Variabilidad del perclorato (ClO4⁻) en la zona intermareal (Ecotono) y perfil ecológico de las playas del departamento del Atlántico, caribe colombiano

El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue analizar la variabilidad del perclorato (ClO4 - ) en la zona intermareal y su relación con el perfil ecológico y las variables fisicoquímicas de las playas del departamento del Atlántico, en la región Caribe de Colombia. Se seleccionaron como objeto de...

Full description

Autores:
Carvajal Ruiz, Angie Stefany
De la parra, Ana Cristina
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2025
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/14339
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/14339
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Contaminante
Desarrollo sostenible
Ecosistemas marinos
Perfil ecológico
Perclorato
Toxicidad
Ecological profile
Marine ecosystems
Perchlorate
Pollutant
Sustainable development
Toxicity
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
id RCUC2_0f42f42f4bb9efa84ce9f7b26c466775
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/14339
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Variabilidad del perclorato (ClO4⁻) en la zona intermareal (Ecotono) y perfil ecológico de las playas del departamento del Atlántico, caribe colombiano
title Variabilidad del perclorato (ClO4⁻) en la zona intermareal (Ecotono) y perfil ecológico de las playas del departamento del Atlántico, caribe colombiano
spellingShingle Variabilidad del perclorato (ClO4⁻) en la zona intermareal (Ecotono) y perfil ecológico de las playas del departamento del Atlántico, caribe colombiano
Contaminante
Desarrollo sostenible
Ecosistemas marinos
Perfil ecológico
Perclorato
Toxicidad
Ecological profile
Marine ecosystems
Perchlorate
Pollutant
Sustainable development
Toxicity
title_short Variabilidad del perclorato (ClO4⁻) en la zona intermareal (Ecotono) y perfil ecológico de las playas del departamento del Atlántico, caribe colombiano
title_full Variabilidad del perclorato (ClO4⁻) en la zona intermareal (Ecotono) y perfil ecológico de las playas del departamento del Atlántico, caribe colombiano
title_fullStr Variabilidad del perclorato (ClO4⁻) en la zona intermareal (Ecotono) y perfil ecológico de las playas del departamento del Atlántico, caribe colombiano
title_full_unstemmed Variabilidad del perclorato (ClO4⁻) en la zona intermareal (Ecotono) y perfil ecológico de las playas del departamento del Atlántico, caribe colombiano
title_sort Variabilidad del perclorato (ClO4⁻) en la zona intermareal (Ecotono) y perfil ecológico de las playas del departamento del Atlántico, caribe colombiano
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Carvajal Ruiz, Angie Stefany
De la parra, Ana Cristina
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Villalba Acevedo, Jorge
Acevedo Barrios, Rosa
De La Parra Guerra, Ana
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Carvajal Ruiz, Angie Stefany
De la parra, Ana Cristina
dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv Retamoza Chamorro, Katy
Osorio Martínez, Jorge
Anaya Gil, Jorge
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Contaminante
Desarrollo sostenible
Ecosistemas marinos
Perfil ecológico
Perclorato
Toxicidad
topic Contaminante
Desarrollo sostenible
Ecosistemas marinos
Perfil ecológico
Perclorato
Toxicidad
Ecological profile
Marine ecosystems
Perchlorate
Pollutant
Sustainable development
Toxicity
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Ecological profile
Marine ecosystems
Perchlorate
Pollutant
Sustainable development
Toxicity
description El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue analizar la variabilidad del perclorato (ClO4 - ) en la zona intermareal y su relación con el perfil ecológico y las variables fisicoquímicas de las playas del departamento del Atlántico, en la región Caribe de Colombia. Se seleccionaron como objeto de estudio las playas turísticas de Santa Verónica, Playa Mendoza, Puerto Velero, Puerto Colombia y Salgar. En total, se establecieron 50 puntos de muestreo (10 puntos por playa a lo largo de la zona intermareal-costa litoral), donde se midieron variables fisicoquímicas como pH, oxígeno disuelto, porcentaje de saturación de oxígeno, temperatura superficial del agua, salinidad, conductividad y sólidos suspendidos totales. Para ello, se emplearon equipos multiparamétricos HANNA Instruments y/o equipos específicos. La detección de ClO4⁻ se realizó mediante medidores portátiles de pH/iones específicos (ISE) y un electrodo selectivo para ClO4⁻ (Thermo Scientific Orion 93), que funciona como sensor electroanalítico y cuenta con un módulo de detección integrado en un cuerpo epoxi. Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo una observación detallada del perfil ecológico de las playas, considerando la vegetación asociada. Este estudio tiene una relevancia ambiental significativa, ya que permitió identificar problemáticas que afectan tanto a las comunidades locales como a los turistas. Las poblaciones cercanas, cuya economía y alimentación dependen en gran medida de la pesca, podrían estar expuestas a riesgos para la salud debido al contacto con contaminantes ambientales, incluido el ClO4⁻. Estos hallazgos resaltan la necesidad de tomar medidas para mitigar los impactos de la contaminación en estos ecosistemas costeros clave.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2025-07-30T20:33:12Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2025-07-30T20:33:12Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2025-04-10
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/14339
dc.identifier.instname.none.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.none.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/14339
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv Acevedo-Barrios R, Olivero-Verbel J (2021) Perchlorate Contamination: Sources, Effects, and Technologies for Remediation. pp 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2021_66
Acevedo-Barrios R, Sabater Marco C, Olivero Verbel J (2019b) Perchlorate toxicity in organisms from different trophic levels. In: Toxicology Letters. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Helsinki, Finland, pp S98–S98. https://doi.org 10.13140/RG.2.2.16906.82888
Acevedo-Barrios, R., Bertel-Sevilla, A., Alonso-Molina, J., & Olivero-Verbel, J. (2019a). Perchlorate-Reducing Bacteria from Hypersaline Soils of the Colombian Caribbean. International Journal of Microbiology, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6981865
Acevedo-Barrios, R., Chavarro-Mesa, E., Porto-Tatis, M., Barrios-Flores, L., Villalba-Acevedo, J. L., Pasqualino, J., Monroy-Licht, A., & Leal, M. A. (2024). Effects of perchlorate on the growth and development of corn (Zea mays) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants. Proceedings of the LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education and Technology 2024: 22nd LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education and Technology (LACCEI 2024), San Jose, Hybrid, July 17–19, 2024. https://doi.org/10.18687/LACCEI2024.1.1.506
Acevedo-Barrios, R., Hernández Rocha, I., Puentes Martinez, D., Rubiano-Labrador, C., Pasqualino, J., Chavarro-Mesa, E., & De La Parra Querra, A. (2023). Psychrobacter sp: Perchlorate-reducing bacteria, isolated from marine sediments from Margarita Bay, Antarctica. In R. Leonor (Ed.), Proceedings of the LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education and Technology, July 2023 (Vol. 4, No. 13, p. 16). ISBN 978- 628952074-3; ISSN 2414-6390. https://doi.org/10.18687/LACCEI2023.1.1.995
Acevedo-Barrios, R., Puentes Martínez, D. A., Hernández Rocha, I. O., & others. (2024). Perchlorate in Antarctica: Origin, effects, treatments, environmental fate, and astrobiological perspectives: A review. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-06004-w
Acevedo-Barrios, R., Rubiano-Labrador, C., & Miranda-Castro, W. (2022). Presence of perchlorate in marine sediments from Antarctica during 2017–2020. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09765-4
Acevedo-Barrios, R., Rubiano-Labrador, C., Navarro-Narvaez, D., & others. (2022). Perchlorate reducing bacteria from Antarctic marine sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(654). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10328-w
Acevedo-Barrios, R., Sabater-Marco, C., & Olivero-Verbel, J. (2018). Ecotoxicological assessment of perchlorate using in vitro and in vivo assays. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(14), 13697-13708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1565-6.
