Síntesis y caracterización de Óxido de Cobalto (〖Co〗_3 O_4) obtenido a partir de un método asistido por microondas

Nanopartículas de óxido de cobalto (Co3O4) se sintetizaron a partir de un método solvotermal asistido por microondas. Se utilizó una mezcla de Co3O4, y urea ((NH2)2CO) como combustible para potenciar la reacción; un sistema de disolvente binario de agua y etilenglicol (EG), como medio de calentamien...

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Autores:
Ballesta Bello, Darlis Margarita
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2025
Institución:
Universidad de Córdoba
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional Unicórdoba
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co:ucordoba/9440
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/handle/ucordoba/9440
https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co
Palabra clave:
Sintesis
Microondas
Óxido
Asistido
Synthesis
Microwave
Oxide
Assisted
Rights
openAccess
License
Copyright Universidad de Córdoba, 2025
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repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Síntesis y caracterización de Óxido de Cobalto (〖Co〗_3 O_4) obtenido a partir de un método asistido por microondas
title Síntesis y caracterización de Óxido de Cobalto (〖Co〗_3 O_4) obtenido a partir de un método asistido por microondas
spellingShingle Síntesis y caracterización de Óxido de Cobalto (〖Co〗_3 O_4) obtenido a partir de un método asistido por microondas
Sintesis
Microondas
Óxido
Asistido
Synthesis
Microwave
Oxide
Assisted
title_short Síntesis y caracterización de Óxido de Cobalto (〖Co〗_3 O_4) obtenido a partir de un método asistido por microondas
title_full Síntesis y caracterización de Óxido de Cobalto (〖Co〗_3 O_4) obtenido a partir de un método asistido por microondas
title_fullStr Síntesis y caracterización de Óxido de Cobalto (〖Co〗_3 O_4) obtenido a partir de un método asistido por microondas
title_full_unstemmed Síntesis y caracterización de Óxido de Cobalto (〖Co〗_3 O_4) obtenido a partir de un método asistido por microondas
title_sort Síntesis y caracterización de Óxido de Cobalto (〖Co〗_3 O_4) obtenido a partir de un método asistido por microondas
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Ballesta Bello, Darlis Margarita
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Sanchez Pacheco, Luis Carlos
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Ballesta Bello, Darlis Margarita
dc.contributor.subjectmatterexpert.none.fl_str_mv Beltran Jimenez, Jailes Joaquin
dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv Oviedo Cueter, Juan Manuel
Cogollo Pitalua, Rafael Ricardo
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Sintesis
Microondas
Óxido
Asistido
topic Sintesis
Microondas
Óxido
Asistido
Synthesis
Microwave
Oxide
Assisted
dc.subject.keywords.eng.fl_str_mv Synthesis
Microwave
Oxide
Assisted
description Nanopartículas de óxido de cobalto (Co3O4) se sintetizaron a partir de un método solvotermal asistido por microondas. Se utilizó una mezcla de Co3O4, y urea ((NH2)2CO) como combustible para potenciar la reacción; un sistema de disolvente binario de agua y etilenglicol (EG), como medio de calentamiento solvotérmica se usó un horno microondas convencional (SAMSUNG AMW831K/XAP). Los cristales de Co3O4 se caracterizaron mediante Difracción de rayos X (DRX), con análisis Rietveld, Espectroscopía infrarroja con transformada de Fourier con reflectancia total atenuada (FTIR-ATR) y Microscopia electronica de barrido de Emisión de Campo (FE-SEM), Espectroscopia de Rayos X Dispersiva (EDX). Se encontró que tanto la temperatura, selección del solvente, tiempo e irradiación de estos sistemas (microondas) suelen ser de mucha importancia en las reacciones, ya que pueden afectar la cristalinidad, propiedades vibracionales y morfología de las muestras.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2025-07-21T16:27:16Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2025-07-21T16:27:16Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2025-07-19
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/handle/ucordoba/9440
dc.identifier.instname.none.fl_str_mv Universidad de Córdoba
dc.identifier.reponame.none.fl_str_mv Repositorio Universidad de Córdoba
dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co
url https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/handle/ucordoba/9440
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identifier_str_mv Universidad de Córdoba
Repositorio Universidad de Córdoba
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv ]S. Noguchi, M. Mizuhashi, Thin Solid Films 77 (1981) 99
Y. Ding, L. Xu, C. Chen, X. Shen, S.L. Suib, J. Phys. Chem. C 112 (2008) 8177
Clark, D. E.; Folz, D. C.; Folgar, C.; Mahmoud, M. Microwave Solutions for Ceramic Engineers, The American Ceramics Society, Inc.: Westerville, O. H., 2005; 5-30
Hayes, B. L. Microwave Synthesis: Chemistry at the Speed of Light; CEM Publishing: Matthews, 2002
Clark JH, Macquarrie DJ. Handbook of Green Chemistry and Technology, first Edition, Wiley, 2002; 10-25 6. Ravichandran S, Karthikeyan E
Microwave SynthesisA Potential Tool for Green Chemistry. Int J ChemTech Res, 2011; 3(1):
Kappe, C. O. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 6250.
