activities of the enterprises of the perfume and cosmetic industry of Ukraine. EUREKA: Health Sciences, (2), 44-55. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5679.2021.001700Khan, Z. I., Ahmad, K., Rehman, S., Ashfaq, A., Mehmood, N., Ugulu, I., ... & Sohail, M. (2021). Health risk assessment of heavy metals in wheat grown in sewage-irrigated soils of Lahore, Pakistan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(4), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09018-wKim, H. S., Kim, Y. J., & Seo, Y. R. (2019). An Overview of Carcinogenic Heavy Metal: Molecular Toxicity Mechanism and Prevention. Journal of Cancer Prevention, 20(4), 232- 240. https://doi.org /10.15430/JCP.2015.20.4.232Kim, J. H., Gibb, H. J., & Howe, P. D. (2019). Cobalt and inorganic cobalt compounds: Concise international chemical assessment document. World Health Organization. https://doi.org /10.0015/jnk.2019.298.761Kim, J., Park, S., & Lee, Y. (2020). Tendencias globales en el desarrollo de productos para el cuidado de la piel: Un análisis de mercado y formulación. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 42(1), 56-72. https://doi.org/10.5608/yvsuzx.2020.0801Kim, K. H., Kabir, E., & Jahan, S. A. (2016). A review on the distribution of Hg in the environment and its human health impacts. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 306, 376-385. https://doi.org/10.0144/opjk.2016.1156Kim, Y. J., Park, H. J., Choi, J. Y., Lee, S. Y., & Jang, Y. P. (2023). A multi-center assessment of heavy metal contamination in cosmetic products marketed in East Asian countries. Science of The Total Environment, 876, 162522. https://doi.org/10.0011/uvxk.2023. 109654Kornaros, M., & Mahmoud, Y. A.-G. (2023). Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Recent Advances in Their Removal: A Review. Toxics, 11(7), 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11070580Kumar, A., Sharma, I. K., Ahmad, I., & Khurana, A. (2023). Determination of heavy metals in lipsticks and their potential health risks to consumers in India. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 33(1), 168-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2021.1904001Kumar, N., Mukherjee, S., & Parashar, A. (2023). Heavy metals in consumer products: A comprehensive review of sources, health impacts, and regulatory measures. Environmental Research, 216, 114537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114537Landrigan, P. J., Fuller, R., Acosta, N. J. R., Adeyi, O., Arnold, R., Basu, N., Baldé, A. B., Bertollini, R., Bose-O'Reilly, S., Boufford, J. I., Breysse, P. N., Chiles, T., Mahidol, C., Coll-Seck, A. M., Cropper, M. L., Fobil, J., Fuster, V., Greenstone, M., Haines, A., ... Zhong, M. (2018). The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. The Lancet, 391(10119), 462-512.Larese Filon, F., Maina, G., Adami, G., Venier, M., Coceani, N., Bussani, R., ... & Barbieri, P. (2019). In vitro percutaneous absorption of cobalt nanoparticles through human skin. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 21(9), 1-12. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00420-003-0455-4Lawal, A., & Mohammed, S. S. (2022). Recent advances in analytical techniques for determination of toxic metals in cosmetics. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology, 13, 32. https://www.proquest.com/openview/1eb8c7cd803fbc990077f17f1250afaa/1?cbl=202636 6&diss=y&pq-origsite=gscholarLey 2041 de 2020. Por medio de la cual se garantiza el derecho de las personas a desarrollarse física e intelectualmente en un ambiente libre de plomo, fijando límites para su contenido en productos comercializados en el país y se dictan otras disposiciones. Julio 27 del 2020 D.O.No. 51.388. https://www.funcionpublica.gov.co/eva/gestornormativo/norma.php?i=159966Li, W., Xu, B., Song, Q., Liu, X., Xu, J., & Brookes, P. C. (2022). The identification of 'hotspots' of heavy metal pollution in soil-rice systems at a regional scale in eastern China. Environmental Pollution, 196, 125-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.019Li, Y., Chen, H., & Teng, Y. (2020). Bioaccesibility and health risk assessment of arsenic in soil and indoor dust in a copper mining city. Chemosphere, 243, 125412. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125412Liu, S., Hammond, S. K., & Rojas-Cheatham, A. (2021). Concentrations and potential health risks of metals in lip products. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(6), 705-710. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205518Liu, Y., Du, Q., Wang, Q., Yu, H., Liu, J., Tian, Y., ... & Lei, J. (2017). Causal inference between bioavailability of heavy metals and environmental factors in a large-scale region. Environmental pollution, 226, 370-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.019Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, J., & Chen, X. (2024). Comprehensive analysis of heavy metals in cosmetic products: A study on contamination levels and potential health risks in China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 441, 129814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.129814López, A., García, M., & Hernández, R. (2024). Chronic low-level exposure to heavy metals through daily use products: A growing public health concern. Environmental Health Perspectives, 132(3), 037002. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2024/mo/d3mo00214dLoyola-Hernández, J., Santos-Santos, E., De la Cruz, M. E., & Mejía-García, J. (2021). "Determinación de metales pesados en cosméticos faciales comercializados en Ciudad de México." Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, 37(1), 153-164. https://doi.org/10.20937/RICA.53698Martínez, C., & González, E. (2023). Consumer awareness of heavy metal contamination in cosmetics: A study in Latin America. Journal of Consumer Health, 45(2), 178-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/07347332.2023.2187651Massadeh, A. M., El-Khateeb, M. Y., & Ibrahim, S. M. (2017). Evaluation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb in selected cosmetic products from Jordanian, Sudanese, and Syrian markets. Public health, 149, 130-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2017.03.015Mendoza-López, R., Vega-Castro, A., & Torres-Ramírez, M. (2024). Safety assessment of cosmetic products in emerging markets: Current status and future perspectives. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 54(1), 1-22. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033350617301324Meseño, F., Rodríguez-Lazcano, Y., Román-Hernández, E., García-Sánchez, A., & Alfaro-De la Torre, M. C. (2020). Heavy metals in cosmetics: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 272, 111026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111026Miller, J., & Miller, J. C. (2018). Statistics and chemometrics for analytical chemistry (7a ed.). Pearson education. https://123library.org/book/269312/statistics-and-chemometrics-for analytical-chemistrMishra, S., Bharagava, R. N., More, N., Yadav, A., Zainith, S., Mani, S., & Chowdhary, P. (2019). Heavy metal contamination: an alarming threat to environment and human health. Environmental biotechnology: For sustainable future, 103-125. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-7284-0_5Mocak, J., Bünger, A., & Stehlik, A. (2020). Linearity assessment in analytical chemistry revisited. Accreditation and Quality Assurance, 25(1), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.0089/dfxik.zuvps 2020-7832-9Mohammadi, S., Mehrparvar, A. H., Labbafinejad, Y., & Attarchi, M. S. (2020). Heavy metal content in various types of cosmetic products in the Iranian market. International Journal of Environmental Health Engineering, 9(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijehe.ijehe_4_19Monteiro, R., Silva, P., & Santos, A. (2023). Consumer behavior patterns in cosmetic product selection: A global perspective. Journal of Consumer Research in Cosmetics, 15(2), 78-95. https://doi.org/10.1130/kpoj.izyh.2023.900359Montgomery, D. C. (2017). Design and analysis of experiments. John wiley & sons.Montgomery, D. C., Peck, E. A., & Vining, G. G. (2021). Introduction to linear regression analysis. John Wiley & Sons.Morales, E., & Chen, H. (2019). Tecnologías de encapsulación para fragancias: Impacto en la longevidad y perfil sensorial. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 34(6), 412-425. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-74182013000200007Morales-Sánchez, J., Velázquez-Martínez, V., & Ramírez-Hernández, A. (2022). Determinantes estadísticos de la presencia de metales trazas en productos cosméticos: un enfoque multivariante. Revista de Toxicología Aplicada, 37(2), 143-158. https://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/medi/article/view/2711Myers, R. H., Montgomery, D. C., & Anderson-Cook, C. M. (2016). Response surface methodology: process and product optimization using designed experiments. John Wiley & Sons.Nico, D., Zaharescu, T., & Radu, M. (2022). Physicochemical properties and toxicological profile of cosmetic matrices containing heavy metals. Toxicology Reports, 9, 121-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072022000305615Olabanji, I. O., Oluyemi, E. A., Adebajo, A. C., & Ogunfowokan, A. O. (2022). Metal content and health risk assessment of facial cosmetics commonly used in Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(12), 17254-17268. https://www.scirp.org/html/3- 1050296_56758.htmOrisakwe, O. E., & Otaraku, J. O. (2013). Risk assessment of using cosmetics containing heavy metals by the Nigerian population. Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, 3(3), 8-14. https://10.4236/jcdsa.2015.52009Park, S. H., & Zheng, W. (2021). Human exposure and health effects of inorganic and elemental mercury. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 45(6), 344-352. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.6.344Patel, R., & Nguyen, T. (2021). Desarrollos recientes en maquillaje corporal de larga duración: Análisis de polímeros y pigmentos. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 43(5), 501- 515. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3514464/Pimentel, M. F., & Barros Neto, B. B. (1996). Calibração: uma revisão para químicos analíticos. Química Nova, 19(3), 268-277. http://submission.quimicanova.sbq.org.br/qn/qnol/1996/vol19n3/v19_n3_09.pdfPratinidhi, S. A., Sagare, A. A., & Patil, A. J. (2018). Heavy metal levels in commonly used cosmetic products in Asia.MIMER Medical Journal,2(2), 31-36. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338864417ProColombia. (2023). Reporte sectorial: Industria cosmética en Colombia. https://procolombia.co/Pusari, R. K. H. (2014). “Identificación histopatológica de lesiones inducidas por bioacumulación de metales pesados en branquias, hígado y músculo de trucha arcoíris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) de cultivo en etapa comercial de la laguna de (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad nacional Mayor de San Marcos). https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/3749Qin, H., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Di, S., Bao, Y., Zhai, Y., & Zhu, S. (2023). Recent advances in sample preparation and chromatographic analysis of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in environment. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 164, 117112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2023.117112Rahman, M. A., Islam, M. S., & Ahmed, S. (2023). Correlation analysis between cosmetic market segments and heavy metal contamination: A multi-regional assessment. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 103(5), 1289-1304. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165993623001991Rahman, M. S., Islam, M. S., Uddin, M. K., Molla, M. M., & Khan, M. S. (2022). Determination of lead and cadmium contents in lipstick and their potential health risks to consumers. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 17(1), 45-58. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/S00003-018-1180-YRahman, Z., & Singh, V. P. (2019). The relative impact of toxic heavy metals (THMs) (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr)(VI), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)) on the total environment: an overview. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(7), 419. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-019-7528-7Rai, P. K., Lee, S. S., Zhang, M., Tsang, Y. F., & Kim, K. H. (2019). Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. Environment International, 125, 365- 385. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.067Ramírez, A., González, M., & Martínez, C. (2023). Heavy metal content in lipsticks: A comprehensive analysis of products from different price ranges. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 127, 105168. https://doi.org/10.22201/fi.25940732e.2023.24.4.028Ramírez-López, M., & Sánchez, C. (2023). Heavy metals in low-cost cosmetics: A public health concern in Latin America. Environmental Health Perspectives in Cosmetics, 8(4), 112-128. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7335825/Ramírez-Torres, A., Sánchez-López, M., & García-Moreno, E. (2023). "Evaluation of cosmetic surveillance systems in Latin American countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 2789. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405- 77432023000400004&lang=esRehman, K., Fatima, F., Waheed, I., & Akash, M. S. H. (2018). Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 119(1), 157-184. