Safety performance functions in Dedicated Bus Lane of BRT on Caracas Avenue Corridor at Bogotá city

Introduction−Road safety is a global concern due to the temporary and/or permanent health effects that traffic ac-cidents generate for the people involved. On the other hand, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems a large number of pas-sengers and during their operation they become involved in this type of...

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Autores:
Rodríguez-Polo, Kelly Andrea
Henao-Pérez, Santiago
Tipo de recurso:
Article of investigation
Fecha de publicación:
2019
Institución:
Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional ECI
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co:001/1485
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/1485
https://revistascientificas.cuc.edu.co/ingecuc/article/view/2303
Palabra clave:
Seguridad vial - Bogotá
Ingeniería de transporte
Accidentes - Prevención - Bogotá
Traffic safety - Bogotá
Transportation engineering
Accidents - Prevention - Bogotá
Bus Rapid transit
Highway Safety Manual
Safety Performance Functions
Urban and Suburban Arterials
Crash Modification Factors
Negative Binomial Regression Mode
Roadway Segments
Intersections
Accidents Estimation Model
Buses de Transito Rápido
Manual de Seguridad Vial
Funciones de Desempeño de la Seguridad
Avenidas Urbanas y Suburbanas
Factores de Modificación de Accidentes
Modelo de Regresión Binomial Negativo
Segmentos de Vía
Intersecciones
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openAccess
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Safety performance functions in Dedicated Bus Lane of BRT on Caracas Avenue Corridor at Bogotá city
dc.title.alternative.spa.fl_str_mv Funciones de desempeño de seguridad en carriles de uso exclusivos del BRT sobre el corredor de la Avenida Caracas en la ciudad de Bogotá
title Safety performance functions in Dedicated Bus Lane of BRT on Caracas Avenue Corridor at Bogotá city
spellingShingle Safety performance functions in Dedicated Bus Lane of BRT on Caracas Avenue Corridor at Bogotá city
Seguridad vial - Bogotá
Ingeniería de transporte
Accidentes - Prevención - Bogotá
Traffic safety - Bogotá
Transportation engineering
Accidents - Prevention - Bogotá
Bus Rapid transit
Highway Safety Manual
Safety Performance Functions
Urban and Suburban Arterials
Crash Modification Factors
Negative Binomial Regression Mode
Roadway Segments
Intersections
Accidents Estimation Model
Buses de Transito Rápido
Manual de Seguridad Vial
Funciones de Desempeño de la Seguridad
Avenidas Urbanas y Suburbanas
Factores de Modificación de Accidentes
Modelo de Regresión Binomial Negativo
Segmentos de Vía
Intersecciones
title_short Safety performance functions in Dedicated Bus Lane of BRT on Caracas Avenue Corridor at Bogotá city
title_full Safety performance functions in Dedicated Bus Lane of BRT on Caracas Avenue Corridor at Bogotá city
title_fullStr Safety performance functions in Dedicated Bus Lane of BRT on Caracas Avenue Corridor at Bogotá city
title_full_unstemmed Safety performance functions in Dedicated Bus Lane of BRT on Caracas Avenue Corridor at Bogotá city
title_sort Safety performance functions in Dedicated Bus Lane of BRT on Caracas Avenue Corridor at Bogotá city
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Rodríguez-Polo, Kelly Andrea
Henao-Pérez, Santiago
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Rodríguez-Polo, Kelly Andrea
Henao-Pérez, Santiago
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv Grupo de Investigación en Vías y Transporte
dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv Seguridad vial - Bogotá
Ingeniería de transporte
Accidentes - Prevención - Bogotá
topic Seguridad vial - Bogotá
Ingeniería de transporte
Accidentes - Prevención - Bogotá
Traffic safety - Bogotá
Transportation engineering
Accidents - Prevention - Bogotá
Bus Rapid transit
Highway Safety Manual
Safety Performance Functions
Urban and Suburban Arterials
Crash Modification Factors
Negative Binomial Regression Mode
Roadway Segments
Intersections
Accidents Estimation Model
Buses de Transito Rápido
Manual de Seguridad Vial
Funciones de Desempeño de la Seguridad
Avenidas Urbanas y Suburbanas
Factores de Modificación de Accidentes
Modelo de Regresión Binomial Negativo
Segmentos de Vía
Intersecciones
dc.subject.armarc.eng.fl_str_mv Traffic safety - Bogotá
Transportation engineering
Accidents - Prevention - Bogotá
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Bus Rapid transit
Highway Safety Manual
Safety Performance Functions
Urban and Suburban Arterials
Crash Modification Factors
Negative Binomial Regression Mode
Roadway Segments
Intersections
Accidents Estimation Model
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Buses de Transito Rápido
Manual de Seguridad Vial
Funciones de Desempeño de la Seguridad
Avenidas Urbanas y Suburbanas
Factores de Modificación de Accidentes
Modelo de Regresión Binomial Negativo
Segmentos de Vía
Intersecciones