Acevedo-Barrios, R., Tirado-Ballestas, I., Bertel-Sevilla, A., & others. (2024). Bioprospecting of extremophilic perchlorate-reducing bacteria: Report of promising Bacillus spp. isolated from sediments of the Bay of Cartagena, Colombia. Biodegradation. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-024-10079-0
Acsa brief. (2020). La problemática del perclorato y el clorato. Acsa Brief, 21. https://acsa.gencat.cat/es/detall/article/La-problematica-del-perclorato-y-el-clorato
AGQLabs. (2020, August 12). Análisis de Cloratos y Percloratos en Colombia. https://agqlabs.co/2020/08/12/analisis-de-cloratos-y-percloratos-en-colombia/
Ali, M. M., Khater, S. A., Fayed, A. A., Sabry, D., & Ibrahim, S. F. (2021). Apoptotic endocrinal toxic effects of perchlorate in human placental cells. Toxicology Reports, 8, 863–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.002
Alongi, D. M. (2008). Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis, and responses to global climate change. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 76(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.08.024
Arenas, M. (2015, September 22). Donde termina la tierra y empieza el mar. https://allyouneedisbiology.wordpress.com/2015/09/22/zona-intermareal-rocas/
Arias Holguín, G. J., Wilches Torres, M. A., & Pedraza, D. A. (2013, May 25). Análisis de la relación entre alteraciones del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-tiroides y exposición a perclorato en ratones de la cepa ICR. 2.
ATSDR. (2008). PERCLORATOS (PERCHLORATES). https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/es/toxfaqs/es_tfacts162.pdf
Backus, S. M., Klawuun, P., Brown, S., D’Sa, I., Sharp, S., Surette, C., & Williams, D. J. (2005). Determination of perchlorate in selected surface waters in the Great Lakes Basin by HPLC/MS/MS. Chemosphere, 61(6), 834–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2005.04.054
Baker, P. L., Garvin, R., & Smylie, M. (2016). Impacts of tourism and human settlement on coastal vegetation in the Caribbean. Environmental Conservation, 43(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892915000374
Barceló, D., & López, M. (2007). Contaminación y calidad química del agua: el problema de los contaminantes emergentes. PANEL CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICO DE SEGUIMIENTO DE LA POLÍTICA DE AGUAS. https://fnca.eu/phocadownload/P.CIENTIFICO/inf_contaminacion.pdf
Bardiya, N., & Bae, J. H. (2005). Bioremediation potential of a perchlorate-enriched sewage sludge consortium. Chemosphere, 58(1), 83-90.
Blount, B. C., Alwis, K. U., Jain, R. B., Solomon, B. L., Morrow, J. C., & Jackson, W. A. (2010). Perchlorate, nitrate, and iodide intake through tap water. Environmental science & technology, 44(24), 9564–9570. https://doi.org/10.1021/es1025195
Blount, B. C., Pirkle, J. L., Osterloh, J. D., Valentin-Blasini, L., & Caldwell, K. L. (2010). Urinary perchlorate and thyroid hormone levels in adolescents and adults. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(3), 420–423. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900973
Brown, G.M & Gu, B. (2006). The Chemistry of Perchlorate in the Environment. In: Gu, B., Coates, J.D. (eds) Perchlorate. Springer, Boston, MA. pp. 17-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387- 31113-0_2
Cañedo-Argüelles, M., Kefford, B. J., Piscart, C., Prat, N., Schäfer, R. B., & Schulz, C. J. (2013). Salinisation of rivers: An urgent ecological issue. Environmental Pollution, 173, 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.10.011
Cao, F., Jaunat, J., Sturchio, N., Cancès, B., Devos, A., Barbin, V., & Ollivier, P. (2019). Worldwide occurrence and origin of perchlorate ion in waters: a review.
Cao, X., Wang, Q., Zhang, M., Wu, D., & Hu, J. (2019). Sources and occurrence of perchlorate in aquatic environments: A review. Environmental Pollution, 244, 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.046
Chapman, D. (1996). Water Quality Assessments: A Guide to the Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring. UNESCO/WHO/UNEP.
Cicin-Sain, B. (2014, August 12). Objetivo 14—Conservar y utilizar sosteniblemente los océanos, los mares y los recursos marinos para el desarrollo sostenible | Naciones Unidas. United Nations. https://www.un.org/es/chronicle/article/objetivo-14-conservar-y-utilizar sosteniblemente-los-oceanos-los-mares-y-los-recursos-marinos-par
Connell, G. F. (2011, November 1). New Standards May Target Contaminants From Sodium Hypochlorite. https://www.waterworld.com/drinking-water/article/16209515/new standards-may-target-contaminants-from-sodium-hypoch
Córdoba, A., Merizalde, A., Angulo, F., Arenas, B., Villanueva, L., Rodríguez, R., Ospina, O., Castillo, V., Yeimy, N., Atara, R., Camilo, J., & Alexander, J. (2018). Monitoreo de las condiciones ambientales y los cambios estructurales y funcionales de las comunidades vegetales y de los recursos pesqueros durante la rehabilitación de la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta. (2017). INVEMAR, Volumen 16. Santa Marta 174p.+ anexos. http://hdl.handle.net/1834/15818
Dasgupta, P. K., Martinelango, P. K., Jackson, W. A., Anderson, T. A., Tian, K., Tock, R. W., & Rajagopalan, S. (2005). The Origin of Naturally Occurring Perchlorate: The Role of Atmospheric Processes. Environmental Science & Technology, 39(6), 1569-1575. https://doi.org/10.1021/es048612x
El Heraldo. (2020, September 18). Atlántico reabre sus playas con medidas de bioseguridad. https://www.elheraldo.co/atlantico/atlantico-reabre-sus-playas-con-medidas-de bioseguridad-75942
El Tiempo. (1995, November 22). ATLÁNTICO... SITIADO POR LA CONTAMINACIÓN. https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-469716
Esteves, F. A. (2011). Fundamentos de Limnología. Interciência.
Furdui, A., Furdui, V., Zheng J. (2018) Anthropogenic perchlorate increases since 1980 in the Canadian high arctic. Environmental Science Technology 52:972–981. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03132
Gan Z, Sun H, Wang R, Deng Y (2014) Occurrence and exposure evaluation of perchlorate in outdoor dust and soil in mainland China. Sci Total Environ 470–471:99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.067
Ghosh A, Pakshirajan K, Ghosh PK, Sahoo NK (2011) Perchlorate degradation using an indigenous microbial consortium predominantly Burkholderia sp. J Hazard Mater 187:133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.130
Giblin, F. J., France, C., Massé, S., & Sherry, D. (2011). The effects of perchlorate on thyroid function in fish. Aquatic Toxicology, 105(1–2), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.04.003
Gil, M., Soto, A., Usma, J., & Gutiérrez, O. (2012). Contaminantes emergentes en aguas, efectos y posibles tratamientos. 7(2), 52–73. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/pml/v7n2/v7n2a05.pdf
Gillanders, B. M., & Kingsford, M. J. (2002). Impact of changes in flow of freshwater on estuarine and open coastal habitats and the associated organisms. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 40, 233–309.
