Assessment of Streptococcus Mutans Adhesion to the Surface of Biomimetically-Modified Orthodontic Archwires

Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on the surfaces of dental and orthodontic biomaterials is primary responsible for oral diseases and biomaterial deterioration. A number of alternatives to reduce bacterial adhesion to biomaterials, including surface modification using a variety of techniques,...

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Autores:: Arango Santander, Santiago
González Vélez, Carolina
Aguilar Villada, Anizac Andrea
Cano Melguizo, Alejandro
Castro Florez, Sergio
Sánchez Garzón, Juliana del Pilar
Franco Aguirre, John Querubín

Tipo de recurso:: Article of journal

Fecha de publicación:: 2020

Institución:: Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UCC

Idioma:

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network_acronym_str	COOPER2
network_name_str	Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Assessment of Streptococcus Mutans Adhesion to the Surface of Biomimetically-Modified Orthodontic Archwires
title	Assessment of Streptococcus Mutans Adhesion to the Surface of Biomimetically-Modified Orthodontic Archwires
spellingShingle	Assessment of Streptococcus Mutans Adhesion to the Surface of Biomimetically-Modified Orthodontic Archwires Adhesión bacteriana Litografía blanda Biomimética Modificación superficial TG 2020 EOF Bacterial adhesion Soft lithography Biomimetics Surface modification
title_short	Assessment of Streptococcus Mutans Adhesion to the Surface of Biomimetically-Modified Orthodontic Archwires
title_full	Assessment of Streptococcus Mutans Adhesion to the Surface of Biomimetically-Modified Orthodontic Archwires
title_fullStr	Assessment of Streptococcus Mutans Adhesion to the Surface of Biomimetically-Modified Orthodontic Archwires
title_full_unstemmed	Assessment of Streptococcus Mutans Adhesion to the Surface of Biomimetically-Modified Orthodontic Archwires
title_sort	Assessment of Streptococcus Mutans Adhesion to the Surface of Biomimetically-Modified Orthodontic Archwires
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Arango Santander, Santiago González Vélez, Carolina Aguilar Villada, Anizac Andrea Cano Melguizo, Alejandro Castro Florez, Sergio Sánchez Garzón, Juliana del Pilar Franco Aguirre, John Querubín
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Arango Santander, Santiago
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Arango Santander, Santiago González Vélez, Carolina Aguilar Villada, Anizac Andrea Cano Melguizo, Alejandro Castro Florez, Sergio Sánchez Garzón, Juliana del Pilar Franco Aguirre, John Querubín
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Adhesión bacteriana Litografía blanda Biomimética Modificación superficial
topic	Adhesión bacteriana Litografía blanda Biomimética Modificación superficial TG 2020 EOF Bacterial adhesion Soft lithography Biomimetics Surface modification
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv	TG 2020 EOF
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv	Bacterial adhesion Soft lithography Biomimetics Surface modification
description	Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on the surfaces of dental and orthodontic biomaterials is primary responsible for oral diseases and biomaterial deterioration. A number of alternatives to reduce bacterial adhesion to biomaterials, including surface modification using a variety of techniques, has been proposed. Even though surface modification has demonstrated a reduction in bacterial adhesion, information on surface modification and biomimetics to reduce bacterial adhesion to a surface is scarce. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to assess bacterial adhesion to orthodontic archwires that were modified following a biomimetic approach. The sample consisted of 0.017 × 0.025, 10 mm-long 316L stainless steel and NiTi orthodontic archwire fragments. For soft lithography, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp was obtained after duplicating the surface of Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott leaves. Topography transfer to the archwires was performed using silica sol. Surface hydrophobicity was assessed by contact angle and surface roughness by atomic force microscopy. Bacterial adhesion was evaluated using Streptococcus mutans. The topography of the Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott leaf was successfully transferred to the surface of the archwires. Contact angle and roughness between modified and unmodified archwire surfaces was statistically significant. A statistically significant reduction in Streptococcus mutans adhesion to modified archwires was also observed.