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.26234Ren, H., Yu, Y., & An, T. (2020). Bioaccessibilities of metal (loid) s and organic contaminants in particulates measured in simulated human lung fluids: A critical review.Environmental Pollution,265, 115070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115070Reyes, Y., Vergara, I., Torres, O., Lagos, M. D., & Jimenez, E. E. G. (2016). Contaminación por metales pesados: Implicaciones en salud, ambiente y seguridad alimentaria. Ingeniería Investigación y Desarrollo: I2+ D, 16(2), 66-77. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6096110Rivera, J., Martínez, A., & González, C. (2020). Formulaciones sostenibles para el cuidado de uñas: Eliminando compuestos controvertidos sin comprometer el rendimiento. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 71(2), 134-149. https://doi.org /10.0119/k.hevzj.2020.017689Rodríguez, D. P. (2022). Las tendencias de consumo en América Latina apuntan a la belleza y aseo del hogar. Diario la República. https://www.larepublica.co/consumo/las-tendencias de-consumo-en-america-latina-apuntan-a-la-belleza-y-aseo-del-hogar-3439Rodríguez, M., García, L., & Hernández, J. (2023). Evaluación de metales pesados en cosméticos comercializados en América Latina: Un estudio comparativo. Revista Latinoamericana de Química Cosmética, 18(3), 234-250. https://doi.org /10.1165/wzxv.kpqo.2023.0081481911Rodríguez-Sánchez, N., García-Ruiz, S., & Moldovan, M. (2022). Critical evaluation of matrix effects in ICP-OES: Challenges and solutions. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 188, 106378. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0269749120311131Rodríguez-Seijo, A., Lago-Vila, M., Andrade, L., & Vega, F. A. (2023). Mixture toxicity and joint effects of heavy metals in cosmetic products: Moving beyond single-compound assessments. Science of The Total Environment, 856, 159091. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111493Rogiers, V., Benfenati, E., Bernauer, U., Bodin, L., Carmichael, P., Chaudhry, Q., Coenraads, P. J., Cronin, M. T. D., Dent, M., Dusinska, M., Ezendam, J., Gaffet, E., Galli, C. L., Goebel, C., Granum, B., Hollnagel, H. M., Kern, P. S., Kosemund-Meynen, K., Ouédraogo, G., … Yang, C. (2020). The way forward for assessing the human health safety of cosmetics in the EU - Workshop proceedings. Toxicology, 436, 152421.https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/the-way-forward-for-assessing-the-human-health safety-of-cosmetiRustemeier, E., Melchart, D., Gröber, U., & Klement, R. J. (2021). Dietary mercury exposure in the German population – An underestimated risk? International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 235, 113754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113754Safavi, S., Najarian, R., Rasouli-azad, M. O., Masoumzadeh, S., Ghaderi, A., & Eghtesadi, R. (2019). A narrative review of heavy metals in cosmetics; health risks. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (09752366), 11(4). https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2019.11.04.031Safety, C. P. Guidance on Heavy Metal Impurities in Cosmetics. Modified. (2016). Available from: http://www. hcsc. gc. ca/cps-spc/pubs/indust.Saha, N., Rahman, M. S., Ahmed, M. B., Zhou, J. L., Ngo, H. H., & Guo, W. (2021). Industrial metal pollution in water and probabilistic assessment of human health risk. Journal of Environmental Management, 278, 111493. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111493Sanders, T., Liu, Y., Buchner, V., & Tchounwou, P. B. (2009). Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: a review. Reviews on environmental health, 24(1), 15-46. https://doi.org/10.1515/REVEH.2009.24.1.15Sani, A., Gaya, M. B., & Abubakar, F. A. (2016). Determination of some heavy metals in selected cosmetic products sold in kano metropolis, Nigeria. Toxicology Reports, 3, 866-869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.11.001Santos, D., Oliveira, R., & Ferreira, T. (2022). Tecnologías emergentes en productos capilares: Efectos sobre la estructura y propiedades físicas del cabello. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 44(1), 78-94. https://hdl.handle.net/10481/82099Sarkar, S. K., & Sarkar, S. K. (2018). Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of trace metals in sediments of sundarban wetland.Trace Metals in a Tropical Mangrove Wetland: Chemical Speciation, Ecotoxicological Relevance and Remedial Measures, 145-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2793-2_6SCCS, The Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety: Notes of guidance for the testing of cosmetic substances and their safety evaluation–10th revision. SCCS/1602/18, (2018). https://doi.org/10.2875/273162Shaaban, H. A., El-Ghorab, A. H., & Shibamoto, T. (2022). Bioactive compounds of essential oils and their role in the prevention and treatment of skin cancers. Molecules, 17(2), 1130-1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17021130Shahid, M., Shamshad, S., Rafiq, M., Khalid, S., Bibi, I., Niazi, N. K., ... & Rashid, M. I. (2022). Chromium speciation, bioavailability, uptake, toxicity and detoxification in soil-plant system: A critical review. Chemosphere, 286, 131494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131494Shang, Y., Meng, X., Liu, J., Song, N., Zheng, H., Han, C., & Ma, Q. (2023). Applications of mass spectrometry in cosmetic analysis: An overview. Journal of Chromatography A, 1705, 464175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464175Sharma, P., & Kumar, A. (2023). Technical and economic challenges in reformulating cosmetic products to eliminate heavy metal contaminants. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 45(3), 247-259. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0021967323004016Shilla, D., Pajala, G., Routh, J., Dario, M., & Kristoffersson, P. (2019). Trophodynamics and biomagnification of trace metals in aquatic food webs: The case of Rufiji estuary in Tanzania. Applied geochemistry, 100, 160-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.11.016SHIMADZU Excellence in Science. (2016). Multitype ICP Emission Spectrometer . ICP-9000 Series Supplies and Maintenance Parts. Columbia, Estados Unidos : Shimadzu Corporation. https://www.shimadzu.com/an/products/elemental-analysis/inductively coupled-plasma-emission-spectroscopy/icpe-9800-series/index.htmSilva, A. R., Nunes, L. S., Faial, K. C. F., & Palheta, D. C. (2023). Determination of chromium and other toxic metals in eyeshadows commercialized in Brazil and their potential health risks. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(10), 25647-25659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23278-0Silva, M. B., Santos, J. P., & Ferreira, R. (2022). Implementation and effectiveness of ANVISA's cosmetic control system: A 5-year analysis. Journal of Regulatory Science, 10(2), 45-58. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0883292718303433Skoog, D. A., Holler, F. J., & Crouch, S. R. (2019). Textbook principles of instrumental analysis.. Cengage learning. https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/chem-syllabi/Smith, E., Reddy, A., Jung, A., Fu, J., & Kornik, R. (2019). Makeup: A Review of Ingredients, Efficacy, and Potential Side Effects. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 81(4), 1342-1348. https://10.1048/091-2-9756-1011-5_9Smith, J. & Brown, T. (2023). Long-term health effects of chronic low-level exposure to heavy metals through cosmetic use. Environmental Health Perspectives, 131(4), 047006. https://10.0076/652-9-0323-1766-7_3Stewart, S. (2020). Painted faces: A colourful history of cosmetics. Reaktion Books.Swati, A., & Hait, S. (2017). Fate and bioavailability of heavy metals during vermicomposting of various organic wastes—A review. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 109, 30- 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.03.031Szynkowska, M. I., Pawlaczyk, A., & Maćkiewicz, E. (2018). Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of trace elements in the environment. Recent advances in trace elements, 251-276. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119133780.ch13Tchounwou, P. B., Yedjou, C. G., Patlolla, A. K., & Sutton, D. J. (2012). Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Experientia supplementum, 101, 133-164. https://10.1007/978-3-7643- 8340-4_6Thompson, M., & Ellison, S. L. R. (2021). Quality Assurance Principles for Analytical Laboratories (5th ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry.Thompson, R. M., & Miller, J. D. (2023). Modern Analytical Chemistry Methods (5th ed.). Academic Press. ISBN: 978-0-12.Thyssen, J. P., Menné, T., Johansen, J. D., Lidén, C., Julander, A., Møller, P., & Jellesen, M. S. (2018). A spot test for detection of cobalt release—early experience and findings. Contact Dermatitis, 63(2), 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01749.xToma, R. B., Fhaner, M., & Wong, S. S. (2022). Historic cosmetics and the visible presence of heavy metals: An interdisciplinary microanalysis and implications for history and toxicology courses. Journal of Chemical Education, 99(3), 1312-1319. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0957582017300976Ullah, H., Noreen, S., Fozia, Ali Rehman, F., Waseem, A., Zubair, S., Adnan, M., & Ahmad, I. (2017). Comparative study of heavy metals content in cosmetic products of different countries marketed in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10(1), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.09.021Ullah, H., Rehman, S., Ullah, I., Ahmad, I., & Shah, S. (2023). Health risk assessment and chemometric evaluation of potentially toxic elements in lipsticks commonly used in Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 17267-17278. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535213003195Umar, M. A., & Caleb, H. (2013). Analysis of metals in some cosmetic products in FCT-Abuja, Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Cosmetic Science, 3(2), 14-18. https://www sciencedirect com.ezproxy.cuc.edu.co/search?qs=Analysis%20of%20metals%20in%20some%20cosme tic%20products%20in%20FCT-Abuja%2C%20NigeriaVargas, N. (2022). CoverGirl, Natura y L’Oréal son algunas de las marcas pioneras de cosmética sostenible. Diario la República. https://www.larepublica.co/responsabilidad social/covergirl-natura-y-l-oreal-son-algunas-de-las-marcas-pioneras-de-cosmetica sostenible-3468287Velasco-Carrillo, F., & Martínez-Romero, S. (2022). Market analysis of cosmetic consumption patterns in Latin America: Economic factors and consumer preferences. Latin American Business Review, 28(3), 245-262. https://doi.org/10.0009-0007-9325-8260Verma, S., & Patel, R. (2024). Market exclusion risks for non-compliant cosmetic manufacturers: Analysis of international regulatory divergence. Journal of Business Ethics, 184(1), 145- 162. https://doi.org/10.0175/jzkwx2024.87.00662389Vilá Baños, R., Torrado-Fonseca, M., & Reguante Alvarez, M. (2019). Análisis de regresión lineal múltiple con SPSS: un ejemplo práctico. REIRE Revista de Innovación E Investigación En Educación. 12 (2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1344/reire2019.12.222704Wang, X., Li, Y., & Chen, G. (2021). Heavy metal contamination in urban soil: Sources, risks and remediation strategies. Journal of Environmental Management, 283, 112012(1).48. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2024.2Wang, X., Xia, T., Ning, Z., Hu, X., Yin, L., & Zhang, X. (2019). Bioaccumulation and transfer of heavy metals in the soil-crop system and associated health risks in the mining-impacted region of South China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(35), 35872- 35885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06555-3Wang, Y. X., Wang, P., Feng, W., Liu, C., Yang, P., Chen, Y. J., Sun, L., Sun, Y., Yue, J., Gu, L. J., Zeng, Q., Lu, W. Q., & Pan, A. (2022). Associations between low-level lead exposure and semen quality: A cross-sectional study in China. Environmental Health, 21(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00823-xWilliams, R., Thompson, K., & Davis, M. (2024). Global disparities in heavy metal regulations for cosmetics: Implications for international trade and consumer safety. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 129, 105155. https://doi.org/10.0011/kjzwy.2024-3784- 19378World Health Organization. (2022). "Guidelines on toxic metal limits in cosmetic products." WHO Technical Report Series, 1034. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/8729163491105World Health Organization. (2023). Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to environmental exposures. WHO Press. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241563871Yamamoto, K., Tanaka, S., & Nakamura, H. (2021). Prebióticos y probióticos en productos de higiene oral: Efectos sobre el microbioma bucal y la salud periodontal. Journal of Dental Research, 100(4), 389-401. https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0719-01072010000300007Zhang, H., Zhou, Y., & Li, M. (2022). Dermal absorption of heavy metals from cosmetic products: Mechanisms and risk assessment. Environmental Research, 204, 112123. https://doi.org/10.1147/wkhi.2022.983456Zhang, L., Wang, H., & Li, Y. (2022). Recent advances in analytical method validation and verification. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 414(15), 4567-4582. https://doi.org/10.0117/zqyv.2022.6130858Zhang, Y., Chen, L., Xu, M., & Liu, J. (2022). Cosmetics as an exposure pathway for heavy metals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 32(1), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.838762Zhang, Y., Liu, X., & Wang, Z. (2023). Technological advancements and marketing strategies driving growth in the global cosmetics industry. Journal of Business Research, 156, 113347. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.10308Zhang, Y., Wang, L., & Liu, H. (2024). Correlation between cosmetic product pricing and heavy metal content: A comparative analysis. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 75(1), 15-32. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020411Zhao, Q., Wang, Y., Cao, Y., Chen, A., Ren, M., Ge, Y., ... & Shen, L. (2021). Potential health risks of heavy metals in cultivated topsoil and grain, including correlations with human primary liver, lung and gastric cancer, in Anhui province, Eastern China. Science of the Total Environment, 470, 340-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.086Zhu, Y., & Xia, Y. (2018). Toxicological effects of heavy metals mixture on organisms: Current understanding and future perspectives. Environmental Pollution, 244, 986-994. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969713011248Productos cosméticosBases de maquillajeEspectrometría de emisión óptica de plasma acoplado inductivamenteMetales pesadosRiesgo potencialSalud públicaCosmetic productsFoundation makeupInductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometryHeavy metalsPotential riskPublic healthPublicationORIGINALEvaluación de las concentraciones de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Cr y Pb) en productos cosméticos y su riesgo potencial a la salud humana (2).pdfEvaluación de las concentraciones de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Cr y Pb) en productos cosméticos y su riesgo potencial a la salud humana (2).pdfapplication/pdf1373928https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/1c133e46-62f7-49d4-a666-9be43ff51699/download8dd14bd337955940910e2c30a819587dMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-815543https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/261db029-8bb0-4802-9a16-1d4dd12bf067/download73a5432e0b76442b22b026844140d683MD52TEXTEvaluación de las concentraciones de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Cr y Pb) en productos cosméticos y su riesgo potencial a la salud humana (2).pdf.txtEvaluación de las concentraciones de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Cr y Pb) en productos cosméticos y su riesgo potencial a la salud humana (2).pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain101623https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/c63d86a7-577c-4fd8-9f95-296f179fb1d9/downloadf8e2489dd8e67a576f20fdafb072e3dcMD53THUMBNAILEvaluación de las concentraciones de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Cr y Pb) en productos cosméticos y su riesgo potencial a la salud humana (2).pdf.jpgEvaluación de las concentraciones de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Cr y Pb) en productos cosméticos y su riesgo potencial a la salud humana (2).pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg8158https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/fa78c912-96c3-4818-b108-9591d0629e6e/downloadd6ee9f0fedb1b7ea9f8c3c33db9d5954MD5411323/14240oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/142402025-05-16 04:02:28.881https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.coPHA+TEEgT0JSQSAoVEFMIFkgQ09NTyBTRSBERUZJTkUgTcOBUyBBREVMQU5URSkgU0UgT1RPUkdBIEJBSk8gTE9TIFRFUk1JTk9TIERFIEVTVEEgTElDRU5DSUEgUMOaQkxJQ0EgREUgQ1JFQVRJVkUgQ09NTU9OUyAo4oCcTFBDQ+KAnSBPIOKAnExJQ0VOQ0lB4oCdKS4gTEEgT0JSQSBFU1TDgSBQUk9URUdJREEgUE9SIERFUkVDSE9TIERFIEFVVE9SIFkvVSBPVFJBUyBMRVlFUyBBUExJQ0FCTEVTLiBRVUVEQSBQUk9ISUJJRE8gQ1VBTFFVSUVSIFVTTyBRVUUgU0UgSEFHQSBERSBMQSBPQlJBIFFVRSBOTyBDVUVOVEUgQ09OIExBIEFVVE9SSVpBQ0nDk04gUEVSVElORU5URSBERSBDT05GT1JNSURBRCBDT04gTE9TIFTDiVJNSU5PUyBERSBFU1RBIExJQ0VOQ0lBIFkgREUgTEEgTEVZIERFIERFUkVDSE8gREUgQVVUT1IuPC9wPgo8cD5NRURJQU5URSBFTCBFSkVSQ0lDSU8gREUgQ1VBTFFVSUVSQSBERSBMT1MgREVSRUNIT1MgUVVFIFNFIE9UT1JHQU4gRU4gRVNUQSBMSUNFTkNJQSwgVVNURUQgQUNFUFRBIFkgQUNVRVJEQSBRVUVEQVIgT0JMSUdBRE8gRU4gTE9TIFRFUk1JTk9TIFFVRSBTRSBTRcORQUxBTiBFTiBFTExBLiBFTCBMSUNFTkNJQU5URSBDT05DRURFIEEgVVNURUQgTE9TIERFUkVDSE9TIENPTlRFTklET1MgRU4gRVNUQSBMSUNFTkNJQSBDT05ESUNJT05BRE9TIEEgTEEgQUNFUFRBQ0nDk04gREUgU1VTIFRFUk1JTk9TIFkgQ09ORElDSU9ORVMuPC9wPgo8b2wgdHlwZT0iMSI+CiAgPGxpPgogICAgRGVmaW5pY2lvbmVzCiAgICA8b2wgdHlwZT1hPgogICAgICA8bGk+T2JyYSBDb2xlY3RpdmEgZXMgdW5hIG9icmEsIHRhbCBjb21vIHVuYSBwdWJsaWNhY2nDs24gcGVyacOzZGljYSwgdW5hIGFudG9sb2fDrWEsIG8gdW5hIGVuY2ljbG9wZWRpYSwgZW4gbGEgcXVlIGxhIG9icmEgZW4gc3UgdG90YWxpZGFkLCBzaW4gbW9kaWZpY2FjacOzbiBhbGd1bmEsIGp1bnRvIGNvbiB1biBncnVwbyBkZSBvdHJhcyBjb250cmlidWNpb25lcyBxdWUgY29uc3RpdHV5ZW4gb2JyYXMgc2VwYXJhZGFzIGUgaW5kZXBlbmRpZW50ZXMgZW4gc8OtIG1pc21hcywgc2UgaW50ZWdyYW4gZW4gdW4gdG9kbyBjb2xlY3Rpdm8uIFVuYSBPYnJhIHF1ZSBjb25zdGl0dXllIHVuYSBvYnJhIGNvbGVjdGl2YSBubyBzZSBjb25zaWRlcmFyw6EgdW5hIE9icmEgRGVyaXZhZGEgKGNvbW8gc2UgZGVmaW5lIGFiYWpvKSBwYXJhIGxvcyBwcm9ww7NzaXRvcyBkZSBlc3RhIGxpY2VuY2lhLiBhcXVlbGxhIHByb2R1Y2lkYSBwb3IgdW4gZ3J1cG8gZGUgYXV0b3JlcywgZW4gcXVlIGxhIE9icmEgc2UgZW5jdWVudHJhIHNpbiBtb2RpZmljYWNpb25lcywganVudG8gY29uIHVuYSBjaWVydGEgY2FudGlkYWQgZGUgb3RyYXMgY29udHJpYnVjaW9uZXMsIHF1ZSBjb25zdGl0dXllbiBlbiBzw60gbWlzbW9zIHRyYWJham9zIHNlcGFyYWRvcyBlIGluZGVwZW5kaWVudGVzLCBxdWUgc29uIGludGVncmFkb3MgYWwgdG9kbyBjb2xlY3Rpdm8sIHRhbGVzIGNvbW8gcHVibGljYWNpb25lcyBwZXJpw7NkaWNhcywgYW50b2xvZ8OtYXMgbyBlbmNpY2xvcGVkaWFzLjwvbGk+CiAgICAgIDxsaT5PYnJhIERlcml2YWRhIHNpZ25pZmljYSB1bmEgb2JyYSBiYXNhZGEgZW4gbGEgb2JyYSBvYmpldG8gZGUgZXN0YSBsaWNlbmNpYSBvIGVuIMOpc3RhIHkgb3RyYXMgb2JyYXMgcHJlZXhpc3RlbnRlcywgdGFsZXMgY29tbyB0cmFkdWNjaW9uZXMsIGFycmVnbG9zIG11c2ljYWxlcywgZHJhbWF0aXphY2lvbmVzLCDigJxmaWNjaW9uYWxpemFjaW9uZXPigJ0sIHZlcnNpb25lcyBwYXJhIGNpbmUsIOKAnGdyYWJhY2lvbmVzIGRlIHNvbmlkb+KAnSwgcmVwcm9kdWNjaW9uZXMgZGUgYXJ0ZSwgcmVzw7ptZW5lcywgY29uZGVuc2FjaW9uZXMsIG8gY3VhbHF1aWVyIG90cmEgZW4gbGEgcXVlIGxhIG9icmEgcHVlZGEgc2VyIHRyYW5zZm9ybWFkYSwgY2FtYmlhZGEgbyBhZGFwdGFkYSwgZXhjZXB0byBhcXVlbGxhcyBxdWUgY29uc3RpdHV5YW4gdW5hIG9icmEgY29sZWN0aXZhLCBsYXMgcXVlIG5vIHNlcsOhbiBjb25zaWRlcmFkYXMgdW5hIG9icmEgZGVyaXZhZGEgcGFyYSBlZmVjdG9zIGRlIGVzdGEgbGljZW5jaWEuIChQYXJhIGV2aXRhciBkdWRhcywgZW4gZWwgY2FzbyBkZSBxdWUgbGEgT2JyYSBzZWEgdW5hIGNvbXBvc2ljacOzbiBtdXNpY2FsIG8gdW5hIGdyYWJhY2nDs24gc29ub3JhLCBwYXJhIGxvcyBlZmVjdG9zIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgbGEgc2luY3Jvbml6YWNpw7NuIHRlbXBvcmFsIGRlIGxhIE9icmEgY29uIHVuYSBpbWFnZW4gZW4gbW92aW1pZW50byBzZSBjb25zaWRlcmFyw6EgdW5hIE9icmEgRGVyaXZhZGEgcGFyYSBsb3MgZmluZXMgZGUgZXN0YSBsaWNlbmNpYSkuPC9saT4KICAgICAgPGxpPkxpY2VuY2lhbnRlLCBlcyBlbCBpbmRpdmlkdW8gbyBsYSBlbnRpZGFkIHRpdHVsYXIgZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yIHF1ZSBvZnJlY2UgbGEgT2JyYSBlbiBjb25mb3JtaWRhZCBjb24gbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEuPC9saT4KICAgICAgPGxpPkF1dG9yIG9yaWdpbmFsLCBlcyBlbCBpbmRpdmlkdW8gcXVlIGNyZcOzIGxhIE9icmEuPC9saT4KICAgICAgPGxpPk9