description Introduction−Road safety is a global concern due to the temporary and/or permanent health effects that traffic ac-cidents generate for the people involved. On the other hand, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems a large number of pas-sengers and during their operation they become involved in this type of problem. Objective−Accident prediction model implemented in the Highway Safety Manual 2010 or HSM is an alternative to evaluate the strategies that allow to reduce accidents in this type of systems. However, there is not specified Safety Performance Functions (SPFs) developed for BRT systems. In the present work, the accident model of HSM is adapted by calibration of general SPFs expressions of the manual and also, SPFs were developed for BRTs installed on the central-line of main roads and use an exclusive lane of all other transport systems (both public or private) and mobil-ity (e.g. bike paths).Methodology / Results− Crashes reports and traffic vol-umes data supplied by the Department of Transportation of Bogotá (Colombia) were used. The model was calibrated using the safety performance functions (SPFs) of the HSM and a specific developed functions for the BRT conditions. These SPFs were developed using a negative binomial model in roadway segments and intersections. Conclusions−Through the validation, it was determined that the developed functions have a better fit than the SPFs established in the HSM. These developed SPFs can be used as a tool to define safety performance guidelines of Bogotá’s BRT corridors in the coming years.
publishDate 2019
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-05-25T19:05:35Z
2021-10-01T17:51:10Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-05-25T19:05:35Z
2021-10-01T17:51:10Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Volúmen 15, Número 2, Julio - Diciembre, 2019
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 77
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 2
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 66
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 15
dc.relation.indexed.spa.fl_str_mv N/A
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv INGE CUC, vol. 15 no. 2 pp. 66 -77. Julio - Diciembre, 2019
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv M. Peden, G. Sharma and K. McGee, “Road traffic inju-ries,” in The injury chart book: a graphical overview of the global burden of injuries, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2002, ch. 2, pp. 19–27
M. Peden, R. Scurfield, D. Sleet, D. Mohan and A. Hyder, World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2004
A. D. Lopez, C. D. Mathers, M. Ezzati, D. T. Jamison and C. J. Murray, “Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data,” The Lancet, vol. 367, no. 9524, pp. 1747–1757, M ay. 2006
A. M. Novoa, K. Pérez & C. Borrell, “Efectividad de las intervenciones de seguridad vial basadas en la evidencia: una revisión de la literatura,” Gac. Sanit., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 553.e1–553.e14, Nov.– De c. 2 0 0 9
AASHTO, Highway Safety Manual ( Vol. 1). Washington, DC., USA: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2010.
C. Mattar-Habib, A. Polus and H. Farah, “Further evalu-ation of the relationship between enhanced consistency model and safety of two-lane rural roads in Israel and Germany,” EJTIR, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 320–332, Dec. 2008
A. S. Hakkert and V. Gitelman, “Thinking about the his-tory of road safety research: Past achievements and future challenges,” Transp. Res F-Traf., vol. 25, Part. B, pp. 137–149, Jul. 2014
W. Hook, “Institutional and regulatory options for bus rapid transit in developing countries: Lessons from international experience,” Transp. Res. Rec., vol. 1939, no. 1, pp. 184–191, Jan. 2005
N. Duduta, C. Adriazola, D. Hidalgo, L. A. Lindau and R. Jaffe, “Understanding road safety impact of high-per-formance bus rapid transit and busway design features,” Transp. Res. Rec., vol. 2317, no. 1, pp. 8–14, Jan. 2012
K. C. Keong-Goh, G. Currie, M. Sarvi and D. L. Goh, “Road safety benefits from bus priority: an empirical study,” Transp. Res. Rec., vol. 2352, no. 1, pp. 41–49, Jan. 2013.
Manual de auditorías de seguridad vial: estrategias para contribuir a la disminución de los índices de accidentali-dad vial en la ciudad de Bogotá, D.C., 1rd ed., Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá D.C., Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, 2005
S. yoon, S.-y. Kho and D.-K. Kim, “Effect of regional char-acteristics on injury severity in local bus crashes: use of hierarchical ordered model,” Transp. res. rec., vol. 2647, no. 1, pp. 1–8, Ja n . 2 017
A. Farid, M. Abdel-Aty and J. Lee, “Comparative analy-sis of multiple techniques for developing and transferring safety performance functions,” Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 85–98, Jan. 2019
A. Northmore and E. Hildebrand, “Aggregated North American Safety Performance Functions for Signalized and Stop-Controlled Intersections,” Can. J. Civ. Eng., vol. 46, no. 12, Aug. 2019.
