Mutational Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes in Women With Familial Breast Cancer From Different Regions of Colombia
Purpose: The main risk factor for familial breast cancer is the presence of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The prevalence of mutations in these genes is heterogeneous and varies according to geographical origin of studied families. In Colombia mutations in these genes have been mainly studied o...
- Autores:
-
Cortés, Carolina
Cifuentes C, Laura
Rivera, Ana Lucia
Trochéz, David
Solarte, Melissa
Goméz, Daniela
Cifuentes, Laura
Barreto, Guillermo
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UCC
- Idioma:
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/16082
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/16082
- Palabra clave:
- Cáncer de mama
BRCA1
BRCA2
Mutaciones germinales
Cáncer Familiar
Breast cancer
BRCA1
BRCA2
Germline mutations
Familial cancer
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar
id |
COOPER2_ce52fd4054d4f051efc1344129380838 |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/16082 |
network_acronym_str |
COOPER2 |
network_name_str |
Repositorio UCC |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Mutational Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes in Women With Familial Breast Cancer From Different Regions of Colombia |
title |
Mutational Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes in Women With Familial Breast Cancer From Different Regions of Colombia |
spellingShingle |
Mutational Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes in Women With Familial Breast Cancer From Different Regions of Colombia Cáncer de mama BRCA1 BRCA2 Mutaciones germinales Cáncer Familiar Breast cancer BRCA1 BRCA2 Germline mutations Familial cancer |
title_short |
Mutational Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes in Women With Familial Breast Cancer From Different Regions of Colombia |
title_full |
Mutational Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes in Women With Familial Breast Cancer From Different Regions of Colombia |
title_fullStr |
Mutational Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes in Women With Familial Breast Cancer From Different Regions of Colombia |
title_full_unstemmed |
Mutational Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes in Women With Familial Breast Cancer From Different Regions of Colombia |
title_sort |
Mutational Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes in Women With Familial Breast Cancer From Different Regions of Colombia |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Cortés, Carolina Cifuentes C, Laura Rivera, Ana Lucia Trochéz, David Solarte, Melissa Goméz, Daniela Cifuentes, Laura Barreto, Guillermo |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Cortés, Carolina Cifuentes C, Laura Rivera, Ana Lucia Trochéz, David Solarte, Melissa Goméz, Daniela Cifuentes, Laura Barreto, Guillermo |
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Cáncer de mama BRCA1 BRCA2 Mutaciones germinales Cáncer Familiar |
topic |
Cáncer de mama BRCA1 BRCA2 Mutaciones germinales Cáncer Familiar Breast cancer BRCA1 BRCA2 Germline mutations Familial cancer |
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv |
Breast cancer BRCA1 BRCA2 Germline mutations Familial cancer |
description |
Purpose: The main risk factor for familial breast cancer is the presence of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The prevalence of mutations in these genes is heterogeneous and varies according to geographical origin of studied families. In Colombia mutations in these genes have been mainly studied on patients from Andean region. Bogotá and Medellin presented its own battery of mutations. This study aims to identify mutations in BRCA1-2 genes in women with familial breast cancer from different regions of Colombia. Methods: One hundred four families with a history of breast cancer were sampled in different regions of Colombia, and the BRCA1 gene and exon 11 of the BRCA2 gene were sequenced. To predict the possible effects of sequence alterations found in protein function, different bioinformatics tools were used. Results: A total of 33 variants were found; 18 in BRCA1 and 15 in BRCA2, of which 15 are unique variants of Colombia. In silico analysis established that alterations p.Thr790Ala, p.Arg959Lys and p.Glu1345Lys in the BRCA1 gene and variants p.Leu771Phe, p.Asn818Lys, p.Val859Ser*22 and p.Lys1032Ile in the BRCA2 gene are considered likely pathogenic. Both the mutations as the variants of unknown clinical significance, in their great majority, presented a specific region distribution and they were different from those reported in previous studies. Conclusions: In this study we report the BRCA1 and BRCA2 spectrum of mutations and their distribution by regions in Colombia. Our results may help to design a diagnostic test including recurrent mutations for screening high risk to breast cancer families in Colombia. |