publishDate	2020
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2020-03-03T20:09:00Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2020-03-03T20:09:00Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2020-02-26
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Artículo
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dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv	2079-6412
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv	10.3390/coatings10030201
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/17067
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv	Arango-Santander, S., Gonzalez, C.. Aguilar, A., Cano, A., Castro, S., Sanchez-Garzon, J., Franco, J. (2020) Assessment of Streptococcus Mutans Adhesion to the Surface of Biomimetically-Modified Orthodontic Archwires. Coatings. Recuperado de: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/10/3/201
identifier_str_mv	2079-6412 10.3390/coatings10030201 Arango-Santander, S., Gonzalez, C.. Aguilar, A., Cano, A., Castro, S., Sanchez-Garzon, J., Franco, J. (2020) Assessment of Streptococcus Mutans Adhesion to the Surface of Biomimetically-Modified Orthodontic Archwires. Coatings. Recuperado de: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/10/3/201
url	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/17067
dc.relation.isversionof.spa.fl_str_mv	https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/10/3/201
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv	Coatings
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Arango-Santander, S.; Ramírez-Vega, C. Titanio: aspectos del material para uso en ortodoncia. Rev. Nac. Odontol. 2016, 12(23), 63-71. Arango Santander, S.; Luna Ossa, C.M. Stainless Steel: Material Facts for the Orthodontic Practitioner. Rev. Nac. Odontol. 2015, 11(20), 71-82. Bahije, L.; Benyahia, H.; El Hamzaoui, S.; Ebn Touhami, M.; Bengueddour, R.; Rerhrhaye, W.; Abdallaoui, F.; Zaoui, F. Behavior of NiTi in the presence of oral bacteria: Corrosion by Streptococcus mutans. Int. Orthod. 2011, 9(1), 110-9. Renner, L.D.; Weibel, D.B. Physicochemical regulation of biofilm formation. MRS Bull. 2011, 36, 347–355. Campoccia, D.; Montanaro, L.; Arciola, C.R. A review of the biomaterials technologies for infectionresistant surfaces. Biomaterials 2013, 34(34), 8533-54 . Patil, P.; Kharbanda, O.P.; Duggal, R.; Das, T.K.; Kalyanasundaram, D. Surface deterioration and elemental composition of retrieved orthodontic miniscrews. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 2015, 147(4), S88-S100. Mystkowska, J.; Niemirowicz-Laskowska, K.; Łysik, D.; Tokajuk, G.; Dąbrowski, J.R.; Bucki, R. The role of oral cavity biofilm on metallic biomaterial surface destruction–corrosion and friction aspects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19(3), 743. Øilo, M.; Bakken, V. Biofilm and dental biomaterials. Materials (Basel). 2015, 8(6), 2887–2900. Al Qahtani, W.M.S.; Schille, C.; Spintzyk, S.; Al Qahtani, M.S.A.; Engel, E.; Geis-Gerstorfer, J.; Rupp, F.; Scheideler, L. Effect of surface modification of zirconia on cell adhesion, metabolic activity and proliferation of human osteoblasts. Biomed. Tech. 2017, 62(1), 75-87. Carvalho, A.; Pelaez-Vargas, A.; Gallego-Perez, D.; Grenho, L.; Fernandes, M.H.; De Aza, A.H.; Ferraz, M.P.; Hansford, D.J.; Monteiro, F.J. Micropatterned silica thin films with nanohydroxyapatite microaggregates for guided tissue regeneration. Dent. Mater. 2012, 28, 1250–1260. Laranjeira, M.S.; Carvalho, Â.; Pelaez-Vargas, A.; Hansford, D.; Ferraz, M.P.; Coimbra, S.; Costa, E.; Santos- Silva, A.; Fernandes, M.H.; Monteiro, F.J. Modulation of human dermal microvascular endothelial cell and human gingival fibroblast behavior by micropatterned silica coating surfaces for zirconia dental implant applications. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2014, 15, 025001. Arango-Santander, S.; Pelaez-Vargas, A.; Freitas, S.C.; García, C. Surface Modification by Combination of Dip-Pen Nanolithography and Soft Lithography for Reduction of Bacterial Adhesion. J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 2018, 10 Biswas, A.; Bayer, I.S.; Biris, A.S.; Wang, T.; Dervishi, E.; Faupel, F. Advances in top-down and bottom-up surface nanofabrication: Techniques, applications & future prospects. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2012, 170(1- 2), 2-27. Arango, S.; Peláez-Vargas, A.; García, C. Coating and surface treatments on orthodontic metallic materials. Coatings 2013, 3(1), 1-15 . Weibel, D.B.; DiLuzio, W.R.; Whitesides, G.M. Microfabrication meets microbiology. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2007, 5(3), 209-18. Xia, Y.; Whitesides, G.M. Soft Lithography. Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 550–575. Butler, R.T.; Ferrell, N.J.; Hansford, D.J. Spatial and geometrical control of silicification using a patterned poly-l-lysine template. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2006, 252(20), 7337-7342. Pelaez-Vargas, A.; Gallego-Perez, D.; Fernandes, M.H.; Hansford, D.; Monteiro, F.J. Microstructured coatings to study the behavior of osteoblast-like cells on hard materials. Bone 2011, 48(supp.2), s106. Kitzmiller, J.; Beversdorf, D.; Hansford, D. Fabrication and testing of microelectrodes for small-field cortical surface recordings. Biomed. Microdevices 2006, 8(1), 81-5. Pelaez-Vargas, A.; Ferrel, N.; Fernandes, M.H.; Hansford, D.J.; Monteiro, F.J. Cellular Alignment Induction during Early In Vitro Culture Stages Using Micropatterned Glass Coatings Produced by Sol-Gel Process. Key Eng Mater 2009, 396–398, 303–6. Ferrell, N.; Woodard, J.; Hansford, D. Fabrication of polymer microstructures for MEMS: Sacrificial layer micromolding and patterned substrate micromolding. Biomed. Microdevices 2007, 9(6), 815-21. Tran, K.T.M.; Nguyen, T.D. Lithography-based methods to manufacture biomaterials at small scales. J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices 2017, 2(1), 1-14. Solga, A.; Cerman, Z.; Striffler, B.F.; Spaeth, M.; Barthlott, W. The dream of staying clean: Lotus and biomimetic surfaces. Bioinspir Biomim; 2007, 2(4), S126-34. Koch, K.; Barthlott, W. Superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic plant surfaces: An inspiration for biomimetic materials. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 2009, 367(1893), 1487-509 . Chung, K.K.; Schumacher, J.F.; Sampson, E.M.; Burne, R.A.; Antonelli, P.J.; Brennan, A.B. Impact of engineered surface microtopography on biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus. Biointerphases 2007, 2(2), 89-94. Bixler, G.D.; Theiss, A.; Bhushan, B.; Lee, S.C. Anti-fouling properties of microstructured surfaces bioinspired by rice leaves and butterfly wings. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2014, 419, 114–133. Bhadra, C.M.; Khanh Truong, V.; Pham, V.T.H.; Al Kobaisi, M.; Seniutinas, G.; Wang, J.Y.; Juodkazis, S.; Crawford, R.J.; Ivanova, E.P. Antibacterial titanium nano-patterned arrays inspired by dragonfly wings. Sci. Rep. 2015, 18;5, 16817. Lim, T.K. Edible medicinal and non-medicinal plants. Modifed stems, roots, bulbs; Springer, 2015;12 Neinhuis, C.; Barthlott, W. Characterization and distribution of water-repellent, self-cleaning plant surfaces. Ann. Bot. 1997, 79(6), 667-677. Hüger, E.; Rothe, H.; Frant, M.; Grohmann, S.; Hildebrand, G.; Liefeith, K. Atomic force microscopy and thermodynamics on taro, a self-cleaning plant leaf. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95(3), 033702. Bhushan, B.; Jung, Y.C. Wetting, adhesion and friction of superhydrophobic and hydrophilic leaves and fabricated micro/nanopatterned surfaces. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2008, 20, 225010. Vasudevan, R.; Kennedy, A.J.; Merritt, M.; Crocker, F.H.; Baney, R.H. Microscale patterned surfaces reduce bacterial fouling-microscopic and theoretical analysis. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces 2014, 117, 225–232. Hochbaum, A.I.; Aizenberg, J. Bacteria pattern spontaneously on periodic nanostructure arrays. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 3717–3721. Xu, L.C.; Siedlecki, C.A. Submicron-textured biomaterial surface reduces staphylococcal bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8(1), 72-81 . Arango-Santander, S.; Pelaez-Vargas, A.; Freitas, S.C.; García, C. A novel approach to create an antibacterial surface using titanium dioxide and a combination of dip-pen nanolithography and soft lithography. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8(1), 15818 . Durán, A.; Conde, A.; Gómez Coedo, A.; Dorado, T.; García, C.; Ceré, S. Sol-gel coatings for protection and bioactivation of metals used in orthopaedic devices. J. Mater. Chem. 2004, 14, 2282-2290. Schneider, C.A.; Rasband, W.S.; Eliceiri, K.W. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat. Methods 2012, 9(7), 671-5. Horcas, I.; Fernández, R.; Gómez-Rodríguez, J.M.; Colchero, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baro, A.M. WSXM: A software for scanning probe microscopy and a tool for nanotechnology. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2007, 78(1), 013705. Naghili, H.; Tajik, H.; Mardani, K.; Razavi Rouhani, S.M.; Ehsani, A.; Zare, P. Validation of drop plate technique for bacterial enumeration by parametric and nonparametric tests. Vet. Res. forum an Int. Q. J. 2013, 4, 179–83. Sfondrini, M.F.; Debiaggi, M.; Zara, F.; Brerra, R.; Comelli, M.; Bianchi, M.; Pollone, S.R.; Scribante, A. Influence of lingual bracket position on microbial and periodontal parameters in vivo. J Appl Oral Sci. 2012, 20(3), 357-61. Türkkahraman, H.; Sayin, M.O.; Bozkurt, F.Y.; Yetkin, Z.; Kaya, S.; Onal, S. Archwire ligation techniques, microbial colonization, and periodontal status in orthodontically treated patients. Angle Orthod. 2005, 75(2), 231-6. Hepyukselen, B.G.; Cesur, M.G. Comparison of the microbial flora from different orthodontic archwires using a cultivation method and PCR: A prospective study. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2019, 22(4), 354-360 Yang, H.; Pi, P.; Cai, Z.Q.; Wen, X.; Wang, X.; Cheng, J.; Yang, Z. Facile preparation of super-hydrophobic and super-oleophilic silica film on stainless steel mesh via sol-gel process. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2010, 256(13), 4095-4102. Hosseinalipour, S.M.; Ershad-langroudi, A.; Hayati, A.N.; Nabizade-Haghighi, A.M. Characterization of sol-gel coated 316L stainless steel for biomedical applications. Prog. Org. Coatings 2010, 67(4), 371-374. Santos, O.; Nylander, T.; Rosmaninho, R.; Rizzo, G.; Yiantsios, S.; Andritsos, N.; Karabelas, A.; Müller- Steinhagen, H.; Melo, L.; Boulangé-Petermann, L.; et al. Modified stainless steel surfaces targeted to reduce fouling - Surface characterization. J. Food Eng. 2004, 64(1), 63-79. Wang, M.; Wang, Y.; Chen, Y.; Gu, H. Improving endothelialization on 316L stainless steel through wettability controllable coating by sol-gel technology. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2013, 268, 73-78. Herminghaus, S. Roughness-induced non-wetting. Europhys. Lett. 2000, 52, 165. Burton, Z.; Bhushan, B. Surface characterization and adhesion and friction properties of hydrophobic leaf surfaces. Ultramicroscopy 2006, 106(8-9), 709-719. Grewal, H.S.; Cho, I.J.; Yoon, E.S. The role of bio-inspired hierarchical structures in wetting. Bioinspiration and Biomimetics 2015, 10, 026009. Kim, I.H.; Park, H.S.; Kim, Y.K.; Kim, K.H.; Kwon, T.Y. Comparative short-term in vitro analysis of mutans streptococci adhesion on esthetic, nickel-titanium, and stainless-steel arch wires. Angle Orthod. 2014, 84(4), 680-6. Satou, J.; Fukunaga, A.; Satou, N.; Shintani, H.; Okuda, K. Streptococcal Adherence on Various Restorative Materials. J. Dent. Res. 1988, 67(3), 588-91. Busscher, H.J.; van Pelt, A.W.J.; de Boer, P.; de Jong, H.P.; Arends, J. The effect of surface roughening of polymers on measured contact angles of liquids. Colloids and Surfaces 1984, 9(4), 319-331. May, R.M.; Hoffman, M.G.; Sogo, M.J.; Parker, A.E.; O’Toole, G.A.; Brennan, A.B.; Reddy, S.T. Micropatterned surfaces reduce bacterial colonization and biofilm formation in vitro: Potential for enhancing endotracheal tube designs. Clin. Transl. Med. 2014, 3, 8.
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spelling	Arango Santander, SantiagoArango Santander, SantiagoGonzález Vélez, CarolinaAguilar Villada, Anizac AndreaCano Melguizo, AlejandroCastro Florez, SergioSánchez Garzón, Juliana del Pilar Franco Aguirre, John Querubín 102020-03-03T20:09:00Z2020-03-03T20:09:00Z2020-02-262079-641210.3390/coatings10030201https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/17067Arango-Santander, S., Gonzalez, C.. Aguilar, A., Cano, A., Castro, S., Sanchez-Garzon, J., Franco, J. (2020) Assessment of Streptococcus Mutans Adhesion to the Surface of Biomimetically-Modified Orthodontic Archwires. Coatings. Recuperado de: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/10/3/201Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on the surfaces of dental and orthodontic biomaterials is primary responsible for oral diseases and biomaterial deterioration. A number of alternatives to reduce bacterial adhesion to biomaterials, including surface modification using a variety of techniques, has been proposed. Even though surface modification has demonstrated a reduction in bacterial adhesion, information on surface modification and biomimetics to reduce bacterial adhesion to a surface is scarce. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to assess bacterial adhesion to orthodontic archwires that were modified following a biomimetic approach. The sample consisted of 0.017 × 0.025, 10 mm-long 316L stainless steel and NiTi orthodontic archwire fragments. For soft lithography, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp was obtained after duplicating the surface of Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott leaves. Topography transfer to the archwires was performed using silica sol. Surface hydrophobicity was assessed by contact angle and surface roughness by atomic force microscopy. Bacterial adhesion was evaluated using Streptococcus mutans. The topography of the Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott leaf was successfully transferred to the surface of the archwires. Contact angle and roughness between modified and unmodified archwire surfaces was statistically significant. A statistically significant reduction in Streptococcus mutans adhesion to modified archwires was also observed.https://scienti.colciencias.gov.co/cvlac/EnRecursoHumano/inicio.do0000-0002-3113-9895santiago.arango@campusucc.edu.cocarolina.gonzalezve@campusucc.edu.coanizac.aguilar@campusucc.edu.coalejandro.canom@campusucc.edu.cosergioa.castro@campusucc.edu.cojuliana.sanchezga@campusucc.edu.cojohn.francoa@campusucc.edu.co11Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, MDPIUniversidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Odontología, Medellín y EnvigadoEspecialización en OrtodonciaMedellínhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/10/3/201CoatingsArango-Santander, S.; Ramírez-Vega, C. Titanio: aspectos del material para uso en ortodoncia. Rev. Nac. Odontol. 