C. Sun, P. Edara, H. Brown, J. Berry, B. Claros, and X. yu, “Missouri Highway Safety Manual Recalibration,” Dept. Civ. Environ. Eng., MU, Columbia, Missouri, USA, Tech. Rep. cmr 18-001, Feb. 2018
R. Karmacharya, “Estimating calibration factors and de-veloping calibration functions for the prediction of crashes at urban intersections in Kansas,” M.S. thesis, Dept. CE, Coll. Eng, KSU, Manhattan, Kansas, USA, 2019
J. Cortés, “¿Cuáles son los grandes retos de un sistema de transporte masivo para Bogotá?,” bogota.gov.co. [Online]. Available: http://www.bogota.gov.co/article/temas-de-ciu-dad/movilidad/cuales-son-los-grandes-retos-de-un-siste-ma-de-transporte-masivo-para-bogota [Accessed Nov. 12, 2018
D. Hidalgo and L. Gutiérrez, “BRT and BHLS around the world: Explosive growth, large positive impacts and many issues outstanding,” Res. Transp. Econ., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 8–13, Mar. 2013
F. Gómez and J. P. Bocarejo, “Accident prediction mod-els for bus rapid transit systems: generalized linear models compared with a neural network,” Transp. Res. Rec., vol. 2512, no. 1, pp. 38–45, Jan. 2015
J. Santos-Reyes, V. Avalos-Bravo and E. Rodriguez-Ro-jas, “Accident analysis of a transport system: the case of the bus rapid transit system in Mexico City,” in PSAM 12, IAPSAM, Eds., Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, Jun. 22–27, 2014.
R. Srinivasan, D. Carter and K. Bauer, “Safety perfor-mance function decision guide: SPF calibration vs SPF development,” UNC, Dept. Transp, Chapel, Hill, USA, Tech. Rep. FHWA-SA-14-004, Sept. 2013.
Safety Analyst. (2009). AASHTO. Aug. 5, 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.safetyanalyst.org/spf_dev_guide-lines/Developing%20SPFs%20with%20State%20or%20Local%20Highway%20Agency%20Data.pdf [Accessed 31 Mar. 2018].
Global BRT Data. (2012). Across Latitudes and Cultures-Bus Rapid Transit (ALC-BRT) & Volvo Research and Educational Foundations (VREF), Mar. 31, 2012. [On-line]
K. Rodríguez & S. Henao, “Aplicación del Modelo de Pre-dicción de accidentes en vías de uso exclusivo de BRT, según el Manual de Seguridad Vial (HSM 2010) de Es-tados Unidos, Estudio de Caso: Ciudad de Bogotá,” in XX CLATPU, ALATPU, Eds.,Medellín, Antioquia, Colom-bia, Jul. 23–26, 2018, pp. 1316–1326.
A. Baamonde-Roca & I. Pérez-Pérez, “Estimación de acci-dentes en carreteras convencionales de dos carriles según el Manual de Seguridad Viaria norteamericano,” Carrete-ras, vol. 189, no. 1, pp. 18–27, May– Jun. 2013.
. Lu, K. Haleem, A. Gan and P. Alluri, “Safety Perfor-mance Functions for Florida’s Freeways,” in T&DI Con-g re s s 2 014, A. Varma and G. Gosling, Eds.,Orlando, Florida, USA, Jun. 8–11, 2014. pp. 321–331
B. Brimley, M. Saito and G. Schultz, “Calibration of High-way Safety Manual Safety Performance Function: De-velopment of New Models for Rural Two-Lane Two-Way Highways,” Transp. Res. Rec., vol. 2279, no. 1, pp. 82–89, Jan. 2012
J. F. Kraus, C. L. Anderson, S. Arzemanian, M. Salatka, P. Hemyari and G. Sun, “Epidemiological aspects of fatal and severe injury urban freeway crashes,” Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 229–239, Jun. 1993
S. Khan, R. Shanmugam and B. Hoeschen, “Injury, fatal, and property damage accident models for highway corri-dors,” Transp. Res. Rec., vol. 1665, no. 1, pp. 84–92, Jan. 1999.