Gobernación del Atlántico. (2014, December 26). Juan de Acosta. https://www.atlantico.gov.co/index.php/departamento/mapasdeldepartamento/693-juan de-acosta
Gobernación del Atlántico. (2014, December 26). Puerto Colombia. https://www.atlantico.gov.co/index.php/departamento/mapasdeldepartamento/685- puerto-colombia
Gobernación del Atlántico. (2014, December 26). Tubara. https://www.atlantico.gov.co/index.php/departamento/mapasdeldepartamento/677- tubara
Gobernación del Atlántico. (2023, May 25). Mi Municipio. https://www.puertocolombia atlantico.gov.co/MiMunicipio/Paginas/Informacion-del-M
Gómez Álvarez, J. C., & Pabón Salcedo, G. J. (2016). Evaluación de la calidad del agua en las Playas Turísticas de Puerto Colombia, Atlántico y su relación con las fuentes de contaminación [Universidad de la Costa, CUC]. https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/handle/11323/279
Goméz, A., Ramirez, P., & de la Hoz, J. (2018). ENFERMEDAD TIROIDEA COMO RESULTADO DE LA DISRUPCION METABOLICA DEL YODO SECUNDARIO A LA INTOXICACION POR PERCLORATOS. Colegio Mayor Nuestra Señora del Rosario.
González, J., & Ramírez, L. (2019). Variabilidad del pH en ecosistemas costeros: Influencias naturales y antrópicas. Revista de Ciencias Marinas, 45(2), 123-135.
He, H., Gao, H., Chen, G., Li, H., Lin, H., & Shu, Z. (2013). Effects of perchlorate on growth of four wetland plants and its accumulation in plant tissues. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(10), 7301–7308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1744-4
Hem, J. D. (1985). Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254). U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2254
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Bruno, J. F. (2010). The impact of climate change on the world’s marine ecosystems. Science, 328(5985), 1523–1528. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189930
Hubé, D., & Urban, N. R. (2013). Perchlorate in the environment: An overview of sources and occurrences. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(11), 7737–7747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1596-4
Hube, D., & Urban, S. (2013). Préliminaire sur la présence des ions perchlorates dans les eaux souterraines en Alsace.
Jackson, W. A., Böhlke, J. K., Andraski, B. J., Fahlquist, L., Bexfield, L., Eckardt, F. D., Gates, J. B., Davila, A. F., McKay, C. P., Rao, B., Sevanthi, R., Rajagopalan, S., Estrada, N., Sturchio, N., Hatzinger, P. B., Anderson, T. A., Orris, G., Betancourt, J., Stonestrom, D., … Harvey, G. J. (2015). Global patterns and environmental controls of perchlorate and nitrate co-occurrence in arid and semi-arid environments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 164, 502–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.05.016
Jackson, W. A., Karl Böhlke, J., Gu, B., Hatzinger, P. B., & Sturchio, N. C. (2010). Isotopic composition and origin of indigenous natural perchlorate and co-occurring nitrate in the southwestern united states. Environmental Science and Technology, 44(13), 4869–4876. https://doi.org/10.1021/ES903802J/SUPPL_FILE/ES903802J_SI_002.PDF
Jahagirdar, V., Zoeller, T. R., Tighe, D. P., & Wagner, C. K. (2012). Maternal Hypothyroidism Decreases Progesterone Receptor Expression in the Cortical Subplate of Foetal Rat Brain. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 24(8), 1126–1134. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365- 2826.2012.02318.X
Jiang, S., Li, Y.-S., & Sun, B. (2013). Determination of trace level of perchlorate in Antarctic snow and ice by ion chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using an automated sample on-line preconcentration method. Chinese Chemical Letters, 24(4), 311-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2013.02.011
Jiang, S., Shi, G., Cole-Dai, J., An, C., & Sun, B. (2021). Occurrence, latitudinal gradient and potential sources of perchlorate in the atmosphere across the hemispheres (31°N to 80°S). Environment International, 156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106611
Kim D H, Yoon Y, Baek K, Han J, Her N. Occurrence of perchlorate in rice from different areas in the Republic of Korea. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2014 Jan;21(2):1251-7. doi: 10.1007/s11356-013-2013-2. Epub 2013 Jul 28. PMID: 23892615.
Kounaves, S. P., Stroble, S. T., Anderson, R. M., Moore, Q., Catling, D. C., Douglas, S., McKay, C. P., Ming, D. W., Smith, P. H., Tamppari, L. K., & Zent, A. P. (2010). Discovery of Natural Perchlorate in the Antarctic Dry Valleys and Its Global Implications. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(7), 2360- 2364. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9033606.
Kumarathilaka, P., Oze, C., Indraratne, S. P., & Vithanage, M. (2016). Perchlorate as an emerging contaminant in soil, water and food. Chemosphere, 150, 667–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.109
Lee, J. W., Oh, S. H., & Oh, J. E. (2012). Monitoring of perchlorate in diverse foods and its estimated dietary exposure for Korea populations. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 243, 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2012.09.037
Li, D., Li, B., Gao, H., Du, X., Qin, J., Li, H., He, H., & Chen, G. (2022). Removal of perchlorate by a lab-scale constructed wetland using achira (Canna indica L.). Wetlands Ecology and Management, 30(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11273-021-09827-3/METRICS
Liao, Z., Cao, D., Gao, Z., & Zhang, S. (2020). Occurrence of perchlorate in processed foods manufactured in China. Food Control, 107, 106813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106813
Logan BE, Wu J, Unz RF (2001) Biological perchlorate reduction in high-salinity solutions. Water Res 35:3034–3038. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00013-6
Maffini, M., Trasande, L & Neltner, T. (2016) “Perchlorate and diet: human exposures, risks, and mitigation strategies,” Current Environmental Health Reports, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 107–117
Moreno, N., Querol, X., & Ayora, C. (2009). Influence of beach sand composition on water quality: Implications for recreational activities. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 31(5), 585–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-009-9250-1
Motzer, W. E. (2001). Perchlorate: Problems, Detection, and Solutions. Environmental Forensics, 2(4), 301–311. https://doi.org/10.1006/ENFO.2001.0059
Murray, C. W., & Bolger, P. M. (2014). Environmental Contaminants: Perchlorate. Encyclopedia of Food Safety, 2, 337–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-378612-8.00200-6
Murray, C. W., & Bolger, P. M. (2014). Perchlorate: Environmental sources, uptake, and measurement. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 16(12), 2386–2395. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4em00343j
Murray, C. W., Egan, S. K., Kim, H., Beru, N., & Bolger, P. M. (2008). US Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study: dietary intake of perchlorate and iodine. Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 18(6), 571–580. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500648
ONU. (2018, August 29). ¿Sabes cuáles son los 17 objetivos de desarrollo sostenible? https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/2018/08/sabes-cuales-son-los-17- objetivos-de-desarrollo-sostenible/
ONU. (2022, April 29). Colombia fortalece la medición y avance del ODS 14 a través de la formalización de pescadores artesanales. https://www.undp.org/es/colombia/news/colombia-fortalece-la-medici%C3%B3n-y avance-del-ods-14-trav%C3%A9s-de-la-formalizaci%C3%B3n-de-pescadores artesanales
Oze, C., Beisel, J., Dabsys, E., Dall, J., North, G., Scott, A., Lopez, A. M., Holmes, R., & Fendorf, S. (2021). Perchlorate and Agriculture on Mars. Soil Systems 2021, Vol. 5, Page 37, 5(3), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/SOILSYSTEMS5030037
Parker, D. R. (2009). Perchlorate in the environment: The emerging emphasis on natural occurrence. Environmental Chemistry, 6(1), 10–27. https://doi.org/10.1071/EN09001.