publishDate |
2019 |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-07-15 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-01-20T13:44:05Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-01-20T13:44:05Z |
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Artículo |
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
1897-4287 |
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
10.1186/s13053-019-0120-x |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/16082 |
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Cortés, C., Rivera, A. L., Trochez, D., Solarte, M., Gómez, D., Cifuentes, L., & Barreto, G. (2019). Mutational analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in women with familial breast cancer from different regions of Colombia. Hereditary cancer in clinical practice, 17(1), 20. Recuperado de: https://hccpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13053-019-0120-x |
identifier_str_mv |
1897-4287 10.1186/s13053-019-0120-x Cortés, C., Rivera, A. L., Trochez, D., Solarte, M., Gómez, D., Cifuentes, L., & Barreto, G. (2019). Mutational analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in women with familial breast cancer from different regions of Colombia. Hereditary cancer in clinical practice, 17(1), 20. Recuperado de: https://hccpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13053-019-0120-x |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/16082 |
dc.relation.isversionof.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://hccpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13053-019-0120-x |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Hereditary Cancer in Clinical Practice |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
1. DeSantis CE, Ma J, Goding A, Newman LA, Jemal A. Breast Cancer Statistics,2017, Racial Disparity in Mortality by State. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(6):439-448. 2. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología ESE. Anuario estadístico. 2018. http://www.cancer.gov.co/files/libros/archivos/ANUARIO. Accessed 23 June 2018. 3. Oldenburg RA, Meijers-Heijboer H, Cornlisse CJ, Devilee P. Genetic susceptibility for breast cancer: how many more genes to be found? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007;63(2):125-49. 4. Schwab FD, Burki N, Huang DJ, Heinzelmann-schwarz V, Schmid SM, Vetter M, Schotzau A, Guth U. Impact of breast cancer family history on tumor detection and tumor size in women newly-diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Fam Cancer. 2014;13(1):99-107. 5. Oosterwijk JC, De Vries J, Mourits MJ, De Bock GH. Genetic testing and familial implications in breast-ovarian cancer families. Maturitas. 2014;78(4):252-7. 6. Pettigrew CA, French JD, Saunus JM, Edwards SL, Sauer AV, Smart CE, Lundstrom T, Wiesner C, Spurdle AB, Rothangel JA, Brown MA. Identification and functional analysis of novel BRCA1 transcripts including mouse Brca1-Iris and human pseudo-BRCA1. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;119(1):239-47 7. Clark S, Rodriguez A, Snyder R, Hankins G, Boehning D. Structure-Function of the tumor supressor BRCA1. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2012;1:e201204005. 8. Barnes DR, Antoniou AC. Unravelling modifiers of breast and ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: update on genetic modifiers. J Intern Med. 2012;271(4):331–43. 9. Torres D, Rashid MU, Gil F, Umana A, Ramelli G, Robledo JF, Tawil M, Torregrosa L, Briceno I, Hamann U. High proportion of BRCA1/2 founder mutations in Hispanic breast/ovarian cancer families from Colombia. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2007;103(2):225–32 10. Torres D, Umaña A, Robledo JF, Caicedo JJ, Quintero E, Orozco A, Torregrosa L, Tawil M, Hamman U, Briceño I. Estudio de factores genéticos para cáncer de mama en Colombia. Universitas Médica. 