2016, 12(23), 63-71.Arango Santander, S.; Luna Ossa, C.M. Stainless Steel: Material Facts for the Orthodontic Practitioner. Rev. Nac. Odontol. 2015, 11(20), 71-82.Bahije, L.; Benyahia, H.; El Hamzaoui, S.; Ebn Touhami, M.; Bengueddour, R.; Rerhrhaye, W.; Abdallaoui, F.; Zaoui, F. Behavior of NiTi in the presence of oral bacteria: Corrosion by Streptococcus mutans. Int. Orthod. 2011, 9(1), 110-9.Renner, L.D.; Weibel, D.B. Physicochemical regulation of biofilm formation. MRS Bull. 2011, 36, 347–355.Campoccia, D.; Montanaro, L.; Arciola, C.R. A review of the biomaterials technologies for infectionresistant surfaces. Biomaterials 2013, 34(34), 8533-54 .Patil, P.; Kharbanda, O.P.; Duggal, R.; Das, T.K.; Kalyanasundaram, D. Surface deterioration and elemental composition of retrieved orthodontic miniscrews. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 2015, 147(4), S88-S100.Mystkowska, J.; Niemirowicz-Laskowska, K.; Łysik, D.; Tokajuk, G.; Dąbrowski, J.R.; Bucki, R. The role of oral cavity biofilm on metallic biomaterial surface destruction–corrosion and friction aspects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19(3), 743.Øilo, M.; Bakken, V. Biofilm and dental biomaterials. Materials (Basel). 2015, 8(6), 2887–2900.Al Qahtani, W.M.S.; Schille, C.; Spintzyk, S.; Al Qahtani, M.S.A.; Engel, E.; Geis-Gerstorfer, J.; Rupp, F.; Scheideler, L. Effect of surface modification of zirconia on cell adhesion, metabolic activity and proliferation of human osteoblasts. Biomed. Tech. 2017, 62(1), 75-87.Carvalho, A.; Pelaez-Vargas, A.; Gallego-Perez, D.; Grenho, L.; Fernandes, M.H.; De Aza, A.H.; Ferraz, M.P.; Hansford, D.J.; Monteiro, F.J. Micropatterned silica thin films with nanohydroxyapatite microaggregates for guided tissue regeneration. Dent. Mater. 2012, 28, 1250–1260.Laranjeira, M.S.; Carvalho, Â.; Pelaez-Vargas, A.; Hansford, D.; Ferraz, M.P.; Coimbra, S.; Costa, E.; Santos- Silva, A.; Fernandes, M.H.; Monteiro, F.J. Modulation of human dermal microvascular endothelial cell and human gingival fibroblast behavior by micropatterned silica coating surfaces for zirconia dental implant applications. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2014, 15, 025001.Arango-Santander, S.; Pelaez-Vargas, A.; Freitas, S.C.; García, C. Surface Modification by Combination of Dip-Pen Nanolithography and Soft Lithography for Reduction of Bacterial Adhesion. J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 2018, 10Biswas, A.; Bayer, I.S.; Biris, A.S.; Wang, T.; Dervishi, E.; Faupel, F. Advances in top-down and bottom-up surface nanofabrication: Techniques, applications & future prospects. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2012, 170(1- 2), 2-27.Arango, S.; Peláez-Vargas, A.; García, C. Coating and surface treatments on orthodontic metallic materials. Coatings 2013, 3(1), 1-15 .Weibel, D.B.; DiLuzio, W.R.; Whitesides, G.M. Microfabrication meets microbiology. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2007, 5(3), 209-18.Xia, Y.; Whitesides, G.M. Soft Lithography. Angew. Chemie Int. 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Med. 2014, 3, 8.Adhesión bacterianaLitografía blandaBiomiméticaModificación superficialTG 2020 EOFBacterial adhesionSoft lithographyBiomimeticsSurface modificationAssessment of Streptococcus Mutans Adhesion to the Surface of Biomimetically-Modified Orthodontic 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Assessment of Streptococcus Mutans Adhesion to the Surface of Biomimetically-Modified Orthodontic Archwires

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