icmEsIGVzIGFxdWVsbGEgb2JyYSBzdXNjZXB0aWJsZSBkZSBwcm90ZWNjacOzbiBwb3IgZWwgcsOpZ2ltZW4gZGUgRGVyZWNobyBkZSBBdXRvciB5IHF1ZSBlcyBvZnJlY2lkYSBlbiBsb3MgdMOpcm1pbm9zIGRlIGVzdGEgbGljZW5jaWE8L2xpPgogICAgICA8bGk+VXN0ZWQsIGVzIGVsIGluZGl2aWR1byBvIGxhIGVudGlkYWQgcXVlIGVqZXJjaXRhIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBvdG9yZ2Fkb3MgYWwgYW1wYXJvIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgeSBxdWUgY29uIGFudGVyaW9yaWRhZCBubyBoYSB2aW9sYWRvIGxhcyBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBkZSBsYSBtaXNtYSByZXNwZWN0byBhIGxhIE9icmEsIG8gcXVlIGhheWEgb2J0ZW5pZG8gYXV0b3JpemFjacOzbiBleHByZXNhIHBvciBwYXJ0ZSBkZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgcGFyYSBlamVyY2VyIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBhbCBhbXBhcm8gZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSBwZXNlIGEgdW5hIHZpb2xhY2nDs24gYW50ZXJpb3IuPC9saT4KICAgIDwvb2w+CiAgPC9saT4KICA8YnIvPgogIDxsaT4KICAgIERlcmVjaG9zIGRlIFVzb3MgSG9ucmFkb3MgeSBleGNlcGNpb25lcyBMZWdhbGVzLgogICAgPHA+TmFkYSBlbiBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhIHBvZHLDoSBzZXIgaW50ZXJwcmV0YWRvIGNvbW8gdW5hIGRpc21pbnVjacOzbiwgbGltaXRhY2nDs24gbyByZXN0cmljY2nDs24gZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlcml2YWRvcyBkZWwgdXNvIGhvbnJhZG8geSBvdHJhcyBsaW1pdGFjaW9uZXMgbyBleGNlcGNpb25lcyBhIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZWwgYXV0b3IgYmFqbyBlbCByw6lnaW1lbiBsZWdhbCB2aWdlbnRlIG8gZGVyaXZhZG8gZGUgY3VhbHF1aWVyIG90cmEgbm9ybWEgcXVlIHNlIGxlIGFwbGlxdWUuPC9wPgogIDwvbGk+CiAgPGxpPgogICAgQ29uY2VzacOzbiBkZSBsYSBMaWNlbmNpYS4KICAgIDxwPkJham8gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyB5IGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEsIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIG90b3JnYSBhIFVzdGVkIHVuYSBsaWNlbmNpYSBtdW5kaWFsLCBsaWJyZSBkZSByZWdhbMOtYXMsIG5vIGV4Y2x1c2l2YSB5IHBlcnBldHVhIChkdXJhbnRlIHRvZG8gZWwgcGVyw61vZG8gZGUgdmlnZW5jaWEgZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yKSBwYXJhIGVqZXJjZXIgZXN0b3MgZGVyZWNob3Mgc29icmUgbGEgT2JyYSB0YWwgeSBjb21vIHNlIGluZGljYSBhIGNvbnRpbnVhY2nDs246PC9wPgogICAgPG9sIHR5cGU9ImEiPgogICAgICA8bGk+UmVwcm9kdWNpciBsYSBPYnJhLCBpbmNvcnBvcmFyIGxhIE9icmEgZW4gdW5hIG8gbcOhcyBPYnJhcyBDb2xlY3RpdmFzLCB5IHJlcHJvZHVjaXIgbGEgT2JyYSBpbmNvcnBvcmFkYSBlbiBsYXMgT2JyYXMgQ29sZWN0aXZhcy48L2xpPgogICAgICA8bGk+RGlzdHJpYnVpciBjb3BpYXMgbyBmb25vZ3JhbWFzIGRlIGxhcyBPYnJhcywgZXhoaWJpcmxhcyBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBlamVjdXRhcmxhcyBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlIHkvbyBwb25lcmxhcyBhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBww7pibGljYSwgaW5jbHV5w6luZG9sYXMgY29tbyBpbmNvcnBvcmFkYXMgZW4gT2JyYXMgQ29sZWN0aXZhcywgc2Vnw7puIGNvcnJlc3BvbmRhLjwvbGk+CiAgICAgIDxsaT5EaXN0cmlidWlyIGNvcGlhcyBkZSBsYXMgT2JyYXMgRGVyaXZhZGFzIHF1ZSBzZSBnZW5lcmVuLCBleGhpYmlybGFzIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUsIGVqZWN1dGFybGFzIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUgeS9vIHBvbmVybGFzIGEgZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhLjwvbGk+CiAgICA8L29sPgogICAgPHA+TG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIG1lbmNpb25hZG9zIGFudGVyaW9ybWVudGUgcHVlZGVuIHNlciBlamVyY2lkb3MgZW4gdG9kb3MgbG9zIG1lZGlvcyB5IGZvcm1hdG9zLCBhY3R1YWxtZW50ZSBjb25vY2lkb3MgbyBxdWUgc2UgaW52ZW50ZW4gZW4gZWwgZnV0dXJvLiBMb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgYW50ZXMgbWVuY2lvbmFkb3MgaW5jbHV5ZW4gZWwgZGVyZWNobyBhIHJlYWxpemFyIGRpY2hhcyBtb2RpZmljYWNpb25lcyBlbiBsYSBtZWRpZGEgcXVlIHNlYW4gdMOpY25pY2FtZW50ZSBuZWNlc2FyaWFzIHBhcmEgZWplcmNlciBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgZW4gb3RybyBtZWRpbyBvIGZvcm1hdG9zLCBwZXJvIGRlIG90cmEgbWFuZXJhIHVzdGVkIG5vIGVzdMOhIGF1dG9yaXphZG8gcGFyYSByZWFsaXphciBvYnJhcyBkZXJpdmFkYXMuIFRvZG9zIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBubyBvdG9yZ2Fkb3MgZXhwcmVzYW1lbnRlIHBvciBlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBxdWVkYW4gcG9yIGVzdGUgbWVkaW8gcmVzZXJ2YWRvcywgaW5jbHV5ZW5kbyBwZXJvIHNpbiBsaW1pdGFyc2UgYSBhcXVlbGxvcyBxdWUgc2UgbWVuY2lvbmFuIGVuIGxhcyBzZWNjaW9uZXMgNChkKSB5IDQoZSkuPC9wPgogIDwvbGk+CiAgPGJyLz4KICA8bGk+CiAgICBSZXN0cmljY2lvbmVzLgogICAgPHA+TGEgbGljZW5jaWEgb3RvcmdhZGEgZW4gbGEgYW50ZXJpb3IgU2VjY2nDs24gMyBlc3TDoSBleHByZXNhbWVudGUgc3VqZXRhIHkgbGltaXRhZGEgcG9yIGxhcyBzaWd1aWVudGVzIHJlc3RyaWNjaW9uZXM6PC9wPgogICAgPG9sIHR5cGU9ImEiPgogICAgICA8bGk+VXN0ZWQgcHVlZGUgZGlzdHJpYnVpciwgZXhoaWJpciBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBlamVjdXRhciBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBvIHBvbmVyIGEgZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhIGxhIE9icmEgc8OzbG8gYmFqbyBsYXMgY29uZGljaW9uZXMgZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSwgeSBVc3RlZCBkZWJlIGluY2x1aXIgdW5hIGNvcGlhIGRlIGVzdGEgbGljZW5jaWEgbyBkZWwgSWRlbnRpZmljYWRvciBVbml2ZXJzYWwgZGUgUmVjdXJzb3MgZGUgbGEgbWlzbWEgY29uIGNhZGEgY29waWEgZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBxdWUgZGlzdHJpYnV5YSwgZXhoaWJhIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUsIGVqZWN1dGUgcMO6YmxpY2FtZW50ZSBvIHBvbmdhIGEgZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhLiBObyBlcyBwb3NpYmxlIG9mcmVjZXIgbyBpbXBvbmVyIG5pbmd1bmEgY29uZGljacOzbiBzb2JyZSBsYSBPYnJhIHF1ZSBhbHRlcmUgbyBsaW1pdGUgbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgbyBlbCBlamVyY2ljaW8gZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGxvcyBkZXN0aW5hdGFyaW9zIG90b3JnYWRvcyBlbiBlc3RlIGRvY3VtZW50by4gTm8gZXMgcG9zaWJsZSBzdWJsaWNlbmNpYXIgbGEgT2JyYS4gVXN0ZWQgZGViZSBtYW50ZW5lciBpbnRhY3RvcyB0b2RvcyBsb3MgYXZpc29zIHF1ZSBoYWdhbiByZWZlcmVuY2lhIGEgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSB5IGEgbGEgY2zDoXVzdWxhIGRlIGxpbWl0YWNpw7NuIGRlIGdhcmFudMOtYXMuIFVzdGVkIG5vIHB1ZWRlIGRpc3RyaWJ1aXIsIGV4aGliaXIgcMO6YmxpY2FtZW50ZSwgZWplY3V0YXIgcMO6YmxpY2FtZW50ZSwgbyBwb25lciBhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBsYSBPYnJhIGNvbiBhbGd1bmEgbWVkaWRhIHRlY25vbMOzZ2ljYSBxdWUgY29udHJvbGUgZWwgYWNjZXNvIG8gbGEgdXRpbGl6YWNpw7NuIGRlIGVsbGEgZGUgdW5hIGZvcm1hIHF1ZSBzZWEgaW5jb25zaXN0ZW50ZSBjb24gbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEuIExvIGFudGVyaW9yIHNlIGFwbGljYSBhIGxhIE9icmEgaW5jb3Jwb3JhZGEgYSB1bmEgT2JyYSBDb2xlY3RpdmEsIHBlcm8gZXN0byBubyBleGlnZSBxdWUgbGEgT2JyYSBDb2xlY3RpdmEgYXBhcnRlIGRlIGxhIG9icmEgbWlzbWEgcXVlZGUgc3VqZXRhIGEgbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEuIFNpIFVzdGVkIGNyZWEgdW5hIE9icmEgQ29sZWN0aXZhLCBwcmV2aW8gYXZpc28gZGUgY3VhbHF1aWVyIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIGRlYmUsIGVuIGxhIG1lZGlkYSBkZSBsbyBwb3NpYmxlLCBlbGltaW5hciBkZSBsYSBPYnJhIENvbGVjdGl2YSBjdWFscXVpZXIgcmVmZXJlbmNpYSBhIGRpY2hvIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIG8gYWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwsIHNlZ8O6biBsbyBzb2xpY2l0YWRvIHBvciBlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSB5IGNvbmZvcm1lIGxvIGV4aWdlIGxhIGNsw6F1c3VsYSA0KGMpLjwvbGk+CiAgICAgIDxsaT5Vc3RlZCBubyBwdWVkZSBlamVyY2VyIG5pbmd1bm8gZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIHF1ZSBsZSBoYW4gc2lkbyBvdG9yZ2Fkb3MgZW