2009;50 (3):297–301. 11. Londoño-Hernández JE, Llacuachagui M, Vasquez-Palacio G, Figueroa JD, Madrid J, Lema M, Royer R, Song L, Larson G, Weitzel J, Narod S. Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in unselected Breast cancer patients from Medellin Colombia. Hered Cancer Clin Pract. 2014;12(1):11 12. Cock‑Rada AM, Ossa CA, Garcia HI, Gomez LR. A multi-gene panel study in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in Colombia. Fam Cancer. 2018;17(1):23-30. 13. Briceño-Balcázar I, Gomez-Gutierrez A, Diaz-Dussan NA, Noguera-Santamaría MC, Diaz-Rincón D, Casas-Gómez MC. Mutational spectrum in breast cancer associated BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in Colombia. Colomb Med. 2017;48(2):58-63. 14. Torres D, Bermejo JL, Rashid MU, Briceño I, Gil F, Beltran A, Ariza V, Hamann U. Prevalence and Penetrance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Germline Mutations in Colombian Breast Cancer Patients. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):4713 15. Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Laurent-Puig P, Essioux L, Pages S, Ithier G. Ligot L, Fourquet A, Salmon RJ, Clough KB, Pouillart P, Bonaiti-Pellie C, Thomas G. BRCA1 sequence variations in 160 individuals referred to a breast/ovarian family cancer clinic. Am J Hum Genet. 1997;60(5):1021-1030 16. Miller SA, Dykes DD, Polesky HF. A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988;16(3):1215 17. Barker DF. Direct Genomic Multiplex PCR for BRCA1 and Application to Mutation Detection by Single-Strand Conformation and Heteroduplex Analysis. Human Mutat. 2000;16(4):334-44. 18. Kumar P, Henikoff S, Ng PC. Predicting the effects of coding nonsynonymous variants on protein function using the SIFT algorithm. Nat Protoc. 2009;4(7):1073-81 19. Adzhubei IA, Schmidt S, Peshkin L, Ramensky VE, Gerasimova A, Bork P, Kondrashov AS, Sunyaev SR. A method and server for predicting damaging missense mutations. Nat Methods. 2010;7(4):248-9 20. Li B, Krishnan VG, Mort ME, Xin F, Kamati KK, Cooper DN, Mooney SD, Radivojac P. Automated inference of molecular mechanisms of disease from amino acid substitutions. Bioinformatics. 2009;25(21):2744-50. 21. Choi Y, Sims GE, Murphy S, Miller JR, Chan AP. Predicting the Functional Effect of Amino Acid Substitutions and Indels. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46688. 22. Mi H, Muruganujan A, Thomas PD. Panther in 2013: modeling the evolution of gene function and other gene attributes in the context of phylogenetic trees. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41(Database issue):D377-86. 23. Tavtigian SV, Deffenbaugh AM, Yin L, Judkins T, Scholl T, Samollow PB, De Silva D, Zharkikh A, Thomas A. Comprehensive Statistical Study of 452 Brca1 missense substitutions with classification of eight recurrent substitutions as neutral. J Med Genet. 2006;43(4):295-305 24. Capriotti E, Calabrese R, Fariselli P, Martelli PL, Altman RB, Casadio R. WS-SNP&GO: a web server for predicting the deleterious effect of human protein variants using functional annotation. BMC Genomics. 2013;14(3):S6 25. Alamut Visual Interactive Biosoftware Rouen France 2017. http://wwwinteractivebiosoftwarecom/alamut-visual. Accessed 15 November 2017. 26. John EM, Miron A, Gong G, Phipps AI, Felberg A, Li FP, West DW, Whittemore AS. Prevalence of pathogenic BRCA1 mutation carriers in 5 US racial/ethnic groups. JAMA. 2007;298(24):2869-76 27. Joslyn SA, West MM. Racial differences in breast carcinoma survival. Cancer. 2000;88(1):114-23. 28. Haffty BG, Silber A, Matloff E, Chung J, Lannin D. Racial differences in the incidence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a cohort of early onset breast cancer patients: African American compared to white women. J Med Genet. 2006;43(2):133–137. 29. Donald JE, Kulp DW, Degrado WF. Salt bridges: geometrically specific, designable interactions Proteins. Proteins. 2011;79(3):898-915. 30. Sokalingman S, Raghunathan G, Soundrarajan N, Lee SG. Study on the Effect of Surface Lysine to Arginine Mutagenesis on Protein Stability and Structure Using Green Fluorescent Protein. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40410 31. Yeh S, Hu YC, Rahman M, Lin HK, Hsu CL, Ting HJ, Kang HY, Chang C. Increase of androgen-induced cell death and androgen receptor transactivation by BRCA1 in prostate cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97(21):11256–61 32. Chang YF, Imam JS, Wilkinson MF. The Nonsense-Mediated Decay RNA Surveillance Pathway. Annu Rev Biochem. 