J. Hong, R. Tamakloe and D. Park, “A Comprehensive Analysis of Multi-Vehicle Crashes on Expressways: A Double Hurdle Approach,” Sustainability, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 1–22, M ay. 2 019
E. Donnell, V. Gayah and L. Li, “Regionalized safety per-formance functions,” Penn State, Dept. Transp, PA , USA, Tech. Rep. FHWA-PA-2016-001-PSU WO 017, Jan. 8, 2016
K. Wang, S. Zhao and E. Jackson, “Functional forms of the negative binomial models in safety performance func-tions for rural two-lane intersections,” Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 124, pp. 193–201, Mar. 2019
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spelling Rodríguez-Polo, Kelly Andrea914f0bae99f36dd333d22003cd5aa299600Henao-Pérez, Santiagoaaecb88b9ee6500e4b57489617b2cc5c600Grupo de Investigación en Vías y Transporte2021-05-25T19:05:35Z2021-10-01T17:51:10Z2021-05-25T19:05:35Z2021-10-01T17:51:10Z20190122-65172382-4700https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/1485doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.15.2.2019.07https://revistascientificas.cuc.edu.co/ingecuc/article/view/2303Introduction−Road safety is a global concern due to the temporary and/or permanent health effects that traffic ac-cidents generate for the people involved. On the other hand, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems a large number of pas-sengers and during their operation they become involved in this type of problem. Objective−Accident prediction model implemented in the Highway Safety Manual 2010 or HSM is an alternative to evaluate the strategies that allow to reduce accidents in this type of systems. However, there is not specified Safety Performance Functions (SPFs) developed for BRT systems. In the present work, the accident model of HSM is adapted by calibration of general SPFs expressions of the manual and also, SPFs were developed for BRTs installed on the central-line of main roads and use an exclusive lane of all other transport systems (both public or private) and mobil-ity (e.g. bike paths).Methodology / Results− Crashes reports and traffic vol-umes data supplied by the Department of Transportation of Bogotá (Colombia) were used. The model was calibrated using the safety performance functions (SPFs) of the HSM and a specific developed functions for the BRT conditions. These SPFs were developed using a negative binomial model in roadway segments and intersections. Conclusions−Through the validation, it was determined that the developed functions have a better fit than the SPFs established in the HSM. These developed SPFs can be used as a tool to define safety performance guidelines of Bogotá’s BRT corridors in the coming years.Introducción−La seguridad vial es una preocupación global debido a las afectaciones en la salud de carácter temporal y/o permanente que los accidentes de tránsito generan para las personas involucradas. Por otro lado, los Sistemas de Buses de Tránsito Rá-pido (BRT) transportan una gran cantidad de pasajeros y durante su operación se involucran en este tipo de problema.Objetivo−El modelo de estimación de accidentes del Manual de Seguridad Vial de los Estados Unidos (HSM-2010) es una alterna-tiva para evaluar las estrategias de reducción de accidentes en este tipo de sistemas. Sin embargo, no hay Funciones de Desempeño de Seguridad (SPFs) Vial desarrolladas para los BRT. Por tanto, en este estudio se calibra el modelo de accidentes del HSM usando las expresiones generales de SPFs del manual, además de proponer SPFs para el sistema BRT que operen sobre las avenidas usando un carril de uso exclusivo ubicado en el centro de la vía, separado de todos los demás sistemas de transporte (público o privado) y movilidad (por ejemplo ciclo-vías).Metodología / Resultados− Se utilizaron los reportes de accidentalidad y los volúmenes de tráfico suministrados por la Secretaria de Movilidad de Bogotá. El modelo se calibró utilizando las funciones de desempeño de seguridad del HSM, desarrollando funciones para las condiciones específicas del BRT y empleando un modelo binomial negativo, tanto para segmentos de vía como intersecciones.Conclusiones - Mediante el proceso de validación se determinó como las funciones desarrolladas tienen un mejor ajuste que las SPFs establecidas en el HSM. Estas SPFs desarrollados pueden emplearse para definir las pautas del desempeño de seguridad de los corredores del BRT en la ciudad de Bogotá durante los próximos añosArtículo de Investigación Científica. Fecha de Recepción: 11/02/2019. Fecha de Aceptación: 14/08/201912 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad de la CostaColombiahttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://revistascientificas.cuc.edu.co/ingecuc/article/view/2303/2393Safety performance functions in