4gbGEgU2VjY2nDs24gMyBwcmVjZWRlbnRlIGRlIG1vZG8gcXVlIGVzdMOpbiBwcmluY2lwYWxtZW50ZSBkZXN0aW5hZG9zIG8gZGlyZWN0YW1lbnRlIGRpcmlnaWRvcyBhIGNvbnNlZ3VpciB1biBwcm92ZWNobyBjb21lcmNpYWwgbyB1bmEgY29tcGVuc2FjacOzbiBtb25ldGFyaWEgcHJpdmFkYS4gRWwgaW50ZXJjYW1iaW8gZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBwb3Igb3RyYXMgb2JyYXMgcHJvdGVnaWRhcyBwb3IgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IsIHlhIHNlYSBhIHRyYXbDqXMgZGUgdW4gc2lzdGVtYSBwYXJhIGNvbXBhcnRpciBhcmNoaXZvcyBkaWdpdGFsZXMgKGRpZ2l0YWwgZmlsZS1zaGFyaW5nKSBvIGRlIGN1YWxxdWllciBvdHJhIG1hbmVyYSBubyBzZXLDoSBjb25zaWRlcmFkbyBjb21vIGVzdGFyIGRlc3RpbmFkbyBwcmluY2lwYWxtZW50ZSBvIGRpcmlnaWRvIGRpcmVjdGFtZW50ZSBhIGNvbnNlZ3VpciB1biBwcm92ZWNobyBjb21lcmNpYWwgbyB1bmEgY29tcGVuc2FjacOzbiBtb25ldGFyaWEgcHJpdmFkYSwgc2llbXByZSBxdWUgbm8gc2UgcmVhbGljZSB1biBwYWdvIG1lZGlhbnRlIHVuYSBjb21wZW5zYWNpw7NuIG1vbmV0YXJpYSBlbiByZWxhY2nDs24gY29uIGVsIGludGVyY2FtYmlvIGRlIG9icmFzIHByb3RlZ2lkYXMgcG9yIGVsIGRlcmVjaG8gZGUgYXV0b3IuPC9saT4KICAgICAgPGxpPlNpIHVzdGVkIGRpc3RyaWJ1eWUsIGV4aGliZSBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBlamVjdXRhIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUgbyBlamVjdXRhIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUgZW4gZm9ybWEgZGlnaXRhbCBsYSBPYnJhIG8gY3VhbHF1aWVyIE9icmEgRGVyaXZhZGEgdSBPYnJhIENvbGVjdGl2YSwgVXN0ZWQgZGViZSBtYW50ZW5lciBpbnRhY3RhIHRvZGEgbGEgaW5mb3JtYWNpw7NuIGRlIGRlcmVjaG8gZGUgYXV0b3IgZGUgbGEgT2JyYSB5IHByb3BvcmNpb25hciwgZGUgZm9ybWEgcmF6b25hYmxlIHNlZ8O6biBlbCBtZWRpbyBvIG1hbmVyYSBxdWUgVXN0ZWQgZXN0w6kgdXRpbGl6YW5kbzogKGkpIGVsIG5vbWJyZSBkZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwgc2kgZXN0w6EgcHJvdmlzdG8gKG8gc2V1ZMOzbmltbywgc2kgZnVlcmUgYXBsaWNhYmxlKSwgeS9vIChpaSkgZWwgbm9tYnJlIGRlIGxhIHBhcnRlIG8gbGFzIHBhcnRlcyBxdWUgZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwgeS9vIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIGh1YmllcmVuIGRlc2lnbmFkbyBwYXJhIGxhIGF0cmlidWNpw7NuICh2LmcuLCB1biBpbnN0aXR1dG8gcGF0cm9jaW5hZG9yLCBlZGl0b3JpYWwsIHB1YmxpY2FjacOzbikgZW4gbGEgaW5mb3JtYWNpw7NuIGRlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBkZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUsIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZSBzZXJ2aWNpb3MgbyBkZSBvdHJhcyBmb3JtYXMgcmF6b25hYmxlczsgZWwgdMOtdHVsbyBkZSBsYSBPYnJhIHNpIGVzdMOhIHByb3Zpc3RvOyBlbiBsYSBtZWRpZGEgZGUgbG8gcmF6b25hYmxlbWVudGUgZmFjdGlibGUgeSwgc2kgZXN0w6EgcHJvdmlzdG8sIGVsIElkZW50aWZpY2Fkb3IgVW5pZm9ybWUgZGUgUmVjdXJzb3MgKFVuaWZvcm0gUmVzb3VyY2UgSWRlbnRpZmllcikgcXVlIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIGVzcGVjaWZpY2EgcGFyYSBzZXIgYXNvY2lhZG8gY29uIGxhIE9icmEsIHNhbHZvIHF1ZSB0YWwgVVJJIG5vIHNlIHJlZmllcmEgYSBsYSBub3RhIHNvYnJlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBvIGEgbGEgaW5mb3JtYWNpw7NuIHNvYnJlIGVsIGxpY2VuY2lhbWllbnRvIGRlIGxhIE9icmE7IHkgZW4gZWwgY2FzbyBkZSB1bmEgT2JyYSBEZXJpdmFkYSwgYXRyaWJ1aXIgZWwgY3LDqWRpdG8gaWRlbnRpZmljYW5kbyBlbCB1c28gZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBlbiBsYSBPYnJhIERlcml2YWRhICh2LmcuLCAiVHJhZHVjY2nDs24gRnJhbmNlc2EgZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBkZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwsIiBvICJHdWnDs24gQ2luZW1hdG9ncsOhZmljbyBiYXNhZG8gZW4gbGEgT2JyYSBvcmlnaW5hbCBkZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwiKS4gVGFsIGNyw6lkaXRvIHB1ZWRlIHNlciBpbXBsZW1lbnRhZG8gZGUgY3VhbHF1aWVyIGZvcm1hIHJhem9uYWJsZTsgZW4gZWwgY2Fzbywgc2luIGVtYmFyZ28sIGRlIE9icmFzIERlcml2YWRhcyB1IE9icmFzIENvbGVjdGl2YXMsIHRhbCBjcsOpZGl0byBhcGFyZWNlcsOhLCBjb21vIG3DrW5pbW8sIGRvbmRlIGFwYXJlY2UgZWwgY3LDqWRpdG8gZGUgY3VhbHF1aWVyIG90cm8gYXV0b3IgY29tcGFyYWJsZSB5IGRlIHVuYSBtYW5lcmEsIGFsIG1lbm9zLCB0YW4gZGVzdGFjYWRhIGNvbW8gZWwgY3LDqWRpdG8gZGUgb3RybyBhdXRvciBjb21wYXJhYmxlLjwvbGk+CiAgICAgIDxsaT4KICAgICAgICBQYXJhIGV2aXRhciB0b2RhIGNvbmZ1c2nDs24sIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIGFjbGFyYSBxdWUsIGN1YW5kbyBsYSBvYnJhIGVzIHVuYSBjb21wb3NpY2nDs24gbXVzaWNhbDoKICAgICAgICA8b2wgdHlwZT0iaSI+CiAgICAgICAgICA8bGk+UmVnYWzDrWFzIHBvciBpbnRlcnByZXRhY2nDs24geSBlamVjdWNpw7NuIGJham8gbGljZW5jaWFzIGdlbmVyYWxlcy4gRWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgc2UgcmVzZXJ2YSBlbCBkZXJlY2hvIGV4Y2x1c2l2byBkZSBhdXRvcml6YXIgbGEgZWplY3VjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBvIGxhIGVqZWN1Y2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgZGlnaXRhbCBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIHkgZGUgcmVjb2xlY3Rhciwgc2VhIGluZGl2aWR1YWxtZW50ZSBvIGEgdHJhdsOpcyBkZSB1bmEgc29jaWVkYWQgZGUgZ2VzdGnDs24gY29sZWN0aXZhIGRlIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yIHkgZGVyZWNob3MgY29uZXhvcyAocG9yIGVqZW1wbG8sIFNBWUNPKSwgbGFzIHJlZ2Fsw61hcyBwb3IgbGEgZWplY3VjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBvIHBvciBsYSBlamVjdWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhIGRpZ2l0YWwgZGUgbGEgb2JyYSAocG9yIGVqZW1wbG8gV2ViY2FzdCkgbGljZW5jaWFkYSBiYWpvIGxpY2VuY2lhcyBnZW5lcmFsZXMsIHNpIGxhIGludGVycHJldGFjacOzbiBvIGVqZWN1Y2nDs24gZGUgbGEgb2JyYSBlc3TDoSBwcmltb3JkaWFsbWVudGUgb3JpZW50YWRhIHBvciBvIGRpcmlnaWRhIGEgbGEgb2J0ZW5jacOzbiBkZSB1bmEgdmVudGFqYSBjb21lcmNpYWwgbyB1bmEgY29tcGVuc2FjacOzbiBtb25ldGFyaWEgcHJpdmFkYS48L2xpPgogICAgICAgICAgPGxpPlJlZ2Fsw61hcyBwb3IgRm9ub2dyYW1hcy4gRWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgc2UgcmVzZXJ2YSBlbCBkZXJlY2hvIGV4Y2x1c2l2byBkZSByZWNvbGVjdGFyLCBpbmRpdmlkdWFsbWVudGUgbyBhIHRyYXbDqXMgZGUgdW5hIHNvY2llZGFkIGRlIGdlc3Rpw7NuIGNvbGVjdGl2YSBkZSBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciB5IGRlcmVjaG9zIGNvbmV4b3MgKHBvciBlamVtcGxvLCBsb3MgY29uc2FncmFkb3MgcG9yIGxhIFNBWUNPKSwgdW5hIGFnZW5jaWEgZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgbXVzaWNhbGVzIG8gYWxnw7puIGFnZW50ZSBkZXNpZ25hZG8sIGxhcyByZWdhbMOtYXMgcG9yIGN1YWxxdWllciBmb25vZ3JhbWEgcXVlIFVzdGVkIGNyZWUgYSBwYXJ0aXIgZGUgbGEgb2JyYSAo4oCcdmVyc2nDs24gY292ZXLigJ0pIHkgZGlzdHJpYnV5YSwgZW4gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZWwgcsOpZ2ltZW4gZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IsIHNpIGxhIGNyZWFjacOzbiBvIGRpc3RyaWJ1Y2nDs24gZGUgZXNhIHZlcnNpw7NuIGNvdmVyIGVzdMOhIHByaW1vcmRpYWxtZW50ZSBkZXN0aW5hZGEgbyBkaXJpZ2lkYSBhIG9idGVuZXIgdW5hIHZlbnRhamEgY29tZXJjaWFsIG8gdW5hIGNvbXBlbnNhY2nDs24gbW9uZXRhcmlhIHByaXZhZGEuPC9saT4KICAgICAgICA8L29sPgogICAgICA8L2xpPgogICAgICA8bGk+R2VzdGnDs24gZGUgRGVyZWNob3MgZGUgQXV0b3Igc29icmUgSW50ZXJwcmV0YWNpb25lcyB5IEVqZWN1Y2lvbmVzIERpZ2l0YWxlcyAoV2ViQ2FzdGluZykuIFBhcmEgZXZpdGFyIHRvZGEgY29uZnVzacOzbiwgZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgYWNsYXJhIHF1ZSwgY3VhbmRvIGxhIG9icmEgc2VhIHVuIGZvbm9ncmFtYSwgZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgc2UgcmVzZXJ2YSBlbCBkZXJlY2hvIGV4Y2x1c2l2byBkZSBhdXRvcml6YXIgbGEgZWplY3VjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBkaWdpdGFsIGRlIGxhIG9icmEgKHBvciBlamVtcGxvLCB3ZWJjYXN0KSB5IGRlIHJlY29sZWN0YXIsIGluZGl2aWR1YWxtZW50ZSBvIGEgdHJhdsOpcyBkZSB1bmEgc29jaWVkYWQgZGUgZ2VzdGnDs24gY29sZWN0aXZhIGRlIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yIHkgZGVyZWNob3MgY29uZXhvcyAocG9yIGVqZW1wbG8sIEFDSU5QUk8pLCBsYXMgcmVnYWzDrWFzIHBvciBsYSBlamVjdWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhIGRpZ2l0YWwgZGUgbGEgb2JyYSAocG9yIGVqZW1wbG8sIHdlYmNhc3QpLCBzdWpldGEgYSBsYXMgZGlzcG9zaWNpb25lcyBhcGxpY2FibGVzIGRlbCByw6lnaW1lbiBkZSBEZXJlY2hvIGRlIEF1dG9yLCBzaSBlc3RhIGVqZWN1Y2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgZGlnaXRhbCBlc3TDoSBwcmltb3JkaWFsbWVudGUgZGlyaWdpZGEgYSBvYnRlbmVyIHVuYSB2ZW50YWphIGNvbWVyY2lhbCBvIHVuYSBjb21wZW5zYWNpw7NuIG1vbmV0YXJpYSBwcml2YWRhLjwvbGk+CiAgICA8L29sPgogIDwvbGk+CiAgPGJyLz4KICA8bGk+CiAgICBSZXByZXNlbnRhY2lvbmVzLCBHYXJhbnTDrWFzIHkgTGltaXRhY2lvbmVzIGRlIFJlc3BvbnNhYmlsaWRhZC4KICAgIDxwPkEgTUVOT1MgUVVFIExBUyBQQVJURVMgTE8gQUNPUkRBUkFOIERFIE9UUkEgRk9STUEgUE9SIEVTQ1JJVE8sIEVMIExJQ0VOQ0lBTlRFIE9GUkVDRSBMQSBPQlJBIChFTiBFTCBFU1RBRE8gRU4gRUwgUVVFIFNFIEVOQ1VFTlRSQSkg4oCcVEFMIENVQUzigJ0sIFNJTiBCUklOREFSIEdBUkFOVMONQVMgREUgQ0xBU0UgQUxHVU5BIFJFU1BFQ1RPIERFIExBIE9CUkEsIFlBIFNFQSBFWFBSRVNBLCBJTVBMw41DSVRBLCBMRUdBTCBPIENVQUxRVUlFUkEgT1RSQSwgSU5DTFVZRU5ETywgU0lOIExJTUlUQVJTRSBBIEVMTEFTLCBHQVJBTlTDjUFTIERFIFRJVFVMQVJJREFELCBDT01FUkNJQUJJTElEQUQsIEFEQVBUQUJJTElEQUQgTyBBREVDVUFDScOTTiBBIFBST1DDk1NJVE8gREVURVJNSU5BRE8sIEFVU0VOQ0lBIERFIElORlJBQ0NJw5NOLCBERSBBVVNFTkNJQSBERSBERUZFQ1RPUyBMQVRFTlRFUyBPIERFIE9UUk8gVElQTywgTyBMQSBQUkVTRU5DSUEgTyBBVVNFTkNJQSBERSBFUlJPUkVTLCBTRUFOIE8gTk8gREVTQ1VCUklCTEVTIChQVUVEQU4gTyBOTyBTRVIgRVNUT1MgREVTQ1VCSUVSVE9TKS4gQUxHVU5BUyBKVVJJU0RJQ0NJT05FUyBOTyBQRVJNSVRFTiBMQSBFWENMVVNJw5NOIERFIEdBUkFOVMONQVMgSU1QTMONQ0lUQVMsIEVOIENVWU8gQ0FTTyBFU1RBIEVYQ0xVU0nDk04gUFVFREUgTk8gQVBMSUNBUlNFIEEgVVNURUQuPC9wPgogIDwvbGk+CiAgPGJyLz4KICA8bGk+CiAgICBMaW1pdGFjacOzbiBkZSByZXNwb25zYWJpbGlkYWQuCiAgICA8cD5BIE1FTk9TIFFVRSBMTyBFWElKQSBFWFBSRVNBTUVOVEUgTEEgTEVZIEFQTElDQUJMRSwgRUwgTElDRU5DSUFOVEUgTk8gU0VSw4EgUkVTUE9OU0FCTEUgQU5URSBVU1RFRCBQT1IgREHDkU8gQUxHVU5PLCBTRUEgUE9SIFJFU1BPTlNBQklMSURBRCBFWFRSQUNPTlRSQUNUVUFMLCBQUkVDT05UUkFDVFVBTCBPIENPTlRSQUNUVUFMLCBPQkpFVElWQSBPIFNVQkpFVElWQSwgU0UgVFJBVEUgREUgREHDkU9TIE1PUkFMRVMgTyBQQVRSSU1PTklBTEVTLCBESVJFQ1RPUyBPIElORElSRUNUT1MsIFBSRVZJU1RPUyBPIElNUFJFVklTVE9TIFBST0RVQ0lET1MgUE9SIEVMIFVTTyBERSBFU1RBIExJQ0VOQ0lBIE8gREUgTEEgT0JSQSwgQVVOIENVQU5ETyBFTCBMSUNFTkNJQU5URSBIQVlBIFNJRE8gQURWRVJUSURPIERFIExBIFBPU0lCSUxJREFEIERFIERJQ0hPUyBEQcORT1MuIEFMR1VOQVMgTEVZRVMgTk8gUEVSTUlURU4gTEEgRVhDTFVTScOTTiBERSBDSUVSVEEgUkVTUE9OU0FCSUxJREFELCBFTiBDVVlPIENBU08gRVNUQSBFWENMVVNJw5NOIFBVRURFIE5PIEFQTElDQVJTRSBBIFVTVEVELjwvcD4KICA8L2xpPgogIDxici8+CiAgPGxpPgogICAgVMOpcm1pbm8uCiAgICA8b2wgdHlwZT0iYSI+CiAgICAgIDxsaT5Fc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhIHkgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIG90b3JnYWRvcyBlbiB2aXJ0dWQgZGUgZWxsYSB0ZXJtaW5hcsOhbiBhdXRvbcOhdGljYW1lbnRlIHNpIFVzdGVkIGluZnJpbmdlIGFsZ3VuYSBjb25kaWNpw7NuIGVzdGFibGVjaWRhIGVuIGVsbGEuIFNpbiBlbWJhcmdvLCBsb3MgaW5kaXZpZHVvcyBvIGVudGlkYWRlcyBxdWUgaGFuIHJlY2liaWRvIE9icmFzIERlcml2YWRhcyBvIENvbGVjdGl2YXMgZGUgVXN0ZWQgZGUgY29uZm9ybWlkYWQgY29uIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEsIG5vIHZlcsOhbiB0ZXJtaW5hZGFzIHN1cyBsaWNlbmNpYXMsIHNpZW1wcmUgcXVlIGVzdG9zIGluZGl2aWR1b3MgbyBlbnRpZGFkZXMgc2lnYW4gY3VtcGxpZW5kbyDDrW50ZWdyYW1lbnRlIGxhcyBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBkZSBlc3RhcyBsaWNlbmNpYXMuIExhcyBTZWNjaW9uZXMgMSwgMiwgNSwgNiwgNywgeSA4IHN1YnNpc3RpcsOhbiBhIGN1YWxxdWllciB0ZXJtaW5hY2nDs24gZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYS48L2xpPgogICAgICA8bGk+U3VqZXRhIGEgbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIHkgdMOpcm1pbm9zIGFudGVyaW9yZXMsIGxhIGxpY2VuY2lhIG90b3JnYWRhIGFxdcOtIGVzIHBlcnBldHVhIChkdXJhbnRlIGVsIHBlcsOtb2RvIGRlIHZpZ2VuY2lhIGRlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBkZSBsYSBvYnJhKS4gTm8gb2JzdGFudGUgbG8gYW50ZXJpb3IsIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIHNlIHJlc2VydmEgZWwgZGVyZWNobyBhIHB1YmxpY2FyIHkvbyBlc3RyZW5hciBsYSBPYnJhIGJham8gY29uZGljaW9uZXMgZGUgbGljZW5jaWEgZGlmZXJlbnRlcyBvIGEgZGVqYXIgZGUgZGlzdHJpYnVpcmxhIGVuIGxvcyB0w6lybWlub3MgZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSBlbiBjdWFscXVpZXIgbW9tZW50bzsgZW4gZWwgZW50ZW5kaWRvLCBzaW4gZW1iYXJnbywgcXVlIGVzYSBlbGVjY2nDs24gbm8gc2Vydmlyw6EgcGFyYSByZXZvY2FyIGVzdGEgbGljZW5jaWEgbyBxdWUgZGViYSBzZXIgb3RvcmdhZGEgLCBiYWpvIGxvcyB0w6lybWlub3MgZGUgZXN0YSBsaWNlbmNpYSksIHkgZXN0YSBsaWNlbmNpYSBjb250aW51YXLDoSBlbiBwbGVubyB2aWdvciB5IGVmZWN0byBhIG1lbm9zIHF1ZSBzZWEgdGVybWluYWRhIGNvbW8gc2UgZXhwcmVzYSBhdHLDoXMuIExhIExpY2VuY2lhIHJldm9jYWRhIGNvbnRpbnVhcsOhIHNpZW5kbyBwbGVuYW1lbnRlIHZpZ2VudGUgeSBlZmVjdGl2YSBzaSBubyBzZSBsZSBkYSB0w6lybWlubyBlbiBsYXMgY29uZGljaW9uZXMgaW5kaWNhZGFzIGFudGVyaW9ybWVudGUuPC9saT4KICAgIDwvb2w+CiAgPC9saT4KICA8YnIvPgogIDxsaT4KICAgIFZhcmlvcy4KICAgIDxvbCB0eXBlPSJhIj4KICAgICAgPGxpPkNhZGEgdmV6IHF1ZSBVc3RlZCBkaXN0cmlidXlhIG8gcG9uZ2EgYSBkaXNwb3NpY2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgbGEgT2JyYSBvIHVuYSBPYnJhIENvbGVjdGl2YSwgZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgb2ZyZWNlcsOhIGFsIGRlc3RpbmF0YXJpbyB1bmEgbGljZW5jaWEgZW4gbG9zIG1pc21vcyB0w6lybWlub3MgeSBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBxdWUgbGEgbGljZW5jaWEgb3RvcmdhZGEgYSBVc3RlZCBiYWpvIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEuPC9saT4KICAgICAgPGxpPlNpIGFsZ3VuYSBkaXNwb3NpY2nDs24gZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSByZXN1bHRhIGludmFsaWRhZGEgbyBubyBleGlnaWJsZSwgc2Vnw7puIGxhIGxlZ2lzbGFjacOzbiB2aWdlbnRlLCBlc3RvIG5vIGFmZWN0YXLDoSBuaSBsYSB2YWxpZGV6IG5pIGxhIGFwbGljYWJpbGlkYWQgZGVsIHJlc3RvIGRlIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgeSwgc2luIGFjY2nDs24gYWRpY2lvbmFsIHBvciBwYXJ0ZSBkZSBsb3Mgc3VqZXRvcyBkZSBlc3RlIGFjdWVyZG8sIGFxdcOpbGxhIHNlIGVudGVuZGVyw6EgcmVmb3JtYWRhIGxvIG3DrW5pbW8gbmVjZXNhcmlvIHBhcmEgaGFjZXIgcXVlIGRpY2hhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBzZWEgdsOhbGlkYSB5IGV4aWdpYmxlLjwvbGk+CiAgICAgIDxsaT5OaW5nw7puIHTDqXJtaW5vIG8gZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgc2UgZXN0aW1hcsOhIHJlbnVuY2lhZGEgeSBuaW5ndW5hIHZpb2xhY2nDs24gZGUgZWxsYSBzZXLDoSBjb25zZW50aWRhIGEgbWVub3MgcXVlIGVzYSByZW51bmNpYSBvIGNvbnNlbnRpbWllbnRvIHNlYSBvdG9yZ2FkbyBwb3IgZXNjcml0byB5IGZpcm1hZG8gcG9yIGxhIHBhcnRlIHF1ZSByZW51bmNpZSBvIGNvbnNpZW50YS48L2xpPgogICAgICA8bGk+RXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSByZWZsZWphIGVsIGFjdWVyZG8gcGxlbm8gZW50cmUgbGFzIHBhcnRlcyByZXNwZWN0byBhIGxhIE9icmEgYXF1w60gbGljZW5jaWFkYS4gTm8gaGF5IGFycmVnbG9zLCBhY3VlcmRvcyBvIGRlY2xhcmFjaW9uZXMgcmVzcGVjdG8gYSBsYSBPYnJhIHF1ZSBubyBlc3TDqW4gZXNwZWNpZmljYWRvcyBlbiBlc3RlIGRvY3VtZW50by4gRWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgbm8gc2UgdmVyw6EgbGltaXRhZG8gcG9yIG5pbmd1bmEgZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIGFkaWNpb25hbCBxdWUgcHVlZGEgc3VyZ2lyIGVuIGFsZ3VuYSBjb211bmljYWNpw7NuIGVtYW5hZGEgZGUgVXN0ZWQuIEVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgbm8gcHVlZGUgc2VyIG1vZGlmaWNhZGEgc2luIGVsIGNvbnNlbnRpbWllbnRvIG11dHVvIHBvciBlc2NyaXRvIGRlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSB5IFVzdGVkLjwvbGk+CiAgICA8L29sPgogIDwvbGk+CiAgPGJyLz4KPC9vbD4K |