2007;76:51-74 33. Tavtigian SV, Greenblatt MS, Goldgar DE, Boffetta P. Assessing Pathogenicity: Overview of Results from the IARC Unclassified Genetic Variants Working Group. Hum. Mutat. 2008;29(11):1261-4 34. Wang HF, Takenaka K, Nakanishi A, Miki Y. BRCA2 and Nucleophosmin Coregulate Centrosome Amplification and Form a Complex with the Rho Effector Kinase ROCK2. Cancer Res. 2011;71(1):68–77 35. Carreira A, Kowalczykowski SC. Two classes of BRC repeats in BRCA2 promote RAD51 nucleoprotein filament function by distinct mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(26):10448–10453. 36. Ashton-Prolla P, Vargas FR. Prevalence and impact of founder mutations in hereditary breast cancer in Latin America. Genet Mol Biol. 2014;37(1):234-40. 37. Díez O, Osorio A, Dúran M, Martinez-Ferrandis JI, De la Hoya M, Salazar R, Vega A, Campos B, Rodríguez-López R, Velasco E, Chaves J, Díaz-Rubio E, Jesús-Cruz J, Torres M, Esteban E, Cervantes A, Alonso C, San Román JM, González-Sarmiento R, Miner C, Carracedo A, Eugenia-Armengod M, Caldés T, Benítez J, Baiget M. Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in Spanish Breast/Ovarian cancer patients: A high proportion of mutations unique to Spain and evidence of founder effect. Hum Mutat. 2003;22(4):301-12 38. Buleje J, Guevara-Fujita M, Acosta O, Huaman F, Danos P, Murillo A, Pinto JA, Araujo JM, Aguilar A, Ponce J, Vigil C, Castaneda C, Calderon G, Gomez HL, Fujita R. Mutational analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in Peruvian families with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2017;5(5):481-494. 39. Lara K, Consigliere N, Pérez J, Porco A. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Breast cancer patients from Venezuela. Biol Res. 2012;45(2):117-30. 40. Solano AR, Aceto GM, Delettieres D, Veschi S, Neuman MI, Alonso E, Chialina S, Chacón RD, Renato MC, Podestá EJ. BRCA1 and BRCA2 analysis of Argentinean breast/ovarian cancer patients selected for age and family history highlights a role for novel mutations of putative south-American origin. SpringerPlus. 2012;1:20. 41. Bella S, Llugdar J, Biagi-Bistoni M, Pelliccioni P, Lerda D, Labrador J, Fernandez-Cruz G, Martins C, Illescas E. Frequency of Mutations in Brca1 and Brca2 Genes in Women with Breast Cancer in Córdoba, Argentina. AJCS. 2015;1(1):11-16. 42. Palmero EI, Alemar B, Schuller-Faccini L, Hainaut P, Moreira-Filho CA, Petroni-Ewald I, Koehler-dos Santos P, Izetti-Ribeiro PL, De Oliveira-Netto CB, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Tavtigian S. Screening for germline BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53 and CHEK2 mutations in families at risk for hereditary breast cancer identified in a population-based study from Southern Brazil. Genet Mol Biol. 2016;39(2):210-222. 43. Porto-Cotrim D, Goncalves-Ribeiro AR, Paixao D, Cordeiro de Queiroz D, Jbili R, Carvalho-Pandolfi N, Cezana C, De Cassia-Mauro C, Mantoan H, Bovolim G, De Brot L, Tardin-Torrezan G, Carraro DM, Baiocchi G, Da Cruz-Formiga MN. Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants in non-selected ovarian carcinoma patients in Brazil. BMC Cancer. 2019;19:4. 44. Vaca-Paniagua F, Alvarez-Gomez RM, Fragoso-Ontiveros V, Vidal-Millan S, Herrera LA, Cantú D, Bargallo-Rocha E, Mohar A, López-Camarillo C, Pérez-Plasencia C. Full-exon pyrosequencing screening of BRCA germline mutations in Mexican women with inherited breast and ovarian cancer. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37432. 45. Jara L, Ampuero S, Santibáñez E, Seccia L, Rodríguez J, Bustamante M, Martínez V, Catenaccio A, Lay-Son G, Blanco R, Reyes JM. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a South American population. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2006;166(1):36-45. 46. Gonzalez-Hormazabal P, Gutierrez-Enriquez S, Gaete D, Reyes JM, Peralta O, Waugh E, Jara L. Spectrum of BRCA1/2 point mutations and genomic rearrangements in high-risk breast/ovarian cancer Chilean families. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011;126(3):705-16. 47. Rodríguez AO, Llacuachaqui M, Pardo GG, Royer R, Larson G, Weitzel JN, Narod SA. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among ovarian cancer patients from Colombia. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;124(2):236–43. 48. Rojas W, Parra MV, Campo O, Caro MA, Lopera JG, Arias W, Duque C, Naranjo A, García J, Vergara C, Lopera J, Hernandez E, Valencia A, Caicedo Y, Cuartas M, Gutiérrez J, López S, Ruiz-Linares A, Bedoya G. Genetic makeup and structure of Colombian populations by means of uniparental and biparental DNA markers. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010;143(1):13-20. |