Pleus RC, Corey LM (2018) Environmental exposure to perchlorate: a review of toxicology and human health. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 358:102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.001
Pörtner, H. O., & Farrell, A. P. (2008). Physiology and climate change. Science, 322(5902), 690– 692. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1163156
Praveen, K., & Muthukumar R. (2022). Perchlorate: Its Sources, Toxicity, Removal and Environmental effects. Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, 26(5), 184–191.
Rodríguez-Ramírez, I. (2018). El super poder de la adaptación en la zona intermareal. Revista De Biología Tropical, 1, Blog https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v0i1.34937
Sánchez Moreno, H., Bolívar-Anillo, H. J., Soto-Varela, Z. E., Aranguren, Y., Gonzaléz, C. P., Villate Daza, D. A., & Anfuso, G. (2019). Microbiological water quality and sources of contamination along the coast of the Department of Atlántico (Caribbean Sea of Colombia). Preliminary results. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 142, 303–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.054
Schubel, J. R., & Carter, H. H. (1984). The estuary as a filter: An introduction. Estuaries, 7(4), 219–221. https://doi.org/10.2307/1351619
Scott, D., Gössling, S., & Hall, C. M. (2012). International tourism and climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 3(3), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.165
Shi, Y., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Shi, J., Cai, Y., Mou, S., & Jiang, G. (2007). Perchlorate in sewage sludge, rice, bottled water and milk collected from different areas in China. Environment International, 33(7), 955–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVINT.2007.05.007
Smith, P N. (2006). The Ecotoxicology of Perchlorate in the Environment. En Gu, B & Coates, J. (Eds). PERCHLORATE: Environmental Occurrence, Interactions and Treatment. Springer (pp 153-164).
Srinivasan, A., & Viraraghavan, T. (2009). Perchlorate: Health effects and technologies for its removal from water resources. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6(4), 1418–1442. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6041418
Steinmaus CM (2016) Perchlorate in water supplies: sources, exposures, and health effects. Curr Environ Heal Rep 3:136–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-016-0087-y
Sverdrup, H. U., Johnson, M. W., & Fleming, R. H. (2006). The oceans: Their physics, chemistry, and general biology. Blackstone Publishing.
Tejeda-Benitez, L., Flegal, R., Odigie, K., & Olivero-Verbel, J. (2016). Pollution by metals and toxicity assessment using Caenorhabditis elegans in sediments from the Magdalena River, Colombia. Environmental Pollution, 212, 238–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.057
Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (2008). User Guide: Perchlorate Ion Selective Electrode. www.impact-test.co.uk
Torres Bejarano, F., Cantero Rodelo, R., Díaz-Solano, B., Mendoza Lozano, J. M., & López Mejía, Y. F. (2014). Análisis socioambiental de las playas Puerto Velero y Caño Dulce en Tubará, Atlántico, Colombia. Teoría y Praxis, 161–179. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=456145101007
Urbansky, E. T. (2002). Perchlorate as an environmental contaminant. Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 9(3), 187–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987486
W Radio. (2021, September 1). El río Magdalena, principal colector de basuras y plásticos del país. https://www.wradio.com.co/noticias/regionales/el-rio-magdalena-principal-colector de-basuras-y-plasticos-del-pais/20210901/nota/4162422.asp
Wan Y, Wu Q, Abualnaja KO et al (2015) Occurrence of perchlorate in indoor dust from the United States and eleven other countries: implications for human exposure. Environ Int 75:166– 171.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.005
Wang, Z., Forsyth, D., Lau, B. P. Y., Pelletier, L., Bronson, R., & Gaertner, D. (2009). Estimated dietary exposure of Canadians to perchlorate through the consumption of fruits and vegetables available in Ottawa markets. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(19), 9250–9255. https://doi.org/10.1021/JF901910X
Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and river ecosystems (3rd ed.). Academic Press.
World Health Organization. (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality (4th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Wu, Q., Wang, S., & Gao, X. (2010). Investigation of perchlorate in groundwater and its potential health impacts. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183(1–3), 407–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.050
Wu, Q., Zhang, T., Sun, H., Kannan, K. (2010). Perchlorate in Tap Water, Groundwater, Surface Waters, and Bottled Water From China and its Association with Other Inorganic Anions and with Disinfection Byproducts. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 58, 543–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-010-9485-6
Xie, Y., Tao, G., Chen, Q. et al. Effects of Perchlorate Stress on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings. Water Air Soil Pollut 225, 2077 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-2077-8
Yang, M., & Her, N. (2011). Perchlorate in soybean sprouts (Glycine max L. Merr.), water dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera DC.), and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) root in South Korea. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(13), 7490–7495. https://doi.org/10.1021/JF2009638
Ye L, You H, Yao J, Su H (2012) Water treatment technologies for perchlorate: a review. Desalination 298:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.05.006
Ye, L., You, H., Yao, J., Kang, X., & Tang, L. (2013). Seasonal variation and factors influencing perchlorate in water, snow, soil and corns in Northeastern China. Chemosphere, 90(10), 2493–2498. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2012.10.058
Yu, J., Dong, H. W., Shi, L. T., Tang, X. Y., Liu, J. R., & Shi, J. H. (2019). Reproductive toxicity of perchlorate in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 128, 212–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FCT.2019.04.014
Yu, L., Cañas, J. E., Cobb, G. P., Jackson, W. A., & Anderson, T. A. (2004). Uptake of perchlorate in terrestrial plants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 58(1), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-6513(03)00108-8
Zhang, T., Wu, Q., Sun, H. W., Rao, J., & Kannan, K. (2010). Perchlorate and iodide in whole blood samples from infants, children, and adults in Nanchang, China. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(18), 6947–6953. https://doi.org/10.1021/ES101354G
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
dc.rights.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv 81 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.publisher.department.none.fl_str_mv Civil y Ambiental
dc.publisher.place.none.fl_str_mv Barranquilla, Colombia
dc.publisher.program.none.fl_str_mv Maestría de Investigación en Desarrollo Sostenible MIDES
dc.publisher.branch.none.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
institution Corporación Universidad de la Costa
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/bfc16389-f865-45ee-bf71-cc537511764a/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/da8a623d-d751-455e-af22-32bfeef33b2c/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/edaa35dc-82ac-41ec-a79c-1b398879af3e/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/15de88c4-de57-4b7a-a55d-58ea027e7984/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv d4ff6b849e6ed53cbcacd85edc4b8906
73a5432e0b76442b22b026844140d683
cdb1eb1c02d16011adb8a22134111971
8bd712ffa37dbad27963c3bb1f65d2fd
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repdigital@cuc.edu.co
_version_ 1841804433897291776