Dedicated Bus Lane of BRT on Caracas Avenue Corridor at Bogotá cityFunciones de desempeño de seguridad en carriles de uso exclusivos del BRT sobre el corredor de la Avenida Caracas en la ciudad de BogotáArtículo de revistainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Volúmen 15, Número 2, Julio - Diciembre, 20197726615N/AINGE CUC, vol. 15 no. 2 pp. 66 -77. Julio - Diciembre, 2019M. Peden, G. Sharma and K. McGee, “Road traffic inju-ries,” in The injury chart book: a graphical overview of the global burden of injuries, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2002, ch. 2, pp. 19–27M. Peden, R. Scurfield, D. Sleet, D. Mohan and A. Hyder, World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2004A. D. Lopez, C. D. Mathers, M. Ezzati, D. T. Jamison and C. J. Murray, “Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data,” The Lancet, vol. 367, no. 9524, pp. 1747–1757, M ay. 2006A. M. Novoa, K. Pérez & C. Borrell, “Efectividad de las intervenciones de seguridad vial basadas en la evidencia: una revisión de la literatura,” Gac. Sanit., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 553.e1–553.e14, Nov.– De c. 2 0 0 9AASHTO, Highway Safety Manual ( Vol. 1). Washington, DC., USA: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2010.C. Mattar-Habib, A. Polus and H. Farah, “Further evalu-ation of the relationship between enhanced consistency model and safety of two-lane rural roads in Israel and Germany,” EJTIR, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 320–332, Dec. 2008A. S. Hakkert and V. Gitelman, “Thinking about the his-tory of road safety research: Past achievements and future challenges,” Transp. Res F-Traf., vol. 25, Part. B, pp. 137–149, Jul. 2014W. Hook, “Institutional and regulatory options for bus rapid transit in developing countries: Lessons from international experience,” Transp. Res. Rec., vol. 1939, no. 1, pp. 184–191, Jan. 2005N. Duduta, C. Adriazola, D. Hidalgo, L. A. Lindau and R. Jaffe, “Understanding road safety impact of high-per-formance bus rapid transit and busway design features,” Transp. Res. Rec., vol. 2317, no. 1, pp. 8–14, Jan. 2012K. C. Keong-Goh, G. Currie, M. Sarvi and D. L. Goh, “Road safety benefits from bus priority: an empirical study,” Transp. Res. 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Prev., vol. 124, pp. 193–201, Mar. 2019Seguridad vial - BogotáIngeniería de transporteAccidentes - Prevención - BogotáTraffic safety - BogotáTransportation engineeringAccidents - Prevention - BogotáBus Rapid transitHighway Safety ManualSafety Performance FunctionsUrban and Suburban ArterialsCrash Modification FactorsNegative Binomial Regression ModeRoadway SegmentsIntersectionsAccidents Estimation ModelBuses de Transito RápidoManual de Seguridad VialFunciones de Desempeño de la SeguridadAvenidas Urbanas y SuburbanasFactores de Modificación de AccidentesModelo de Regresión Binomial NegativoSegmentos de VíaInterseccionesLICENSElicense.txttext/plain1881https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/1485/1/license.txt5a7ca94c2e5326ee169f979d71d0f06eMD51open accessORIGINALSafety performance functions in Dedicated Bus Lane of BRT on Caracas Avenue Corridor at Bogotá city.pdfapplication/pdf9265365https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/1485/2/Safety%20performance%20functions%20in%20Dedicated%20Bus%20Lane%20of%20BRT%20on%20Caracas%20Avenue%20Corridor%20at%20Bogot%c3%a1%20city.pdf4de00e223c93210b972322ff2275e24fMD52open accessTEXTSafety performance functions in Dedicated Bus Lane of BRT on Caracas Avenue Corridor at Bogotá city.pdf.txtSafety performance functions in Dedicated Bus Lane of BRT on Caracas Avenue Corridor at Bogotá city.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain12https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/1485/3/Safety%20performance%20functions%20in%20Dedicated%20Bus%20Lane%20of%20BRT%20on%20Caracas%20Avenue%20Corridor%20at%20Bogot%c3%a1%20city.pdf.txt36c6f0b2061da514c400c0bc2749b5cfMD53open accessTHUMBNAILSafety performance functions in Dedicated Bus Lane of BRT on Caracas Avenue Corridor at Bogotá city.pdf.jpgSafety performance functions in Dedicated Bus Lane of BRT on Caracas Avenue Corridor at Bogotá city.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg13402https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/1485/4/Safety%20performance%20functions%20in%20Dedicated%20Bus%20Lane%20of%20BRT%20on%20Caracas%20Avenue%20Corridor%20at%20Bogot%c3%a1%20city.pdf.jpg13dc0a303a9147a3558fba536d24d9e2MD54open access001/1485oai:repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co:001/14852022-09-20 11:14:13.907open accessRepositorio Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavitorepositorio.eci@escuelaing.edu.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