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv |
Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar |
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
10 |
dc.coverage.temporal.spa.fl_str_mv |
17 |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Odontología, Pasto |
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv |
Odontología |
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Pasto |
institution |
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/97e70b93-6414-4b56-86d4-6ed07ed6adbd/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/b2609b8e-fc04-48ca-839a-4d739e016516/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/86f43f55-21ce-4440-ad1d-2be23ba244c5/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/470ec080-fa2f-42d8-b0d6-48c59129d756/download |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
fb635948ccd3839fc6f0e4703a20af9a 3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45 4ace3ead98a4d9734a37d6ced9c3850a fc3890aeeb2255ea0b0e9c35be5c5894 |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
bdigital@metabiblioteca.com |
_version_ |
1814246767234908160 |
spelling |
Cortés, CarolinaCifuentes C, LauraRivera, Ana LuciaTrochéz, DavidSolarte, MelissaGoméz, DanielaCifuentes, LauraBarreto, Guillermo172020-01-20T13:44:05Z2020-01-20T13:44:05Z2019-07-151897-428710.1186/s13053-019-0120-xhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/16082Cortés, C., Rivera, A. L., Trochez, D., Solarte, M., Gómez, D., Cifuentes, L., & Barreto, G. (2019). Mutational analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in women with familial breast cancer from different regions of Colombia. Hereditary cancer in clinical practice, 17(1), 20. Recuperado de: https://hccpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13053-019-0120-xPurpose: The main risk factor for familial breast cancer is the presence of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The prevalence of mutations in these genes is heterogeneous and varies according to geographical origin of studied families. In Colombia mutations in these genes have been mainly studied on patients from Andean region. Bogotá and Medellin presented its own battery of mutations. This study aims to identify mutations in BRCA1-2 genes in women with familial breast cancer from different regions of Colombia. Methods: One hundred four families with a history of breast cancer were sampled in different regions of Colombia, and the BRCA1 gene and exon 11 of the BRCA2 gene were sequenced. To predict the possible effects of sequence alterations found in protein function, different bioinformatics tools were used. Results: A total of 33 variants were found; 18 in BRCA1 and 15 in BRCA2, of which 15 are unique variants of Colombia. In silico analysis established that alterations p.Thr790Ala, p.Arg959Lys and p.Glu1345Lys in the BRCA1 gene and variants p.Leu771Phe, p.Asn818Lys, p.Val859Ser*22 and p.Lys1032Ile in the BRCA2 gene are considered likely pathogenic. Both the mutations as the variants of unknown clinical significance, in their great majority, presented a specific region distribution and they were different from those reported in previous studies. Conclusions: In this study we report the BRCA1 and BRCA2 spectrum of mutations and their distribution by regions in Colombia. Our results may help to design a diagnostic test including recurrent mutations for screening high risk to breast cancer families in Colombia.https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=00002608190000-0001-7013-1952https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000002911laura.cifuentesc@campusucc.edu.cohttps://scholar.google.com/citations?user=MKqJTTAAAAAJ&hl=en10Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Odontología, PastoOdontologíaPastohttps://hccpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13053-019-0120-xHereditary Cancer in Clinical Practice1. DeSantis CE, Ma J, Goding A, Newman LA, Jemal A. Breast Cancer Statistics,2017, Racial Disparity in Mortality by State. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(6):439-448.2. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología ESE. Anuario estadístico. 2018. http://www.cancer.gov.co/files/libros/archivos/ANUARIO. Accessed 23 June 2018.3. Oldenburg RA, Meijers-Heijboer H, Cornlisse CJ, Devilee P. Genetic susceptibility for breast cancer: how many more genes to be found? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007;63(2):125-49.4. Schwab FD, Burki N, Huang DJ, Heinzelmann-schwarz V, Schmid SM, Vetter M, Schotzau A, Guth U. Impact of breast cancer family history on tumor detection and tumor size in women newly-diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Fam Cancer. 2014;13(1):99-107.5. Oosterwijk JC, De Vries J, Mourits MJ, De Bock GH. Genetic testing and familial implications in breast-ovarian cancer families. Maturitas. 2014;78(4):252-7.6. Pettigrew CA, French JD, Saunus JM, Edwards SL, Sauer AV, Smart CE, Lundstrom T, Wiesner C, Spurdle AB, Rothangel JA, Brown MA. Identification and functional analysis of novel BRCA1 transcripts including mouse Brca1-Iris and human pseudo-BRCA1. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;119(1):239-477. Clark S, Rodriguez A, Snyder R, Hankins G, Boehning D. Structure-Function of the tumor supressor BRCA1. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2012;1:e201204005.8. Barnes DR, Antoniou AC. Unravelling modifiers of breast and ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: update on genetic modifiers. J Intern Med. 2012;271(4):331–43.9. Torres D, Rashid MU, Gil F, Umana A, Ramelli G, Robledo JF, Tawil M, Torregrosa L, Briceno I, Hamann U. High proportion of BRCA1/2 founder mutations in Hispanic breast/ovarian cancer families from Colombia. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2007;103(2):225–3210. Torres D, Umaña A, Robledo JF, Caicedo JJ, Quintero E, Orozco A, Torregrosa L, Tawil M, Hamman U, Briceño I. Estudio de factores genéticos para cáncer de mama en Colombia. Universitas Médica. 2009;50 (3):297–301.11. Londoño-Hernández JE, Llacuachagui M, Vasquez-Palacio G, Figueroa JD, Madrid J, Lema M, Royer R, Song L, Larson G, Weitzel J, Narod S. Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in unselected Breast cancer patients from Medellin Colombia. Hered Cancer Clin Pract. 2014;12(1):1112. Cock‑Rada AM, Ossa CA, Garcia HI, Gomez LR. A multi-gene panel study in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in Colombia. Fam Cancer. 2018;17(1):23-30.13. Briceño-Balcázar I, Gomez-Gutierrez A, Diaz-Dussan NA, Noguera-Santamaría MC, Diaz-Rincón D, Casas-Gómez MC. Mutational spectrum in breast cancer associated BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in Colombia. Colomb Med. 2017;48(2):58-63.14. Torres D, Bermejo JL, Rashid MU, Briceño I, Gil F, Beltran A, Ariza V, Hamann U. Prevalence and Penetrance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Germline Mutations in Colombian Breast Cancer Patients. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):471315. Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Laurent-Puig P, Essioux L, Pages S, Ithier G. Ligot L, Fourquet A, Salmon RJ, Clough KB, Pouillart P, Bonaiti-Pellie C, Thomas G. BRCA1 sequence variations in 160 individuals referred to a breast/ovarian family cancer clinic. Am J Hum Genet. 1997;60(5):1021-103016. Miller SA, Dykes DD, Polesky HF. A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988;16(3):121517. Barker DF. Direct Genomic Multiplex PCR for BRCA1 and Application to Mutation Detection by Single-Strand Conformation and Heteroduplex Analysis. Human Mutat. 2000;16(4):334-44.18. Kumar P, Henikoff S, Ng PC. Predicting the effects of coding nonsynonymous variants on protein function using the SIFT algorithm. Nat Protoc. 2009;4(7):1073-8119. Adzhubei IA, Schmidt S, Peshkin L, Ramensky VE, Gerasimova A, Bork P, Kondrashov AS, Sunyaev SR. A method and server for predicting damaging missense mutations. Nat Methods. 2010;7(4):248-920. Li B, Krishnan VG, Mort ME, Xin F, Kamati KK, Cooper DN, Mooney SD, Radivojac P. Automated inference of molecular mechanisms of disease from amino acid substitutions. Bioinformatics. 2009;25(21):2744-50.21. Choi Y, Sims GE, Murphy S, Miller JR, Chan AP. Predicting the Functional Effect of Amino Acid Substitutions and Indels. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46688.22. Mi H, Muruganujan A, Thomas PD. Panther in 2013: modeling the evolution of gene function and other gene attributes in the context of phylogenetic trees. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41(Database issue):D377-86.23. Tavtigian SV, Deffenbaugh AM, Yin L, Judkins T, Scholl T, Samollow PB, De Silva D, Zharkikh A, Thomas A. Comprehensive Statistical Study of 452 Brca1 missense substitutions with classification of eight recurrent substitutions as neutral. J Med Genet. 2006;43(4):295-30524. Capriotti E, Calabrese R, Fariselli P, Martelli PL, Altman RB, Casadio R. WS-SNP&GO: a web server for predicting the deleterious effect of human protein variants using functional annotation. BMC Genomics. 2013;14(3):S625. Alamut Visual Interactive Biosoftware Rouen France 2017. http://wwwinteractivebiosoftwarecom/alamut-visual. Accessed 15 November 2017.26. John EM, Miron A, Gong G, Phipps AI, Felberg A, Li FP, West DW, Whittemore AS. Prevalence of pathogenic BRCA1 mutation carriers in 5 US racial/ethnic groups. JAMA. 2007;298(24):2869-7627. Joslyn SA, West MM. Racial differences in breast carcinoma survival. Cancer. 2000;88(1):114-23.28. Haffty BG, Silber A, Matloff E, Chung J, Lannin D. Racial differences in the incidence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a cohort of early onset breast cancer patients: African American compared to white women. J Med Genet. 2006;43(2):133–137.29. Donald JE, Kulp DW, Degrado WF. Salt bridges: geometrically specific, designable interactions Proteins. Proteins. 2011;79(3):898-915.30. Sokalingman S, Raghunathan G, Soundrarajan N, Lee SG. Study on the Effect of Surface Lysine to Arginine Mutagenesis on Protein Stability and Structure Using Green Fluorescent Protein. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e4041031. Yeh S, Hu YC, Rahman M, Lin HK, Hsu CL, Ting HJ, Kang HY, Chang C. Increase of androgen-induced cell death and androgen receptor transactivation by BRCA1 in prostate cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97(21):11256–6132. Chang YF, Imam JS, Wilkinson MF. The Nonsense-Mediated Decay RNA Surveillance Pathway. Annu Rev Biochem. 2007;76:51-7433. Tavtigian SV, Greenblatt MS, Goldgar DE, Boffetta P. Assessing Pathogenicity: Overview of Results from the IARC Unclassified Genetic Variants Working Group. Hum. Mutat. 2008;29(11):1261-434. Wang HF, Takenaka K, Nakanishi A, Miki Y. BRCA2 and Nucleophosmin Coregulate Centrosome Amplification and Form a Complex with the Rho Effector Kinase ROCK2. Cancer Res. 2011;71(1):68–7735. Carreira A, Kowalczykowski SC. Two classes of BRC repeats in BRCA2 promote RAD51 nucleoprotein filament function by distinct mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(26):10448–10453.36. Ashton-Prolla P, Vargas FR. Prevalence and impact of founder mutations in hereditary breast cancer in Latin America. Genet Mol Biol. 2014;37(1):234-40.37. Díez O, Osorio A, Dúran M, Martinez-Ferrandis JI, De la Hoya M, Salazar R, Vega A, Campos B, Rodríguez-López R, Velasco E, Chaves J, Díaz-Rubio E, Jesús-Cruz J, Torres M, Esteban E, Cervantes A, Alonso C, San Román JM, González-Sarmiento R, Miner C, Carracedo A, Eugenia-Armengod M, Caldés T, Benítez J, Baiget M. Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in Spanish Breast/Ovarian cancer patients: A high proportion of mutations unique to Spain and evidence of founder effect. Hum Mutat. 2003;22(4):301-1238. Buleje J, Guevara-Fujita M, Acosta O, Huaman F, Danos P, Murillo A, Pinto JA, Araujo JM, Aguilar A, Ponce J, Vigil C, Castaneda C, Calderon G, Gomez HL, Fujita R. Mutational analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in Peruvian families with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2017;5(5):481-494.39. Lara K, Consigliere N, Pérez J, Porco A. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Breast cancer patients from Venezuela. Biol Res. 2012;45(2):117-30.40. Solano AR, Aceto GM, Delettieres D, Veschi S, Neuman MI, Alonso E, Chialina S, Chacón RD, Renato MC, Podestá EJ. BRCA1 and BRCA2 analysis of Argentinean breast/ovarian cancer patients selected for age and family history highlights a role for novel mutations of putative south-American origin. SpringerPlus. 