spelling Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Villalba Acevedo, JorgeAcevedo Barrios, RosaDe La Parra Guerra, AnaCarvajal Ruiz, Angie StefanyDe la parra, Ana Cristinavirtual::2033-1Retamoza Chamorro, KatyOsorio Martínez, JorgeAnaya Gil, Jorge2025-07-30T20:33:12Z2025-07-30T20:33:12Z2025-04-10https://hdl.handle.net/11323/14339Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue analizar la variabilidad del perclorato (ClO4 - ) en la zona intermareal y su relación con el perfil ecológico y las variables fisicoquímicas de las playas del departamento del Atlántico, en la región Caribe de Colombia. Se seleccionaron como objeto de estudio las playas turísticas de Santa Verónica, Playa Mendoza, Puerto Velero, Puerto Colombia y Salgar. En total, se establecieron 50 puntos de muestreo (10 puntos por playa a lo largo de la zona intermareal-costa litoral), donde se midieron variables fisicoquímicas como pH, oxígeno disuelto, porcentaje de saturación de oxígeno, temperatura superficial del agua, salinidad, conductividad y sólidos suspendidos totales. Para ello, se emplearon equipos multiparamétricos HANNA Instruments y/o equipos específicos. La detección de ClO4⁻ se realizó mediante medidores portátiles de pH/iones específicos (ISE) y un electrodo selectivo para ClO4⁻ (Thermo Scientific Orion 93), que funciona como sensor electroanalítico y cuenta con un módulo de detección integrado en un cuerpo epoxi. Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo una observación detallada del perfil ecológico de las playas, considerando la vegetación asociada. Este estudio tiene una relevancia ambiental significativa, ya que permitió identificar problemáticas que afectan tanto a las comunidades locales como a los turistas. Las poblaciones cercanas, cuya economía y alimentación dependen en gran medida de la pesca, podrían estar expuestas a riesgos para la salud debido al contacto con contaminantes ambientales, incluido el ClO4⁻. Estos hallazgos resaltan la necesidad de tomar medidas para mitigar los impactos de la contaminación en estos ecosistemas costeros clave.The main objective of this research was to analyze the variability of perchlorate (ClO4 - ) in the intertidal zone and its relationship with the ecological profile and physicochemical variables of the beaches of the Atlántico department, in the Caribbean region of Colombia. The tourist beaches of Santa Verónica, Playa Mendoza, Puerto Velero, Puerto Colombia and Salgar were selected as the object of study. In total, 50 sampling points were established (10 points per beach along the intertidal zone-coastline), where physicochemical variables such as pH, dissolved oxygen, percentage of oxygen saturation, water surface temperature, salinity, conductivity and total suspended solids were measured. For this purpose, HANNA Instruments multiparameter equipment and/or specific equipment were used. Perchlorate detection was performed using portable pH/ion-specific meters (ISE) and a ClO4 - selective electrode (Thermo Scientific Orion 93), which functions as an electroanalytical sensor and has a detection module integrated into an epoxy body. Additionally, a detailed observation of the ecological profile of the beaches was carried out, considering the associated vegetation. This study has significant environmental relevance, because it allowed to identify problems that affect both local communities and tourists. Nearby populations, whose economy and food depend largely on fishing, could be exposed to health risks due to contact with environmental contaminants, including perchlorate. These findings highlight the need to take measures to mitigate the impacts of pollution on these key coastal ecosystems.Lista de tablas y figuras 10 -- Introducción 12 -- Planteamiento del problema 13 – Justificación 17 -- Hipótesis 19 -- Objetivos 19 -- Objetivo general 19 -- Objetivos específicos 19 -- Marco conceptual 21 -- Propiedades del ClO4⁻ 21 -- Origen del ClO4⁻ 21 -- Origen natural 21 -- Origen antropogénico y usos del ClO4⁻ 22 -- Efectos del ClO4⁻ 24 -- Efectos del perclorato en el ambiente y en la salud 24 -- Efectos en la salud de los seres humanos 24 -- Efectos en la biota 25 -- Contaminantes emergentes 27 -- Zona intermareal 27 -- Estado del arte 27 -- Materiales y métodos 33 -- Área de estudio 35 -- Características de las playas objeto de estudio 35 -- Playa de Santa Verónica 37 -- Playa Mendoza 38 -- Playa de puerto velero 38 -- Playa de Puerto Colombia 38 -- Playa de Salgar 38 Perfil ecológico 39 -- Sitios de muestreo 39 -- Métodos de colecta 39 -- Cuantificación de Concentraciones del ClO4 - en Sedimentos Marinos 40 -- Análisis estadístico 41 -- Resultados y discusión 42 -- Exploración Inicial de los datos 42 -- Comparación de las playas objeto de estudio por variable fisicoquímica de forma gráfica 46 -- Análisis de la normalidad 56 -- Prueba de homogeneidad de varianzas 57 -- Uso de la prueba de bartlett 58 -- Uso de la prueba de levene 58 -- ANOVA para comparar medias 59 -- Comparación de medias para variables normales 59 -- Comparación de medianas para variables no normales 60 -- Análisis post-hoc 61 -- La Prueba de Tukey 61 -- Perfil ecológico 63 – Referencias 67Magíster en Investigación en Desarrollo Sostenible MIDESMaestría81 páginasapplication/pdfspaCorporación Universidad de la CostaCivil y AmbientalBarranquilla, ColombiaMaestría de Investigación en Desarrollo Sostenible MIDESCorporación Universidad de la CostaVariabilidad del perclorato (ClO4⁻) en la zona intermareal (Ecotono) y perfil ecológico de las playas del departamento del Atlántico, caribe colombianoTrabajo de grado - MaestríaTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesishttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAcevedo-Barrios R, Olivero-Verbel J (2021) Perchlorate Contamination: Sources, Effects, and Technologies for Remediation. pp 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2021_66Acevedo-Barrios R, Sabater Marco C, Olivero Verbel J (2019b) Perchlorate toxicity in organisms from different trophic levels. In: Toxicology Letters. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Helsinki, Finland, pp S98–S98. https://doi.org 10.13140/RG.2.2.16906.82888Acevedo-Barrios, R., Bertel-Sevilla, A., Alonso-Molina, J., & Olivero-Verbel, J. (2019a). Perchlorate-Reducing Bacteria from Hypersaline Soils of the Colombian Caribbean. International Journal of Microbiology, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6981865Acevedo-Barrios, R., Chavarro-Mesa, E., Porto-Tatis, M., Barrios-Flores, L., Villalba-Acevedo, J. L., Pasqualino, J., Monroy-Licht, A., & Leal, M. A. (2024). Effects of perchlorate on the growth and development of corn (Zea mays) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants. Proceedings of the LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education and Technology 2024: 22nd LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education and Technology (LACCEI 2024), San Jose, Hybrid, July 17–19, 2024. https://doi.org/10.18687/LACCEI2024.1.1.506Acevedo-Barrios, R., Hernández Rocha, I., Puentes Martinez, D., Rubiano-Labrador, C., Pasqualino, J., Chavarro-Mesa, E., & De La Parra Querra, A. (2023). Psychrobacter sp: Perchlorate-reducing bacteria, isolated from marine sediments from Margarita Bay, Antarctica. In R. Leonor (Ed.), Proceedings of the LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education and Technology, July 2023 (Vol. 4, No. 13, p. 16). ISBN 978- 628952074-3; ISSN 2414-6390. https://doi.org/10.18687/LACCEI2023.1.1.995Acevedo-Barrios, R., Puentes Martínez, D. A., Hernández Rocha, I. O., & others. (2024). Perchlorate in Antarctica: Origin, effects, treatments, environmental fate, and astrobiological perspectives: A review. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-06004-wAcevedo-Barrios, R., Rubiano-Labrador, C., & Miranda-Castro, W. (2022). Presence of perchlorate in marine sediments from Antarctica during 2017–2020. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09765-4Acevedo-Barrios, R., Rubiano-Labrador, C., Navarro-Narvaez, D., & others. (2022). Perchlorate reducing bacteria from Antarctic marine sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(654). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10328-wAcevedo-Barrios, R., Sabater-Marco, C., & Olivero-Verbel, J. (2018). Ecotoxicological assessment of perchlorate using in vitro and in vivo assays. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(14), 13697-13708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1565-6.Acevedo-Barrios, R., Tirado-Ballestas, I., Bertel-Sevilla, A., & others. (2024). Bioprospecting of extremophilic perchlorate-reducing bacteria: Report of promising Bacillus spp. isolated from sediments of the Bay of Cartagena, Colombia. Biodegradation. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-024-10079-0Acsa brief. (2020). La problemática del perclorato y el clorato. Acsa Brief, 21. https://acsa.gencat.cat/es/detall/article/La-problematica-del-perclorato-y-el-cloratoAGQLabs. (2020, August 12). Análisis de Cloratos y Percloratos en Colombia. https://agqlabs.co/2020/08/12/analisis-de-cloratos-y-percloratos-en-colombia/Ali, M. M., Khater, S. A., Fayed, A. A., Sabry, D., & Ibrahim, S. F. (2021). Apoptotic endocrinal toxic effects of perchlorate in human placental cells. Toxicology Reports, 8, 863–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.002Alongi, D. M. (2008). Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis, and responses to global climate change. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 76(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.08.024Arenas, M. (2015, September 22). Donde termina la tierra y empieza el mar. https://allyouneedisbiology.wordpress.com/2015/09/22/zona-intermareal-rocas/Arias Holguín, G. J., Wilches Torres, M. A., & Pedraza, D. A. (2013, May 25). Análisis de la relación entre alteraciones del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-tiroides y exposición a perclorato en ratones de la cepa ICR. 2.ATSDR. (2008). PERCLORATOS (PERCHLORATES). https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/es/toxfaqs/es_tfacts162.pdfBackus, S. M., Klawuun, P., Brown, S., D’Sa, I., Sharp, S., Surette, C., & Williams, D. J. (2005). Determination of perchlorate in selected surface waters in the Great Lakes Basin by HPLC/MS/MS. Chemosphere, 61(6), 834–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2005.04.054Baker, P. L., Garvin, R., & Smylie, M. (2016). Impacts of tourism and human settlement on coastal vegetation in the Caribbean. Environmental Conservation, 43(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892915000374Barceló, D., & López, M. (2007). Contaminación y calidad química del agua: el problema de los contaminantes emergentes. PANEL CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICO DE SEGUIMIENTO DE LA POLÍTICA DE AGUAS. https://fnca.eu/phocadownload/P.CIENTIFICO/inf_contaminacion.pdfBardiya, N., & Bae, J. H. (2005). Bioremediation potential of a perchlorate-enriched sewage sludge consortium. Chemosphere, 58(1), 83-90.Blount, B. C., Alwis, K. U., Jain, R. B., Solomon, B. L., Morrow, J. C., & Jackson, W. A. (2010). Perchlorate, nitrate, and iodide intake through tap water. Environmental science & technology, 44(24), 9564–9570. https://doi.org/10.1021/es1025195Blount, B. C., Pirkle, J. L., Osterloh, J. D., Valentin-Blasini, L., & Caldwell, K. L. (2010). Urinary perchlorate and thyroid hormone levels in adolescents and adults. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(3), 420–423. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900973Brown, G.M & Gu, B. (2006). The Chemistry of Perchlorate in the Environment. In: Gu, B., Coates, J.D. (eds) Perchlorate. Springer, Boston, MA. pp. 17-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387- 31113-0_2Cañedo-Argüelles, M., Kefford, B. J., Piscart, C., Prat, N., Schäfer, R. B., & Schulz, C. J. (2013). Salinisation of rivers: An urgent ecological issue. Environmental Pollution, 173, 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.10.011Cao, F., Jaunat, J., Sturchio, N., Cancès, B., Devos, A., Barbin, V., & Ollivier, P. (2019). Worldwide occurrence and origin of perchlorate ion in waters: a review.Cao, X., Wang, Q., Zhang, M., Wu, D., & Hu, J. (2019). Sources and occurrence of perchlorate in aquatic environments: A review. Environmental Pollution, 244, 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.046Chapman, D. (1996). Water Quality Assessments: A Guide to the Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring. UNESCO/WHO/UNEP.Cicin-Sain, B. (2014, August 12). Objetivo 14—Conservar y utilizar sosteniblemente los océanos, los mares y los recursos marinos para el desarrollo sostenible | Naciones Unidas. United Nations. https://www.un.org/es/chronicle/article/objetivo-14-conservar-y-utilizar sosteniblemente-los-oceanos-los-mares-y-los-recursos-marinos-parConnell, G. F. (2011, November 1). New Standards May Target Contaminants From Sodium Hypochlorite. https://www.waterworld.com/drinking-water/article/16209515/new standards-may-target-contaminants-from-sodium-hypochCórdoba, A., Merizalde, A., Angulo, F., Arenas, B., Villanueva, L., Rodríguez, R., Ospina, O., Castillo, V., Yeimy, N., Atara, R., Camilo, J., & Alexander, J. (2018). Monitoreo de las condiciones ambientales y los cambios estructurales y funcionales de las comunidades vegetales y de los recursos pesqueros durante la rehabilitación de la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta. (2017). INVEMAR, Volumen 16. Santa Marta 174p.+ anexos. http://hdl.handle.net/1834/15818Dasgupta, P. K., Martinelango, P. K., Jackson, W. A., Anderson, T. A., Tian, K., Tock, R. W., & Rajagopalan, S. (2005). The Origin of Naturally Occurring Perchlorate: The Role of Atmospheric Processes. Environmental Science & Technology, 39(6), 1569-1575. https://doi.org/10.1021/es048612xEl Heraldo. (2020, September 18). Atlántico reabre sus playas con medidas de bioseguridad. https://www.elheraldo.co/atlantico/atlantico-reabre-sus-playas-con-medidas-de bioseguridad-75942El Tiempo. (1995, November 22). ATLÁNTICO... SITIADO POR LA CONTAMINACIÓN. https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-469716Esteves, F. A. (2011). Fundamentos de Limnología. Interciência.Furdui, A., Furdui, V., Zheng J. (2018) Anthropogenic perchlorate increases since 1980 in the Canadian high arctic. Environmental Science Technology 52:972–981. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03132Gan Z, Sun H, Wang R, Deng Y (2014) Occurrence and exposure evaluation of perchlorate in outdoor dust and soil in mainland China. Sci Total Environ 470–471:99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.067Ghosh A, Pakshirajan K, Ghosh PK, Sahoo NK (2011) Perchlorate degradation using an indigenous microbial consortium predominantly Burkholderia sp. J Hazard Mater 187:133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.130Giblin, F. J., France, C., Massé, S., & Sherry, D. (2011). The effects of perchlorate on thyroid function in fish. Aquatic Toxicology, 105(1–2), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.04.003Gil, M., Soto, A., Usma, J., & Gutiérrez, O. (2012). Contaminantes emergentes en aguas, efectos y posibles tratamientos. 7(2), 52–73. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/pml/v7n2/v7n2a05.pdfGillanders, B. M., & Kingsford, M. J. (2002). Impact of changes in flow of freshwater on estuarine and open coastal habitats and the associated organisms. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 40, 233–309.Gobernación del Atlántico. (2014, December 26). Juan de Acosta. https://www.atlantico.gov.co/index.php/departamento/mapasdeldepartamento/693-juan de-acostaGobernación del Atlántico. (2014, December 26). Puerto Colombia. https://www.atlantico.gov.co/index.php/departamento/mapasdeldepartamento/685- puerto-colombiaGobernación del Atlántico. (2014, December 26). Tubara. https://www.atlantico.gov.co/index.php/departamento/mapasdeldepartamento/677- tubaraGobernación del Atlántico. (2023, May 25). Mi Municipio. https://www.puertocolombia atlantico.gov.co/MiMunicipio/Paginas/Informacion-del-MGómez Álvarez, J. C., & Pabón Salcedo, G. J. (2016). Evaluación de la calidad del agua en las Playas Turísticas de Puerto Colombia, Atlántico y su relación con las fuentes de contaminación [Universidad de la Costa, CUC]. https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/handle/11323/279Goméz, A., Ramirez, P., & de la Hoz, J. (2018). ENFERMEDAD TIROIDEA COMO RESULTADO DE LA DISRUPCION METABOLICA DEL YODO SECUNDARIO A LA INTOXICACION POR PERCLORATOS. Colegio Mayor Nuestra Señora del Rosario.González, J., & Ramírez, L. (2019). Variabilidad del pH en ecosistemas costeros: Influencias naturales y antrópicas. Revista de Ciencias Marinas, 45(2), 123-135.He, H., Gao, H., Chen, G., Li, H., Lin, H., & Shu, Z. (2013). Effects of perchlorate on growth of four wetland plants and its accumulation in plant tissues. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(10), 7301–7308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1744-4Hem, J. D. (1985). Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254). U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2254Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Bruno, J. F. (2010). The impact of climate change on the world’s marine ecosystems. Science, 328(5985), 1523–1528. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189930Hubé, D., & Urban, N. R. (2013). Perchlorate in the environment: An overview of sources and occurrences. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(11), 7737–7747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1596-4Hube, D., & Urban, S. (2013). Préliminaire sur la présence des ions perchlorates dans les eaux souterraines en Alsace.Jackson, W. A., Böhlke, J. K., Andraski, B. J., Fahlquist, L., Bexfield, L., Eckardt, F. D., Gates, J. B., Davila, A. F., McKay, C. P., Rao, B., Sevanthi, R., Rajagopalan, S., Estrada, N., Sturchio, N., Hatzinger, P. B., Anderson, T. A., Orris, G., Betancourt, J., Stonestrom, D., … Harvey, G. J. (2015). Global patterns and environmental controls of perchlorate and nitrate co-occurrence in arid and semi-arid environments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 164, 502–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.05.016Jackson, W. A., Karl Böhlke, J., Gu, B., Hatzinger, P. B., & Sturchio, N. C. (2010). Isotopic composition and origin of indigenous natural perchlorate and co-occurring nitrate in the southwestern united states. Environmental Science and Technology, 44(13), 4869–4876. https://doi.org/10.1021/ES903802J/SUPPL_FILE/ES903802J_SI_002.PDFJahagirdar, V., Zoeller, T. R., Tighe, D. P., & Wagner, C. K. (2012). Maternal Hypothyroidism Decreases Progesterone Receptor Expression in the Cortical Subplate of Foetal Rat Brain. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 24(8), 1126–1134. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365- 2826.2012.02318.XJiang, S., Li, Y.-S., & Sun, B. (2013). Determination of trace level of perchlorate in Antarctic snow and ice by ion chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using an automated sample on-line preconcentration method. Chinese Chemical Letters, 24(4), 311-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2013.02.011Jiang, S., Shi, G., Cole-Dai, J., An, C., & Sun, B. (2021). Occurrence, latitudinal gradient and potential sources of perchlorate in the atmosphere across the hemispheres (31°N to 80°S). Environment International, 156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106611Kim D H, Yoon Y, Baek K, Han J, Her N. Occurrence of perchlorate in rice from different areas in the Republic of Korea. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2014 Jan;21(2):1251-7. doi: 10.1007/s11356-013-2013-2. Epub 2013 Jul 28. PMID: 23892615.Kounaves, S. P., Stroble, S. T., Anderson, R. M., Moore, Q., Catling, D. C., Douglas, S., McKay, C. P., Ming, D. W., Smith, P. H., Tamppari, L. K., & Zent, A. P. (2010). Discovery of Natural Perchlorate in the Antarctic Dry Valleys and Its Global Implications. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(7), 2360- 2364. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9033606.Kumarathilaka, P., Oze, C., Indraratne, S. P., & Vithanage, M. (2016). Perchlorate as an emerging contaminant in soil, water and food. Chemosphere, 150, 667–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.109Lee, J. W., Oh, S. H., & Oh, J. E. (2012). Monitoring of perchlorate in diverse foods and its estimated dietary exposure for Korea populations. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 243, 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2012.09.037Li, D., Li, B., Gao, H., Du, X., Qin, J., Li, H., He, H., & Chen, G. (2022). Removal of perchlorate by a lab-scale constructed wetland using achira (Canna indica L.). Wetlands Ecology and Management, 30(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11273-021-09827-3/METRICSLiao, Z., Cao, D., Gao, Z., & Zhang, S. (2020). Occurrence of perchlorate in processed foods manufactured in China. Food Control, 107, 106813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106813Logan BE, Wu J, Unz RF (2001) Biological perchlorate reduction in high-salinity solutions. Water Res 35:3034–3038. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00013-6Maffini, M., Trasande, L & Neltner, T. (2016) “Perchlorate and diet: human exposures, risks, and mitigation strategies,” Current Environmental Health Reports, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 107–117Moreno, N., Querol, X., & Ayora, C. (2009). Influence of beach sand composition on water quality: Implications for recreational activities. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 31(5), 585–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-009-9250-1Motzer, W. E. (2001). Perchlorate: Problems, Detection, and Solutions. Environmental Forensics, 2(4), 301–311. https://doi.org/10.1006/ENFO.2001.0059Murray, C. W., & Bolger, P. M. (2014). Environmental Contaminants: Perchlorate. Encyclopedia of Food Safety, 2, 337–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-378612-8.00200-6Murray, C. W., & Bolger, P. M. (2014). Perchlorate: Environmental sources, uptake, and measurement. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 16(12), 2386–2395. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4em00343jMurray, C. W., Egan, S. K., Kim, H., Beru, N., & Bolger, P. M. (2008). US Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study: dietary intake of perchlorate and iodine. Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 18(6), 571–580. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500648ONU. (2018, August 29). ¿Sabes cuáles son los 17 objetivos de desarrollo sostenible? https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/2018/08/sabes-cuales-son-los-17- objetivos-de-desarrollo-sostenible/ONU. (2022, April 29). Colombia fortalece la medición y avance del ODS 14 a través de la formalización de pescadores artesanales. https://www.undp.org/es/colombia/news/colombia-fortalece-la-medici%C3%B3n-y avance-del-ods-14-trav%C3%A9s-de-la-formalizaci%C3%B3n-de-pescadores artesanalesOze, C., Beisel, J., Dabsys, E., Dall, J., North, G., Scott, A., Lopez, A. M., Holmes, R., & Fendorf, S. (2021). Perchlorate and Agriculture on Mars. Soil Systems 2021, Vol. 5, Page 37, 5(3), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/SOILSYSTEMS5030037Parker, D. R. (2009). Perchlorate in the environment: The emerging emphasis on natural occurrence. Environmental Chemistry, 6(1), 10–27. https://doi.org/10.1071/EN09001.Pleus RC, Corey LM (2018) Environmental exposure to perchlorate: a review of toxicology and human health. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 358:102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.001Pörtner, H. O., & Farrell, A. P. (2008). Physiology and climate change. Science, 322(5902), 690– 692. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1163156Praveen, K., & Muthukumar R. (2022). Perchlorate: Its Sources, Toxicity, Removal and Environmental effects. Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, 26(5), 184–191.Rodríguez-Ramírez, I. (2018). El super poder de la adaptación en la zona intermareal. Revista De Biología Tropical, 1, Blog https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v0i1.34937Sánchez Moreno, H., Bolívar-Anillo, H. J., Soto-Varela, Z. E., Aranguren, Y., Gonzaléz, C. P., Villate Daza, D. A., & Anfuso, G. (2019). Microbiological water quality and sources of contamination along the coast of the Department of Atlántico (Caribbean Sea of Colombia). Preliminary results. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 142, 303–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.054Schubel, J. R., & Carter, H. H. (1984). The estuary as a filter: An introduction. Estuaries, 7(4), 219–221. https://doi.org/10.2307/1351619Scott, D., Gössling, S., & Hall, C. M. (2012). International tourism and climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 3(3), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.165Shi, Y., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Shi, J., Cai, Y., Mou, S., & Jiang, G. (2007). Perchlorate in sewage sludge, rice, bottled water and milk collected from different areas in China. Environment International, 33(7), 955–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVINT.2007.05.007Smith, P N. (2006). The Ecotoxicology of Perchlorate in the Environment. En Gu, B & Coates, J. (Eds). PERCHLORATE: Environmental Occurrence, Interactions and Treatment. Springer (pp 153-164).Srinivasan, A., & Viraraghavan, T. (2009). Perchlorate: Health effects and technologies for its removal from water resources. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6(4), 1418–1442. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6041418Steinmaus CM (2016) Perchlorate in water supplies: sources, exposures, and health effects. Curr Environ Heal Rep 3:136–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-016-0087-ySverdrup, H. U., Johnson, M. W., & Fleming, R. H. (2006). The oceans: Their physics, chemistry, and general biology. Blackstone Publishing.Tejeda-Benitez, L., Flegal, R., Odigie, K., & Olivero-Verbel, J. (2016). Pollution by metals and toxicity assessment using Caenorhabditis elegans in sediments from the Magdalena River, Colombia. Environmental Pollution, 212, 238–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.057Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (2008). User Guide: Perchlorate Ion Selective Electrode. www.impact-test.co.ukTorres Bejarano, F., Cantero Rodelo, R., Díaz-Solano, B., Mendoza Lozano, J. M., & López Mejía, Y. F. (2014). Análisis socioambiental de las playas Puerto Velero y Caño Dulce en Tubará, Atlántico, Colombia. Teoría y Praxis, 161–179. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=456145101007Urbansky, E. T. (2002). Perchlorate as an environmental contaminant. Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 9(3), 187–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987486W Radio. (2021, September 1). El río Magdalena, principal colector de basuras y plásticos del país. https://www.wradio.com.co/noticias/regionales/el-rio-magdalena-principal-colector de-basuras-y-plasticos-del-pais/20210901/nota/4162422.aspWan Y, Wu Q, Abualnaja KO et al (2015) Occurrence of perchlorate in indoor dust from the United States and eleven other countries: implications for human exposure. Environ Int 75:166– 171.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.005Wang, Z., Forsyth, D., Lau, B. P. Y., Pelletier, L., Bronson, R., & Gaertner, D. (2009). Estimated dietary exposure of Canadians to perchlorate through the consumption of fruits and vegetables available in Ottawa markets. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(19), 9250–9255. https://doi.org/10.1021/JF901910XWetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and river ecosystems (3rd ed.). Academic Press.World Health Organization. (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality (4th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.Wu, Q., Wang, S., & Gao, X. (2010). Investigation of perchlorate in groundwater and its potential health impacts. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183(1–3), 407–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.050Wu, Q., Zhang, T., Sun, H., Kannan, K. (2010). Perchlorate in Tap Water, Groundwater, Surface Waters, and Bottled Water From China and its Association with Other Inorganic Anions and with Disinfection Byproducts. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 58, 543–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-010-9485-6Xie, Y., Tao, G., Chen, Q. et al. Effects of Perchlorate Stress on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings. Water Air Soil Pollut 225, 2077 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-2077-8Yang, M., & Her, N. (2011). Perchlorate in soybean sprouts (Glycine max L. Merr.), water dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera DC.), and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) root in South Korea. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(13), 7490–7495. https://doi.org/10.1021/JF2009638Ye L, You H, Yao J, Su H (2012) Water treatment technologies for perchlorate: a review. Desalination 298:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.05.006Ye, L., You, H., Yao, J., Kang, X., & Tang, L. (2013). Seasonal variation and factors influencing perchlorate in water, snow, soil and corns in Northeastern China. Chemosphere, 90(10), 2493–2498. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2012.10.058Yu, J., Dong, H. W., Shi, L. T., Tang, X. Y., Liu, J. R., & Shi, J. H. (2019). Reproductive toxicity of perchlorate in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 128, 212–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FCT.2019.04.014Yu, L., Cañas, J. E., Cobb, G. P., Jackson, W. A., & Anderson, T. A. (2004). Uptake of perchlorate in terrestrial plants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 58(1), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-6513(03)00108-8Zhang, T., Wu, Q., Sun, H. W., Rao, J., & Kannan, K. (2010). Perchlorate and iodide in whole blood samples from infants, children, and adults in Nanchang, China. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(18), 6947–6953. https://doi.org/10.1021/ES101354GContaminanteDesarrollo sostenibleEcosistemas marinosPerfil ecológicoPercloratoToxicidadEcological profileMarine ecosystemsPerchloratePollutantSustainable developmentToxicityPublicationc11ca5b1-cc6b-4be8-a162-5a6fef2b560avirtual::2033-1c11ca5b1-cc6b-4be8-a162-5a6fef2b560avirtual::2033-10000-0003-0074-3149virtual::2033-1ORIGINALVariabilidad del perclorato (ClO4⁻) en la zona intermareal (ecotono) y perfil ecológico de las playas del departamento del atlántico, caribe colombiano.pdfVariabilidad del perclorato (ClO4⁻) en la zona intermareal (ecotono) y perfil ecológico de las playas del departamento del atlántico, caribe colombiano.pdfapplication/pdf1226571https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/bfc16389-f865-45ee-bf71-cc537511764a/downloadd4ff6b849e6ed53cbcacd85edc4b8906MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-815543https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/da8a623d-d751-455e-af22-32bfeef33b2c/download73a5432e0b76442b22b026844140d683MD52TEXTVariabilidad del perclorato (ClO4⁻) en la zona intermareal (ecotono) y perfil ecológico de las playas del departamento del atlántico, caribe colombiano.pdf.txtVariabilidad del perclorato (ClO4⁻) en la zona intermareal (ecotono) y perfil ecológico de las playas del departamento del atlántico, caribe colombiano.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain104883https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/edaa35dc-82ac-41ec-a79c-1b398879af3e/downloadcdb1eb1c02d16011adb8a22134111971MD53THUMBNAILVariabilidad del perclorato (ClO4⁻) en la zona intermareal (ecotono) y perfil ecológico de las playas del departamento del atlántico, caribe colombiano.pdf.jpgVariabilidad del perclorato (ClO4⁻) en la zona intermareal (ecotono) y perfil ecológico de las playas del departamento del atlántico, caribe colombiano.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg8750https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/15de88c4-de57-4b7a-a55d-58ea027e7984/download8bd712ffa37dbad27963c3bb1f65d2fdMD5411323/14339oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/143392025-08-26 11:27:21.285https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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

Publicaciones similares