2012;1:20.41. Bella S, Llugdar J, Biagi-Bistoni M, Pelliccioni P, Lerda D, Labrador J, Fernandez-Cruz G, Martins C, Illescas E. Frequency of Mutations in Brca1 and Brca2 Genes in Women with Breast Cancer in Córdoba, Argentina. AJCS. 2015;1(1):11-16.42. Palmero EI, Alemar B, Schuller-Faccini L, Hainaut P, Moreira-Filho CA, Petroni-Ewald I, Koehler-dos Santos P, Izetti-Ribeiro PL, De Oliveira-Netto CB, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Tavtigian S. Screening for germline BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53 and CHEK2 mutations in families at risk for hereditary breast cancer identified in a population-based study from Southern Brazil. Genet Mol Biol. 2016;39(2):210-222.43. Porto-Cotrim D, Goncalves-Ribeiro AR, Paixao D, Cordeiro de Queiroz D, Jbili R, Carvalho-Pandolfi N, Cezana C, De Cassia-Mauro C, Mantoan H, Bovolim G, De Brot L, Tardin-Torrezan G, Carraro DM, Baiocchi G, Da Cruz-Formiga MN. Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants in non-selected ovarian carcinoma patients in Brazil. BMC Cancer. 2019;19:4.44. Vaca-Paniagua F, Alvarez-Gomez RM, Fragoso-Ontiveros V, Vidal-Millan S, Herrera LA, Cantú D, Bargallo-Rocha E, Mohar A, López-Camarillo C, Pérez-Plasencia C. Full-exon pyrosequencing screening of BRCA germline mutations in Mexican women with inherited breast and ovarian cancer. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37432.45. Jara L, Ampuero S, Santibáñez E, Seccia L, Rodríguez J, Bustamante M, Martínez V, Catenaccio A, Lay-Son G, Blanco R, Reyes JM. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a South American population. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2006;166(1):36-45.46. Gonzalez-Hormazabal P, Gutierrez-Enriquez S, Gaete D, Reyes JM, Peralta O, Waugh E, Jara L. Spectrum of BRCA1/2 point mutations and genomic rearrangements in high-risk breast/ovarian cancer Chilean families. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011;126(3):705-16.47. Rodríguez AO, Llacuachaqui M, Pardo GG, Royer R, Larson G, Weitzel JN, Narod SA. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among ovarian cancer patients from Colombia. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;124(2):236–43.48. Rojas W, Parra MV, Campo O, Caro MA, Lopera JG, Arias W, Duque C, Naranjo A, García J, Vergara C, Lopera J, Hernandez E, Valencia A, Caicedo Y, Cuartas M, Gutiérrez J, López S, Ruiz-Linares A, Bedoya G. Genetic makeup and structure of Colombian populations by means of uniparental and biparental DNA markers. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010;143(1):13-20.Cáncer de mamaBRCA1BRCA2Mutaciones germinalesCáncer FamiliarBreast cancerBRCA1BRCA2Germline mutationsFamilial cancerMutational Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes in Women With Familial Breast Cancer From Different Regions of ColombiaArtículohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionAtribución – No comercial – Sin Derivarinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2PublicationORIGINALMutational analysis BRCA1 BRCA2 genes in familial breast cancer regions of Colombia_2019.pdfMutational analysis BRCA1 BRCA2 genes in familial breast cancer regions of Colombia_2019.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf642119https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/97e70b93-6414-4b56-86d4-6ed07ed6adbd/downloadfb635948ccd3839fc6f0e4703a20af9aMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84334https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/b2609b8e-fc04-48ca-839a-4d739e016516/download3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45MD52THUMBNAILMutational analysis BRCA1 BRCA2 genes in familial breast cancer regions of Colombia_2019.pdf.jpgMutational analysis BRCA1 BRCA2 genes in familial breast cancer regions of Colombia_2019.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg6225https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/86f43f55-21ce-4440-ad1d-2be23ba244c5/download4ace3ead98a4d9734a37d6ced9c3850aMD53TEXTMutational analysis BRCA1 BRCA2 genes in familial breast cancer regions of Colombia_2019.pdf.txtMutational analysis BRCA1 BRCA2 genes in familial breast cancer regions of Colombia_2019.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain51006https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/470ec080-fa2f-42d8-b0d6-48c59129d756/downloadfc3890aeeb2255ea0b0e9c35be5c5894MD5420.500.12494/16082oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/160822024-08-10 22:43:20.597restrictedhttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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 |