Robinson, J.; Kingman, S.; Irvine, D.; Licence, P.; Smith, A.; Dimitrakis, G.; Obermayer, D.; Kappe, C. O. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010, 12, 4750
Baghbanzadeh, M.; Carbone, L.; Cozzoli, P. D.; Kappe, C. O. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 11312
Q. U. E. Para, O. El, and R. M. Serna, “Preparación de matrices de liberación modificada de AINES fabricadas por el método sol-gel.” [42] I. Cotúa,
“Síntesis y caracterización preliminar del sistema Zn1-xCuxO (x=0,03) por método sol-gel (ruta citrato),” 2014
S. Feng and G. Li, Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Syntheses. 2017.
J. Valencia, “Síntesis y caracterización de cristales de oxicloruro de bismuto por métodos hidrotermal y solvotermal. en presencia de diferentes agentes estabilizantes,” p. 130, 2013.
W. S. Peternele et al., “Experimental investigation of the coprecipitation method: An approach to obtain magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles with improved properties,” J. Nanomater., vol. 2014, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2014.
Chih W. Tang, Chen B. Wang, and Shu H. Chien. “Characterization of Cobalt Oxides Studied by FT‐IR, Raman, TPR and TG‐MS.”
G. A. El‐Shobaky, T. El‐Nabarawy, and T. M. Ghazy. “The Effect of Chemisorbed Ooxygen and the Textural Characteristics of Co3O4 Catalysts on Their Catalytic Activity.” Surface Technology 15 (1982): 153–59.
Nam, K. M.; Shim, J. H.; Han, D.-W.; Kwon, H. S.; Kang, Y.-M.; Li, Y.; Song, H.; Seo, W. S.; Park, J. T. Syntheses and Characterization of Wurtzite CoO, Rocksalt CoO, and Spinel Co3O4Nanocrystals: Their Interconversion and Tuning of Phase and Morphology. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 4446−4454
Gupta, R. K.; Sinha, A. K.; Raja Sekhar, B. N.; Srivastava, A. K.; Singh, G.; Deb, S. K. Synthesis and Characterization of Various Phases of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles Using Inorganic Precursor. Appl. Phys. A 2011, 103, 13−19.
Hagelin-Weaver HA, Hoflund GB, Minahan DM, Salaita GN. Electron energy loss spectroscopic investigation of Co metal, CoO, and Co3O4 before and after Ar + bombardment. Applied Surface Science. 2004 Aug 31;235(4):420–48
Zhang, H., & Banfield, J. F. (2000). Understanding polymorphic phase transformation behavior during growth of nanocrystalline aggregates: Insights from TiO₂. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 104(15), 3481–3487
Liu, Y., Wang, X., Ma, J., & Chen, C. (2011). Morphology-controlled synthesis of Co₃O₄ nanostructures and their application as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21(15), 5660–5668.
Goldstein, J. I., Newbury, D. E., Joy, D. C., Lyman, C. E., Echlin, P., Lifshin, E., ... & Michael, J. R. (2018). Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis (4.ª ed.). Springer.
Ramesh, S., Basha, K. S., Kumar, K. R., & Prabhu, R. (2013). Synthesis and characterization of cobalt oxide nanoparticles via aqueous precipitation method. Materials Letters, 93, 123–126.
Diallo, A., Beye, A.C., Doyle, T.B., Park, E., Maaza, M.: Green synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles via Aspalathus linearis: physical properties. Green Chem. Lett. Rev. 8,30–36 (2015)
Jiao, Z., & Yang, Y. (2016). "The application of FE-SEM in material characterization." Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 32(3), 263-272
Chenavas, J.; Joubert, J. C.; Marezio, M. Low-spin → high-spin state transition in high pressure cobalt sesquioxide. Solid State Commun. 1971, 9, 1057−1060
Smith, W.L. et al. (1973) Acta Cryst. B, 29, 362
Tombs, N.C.et al. (1950) Nature (London), 165, 442
Roth, W.L. (1964) J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 25, 1
Korde P, Ghotekar S, Pagar T, Pansambal S, Oza R, Mane D. Plant extract assisted eco-benevolent synthesis of selenium nanoparticles – a review on plant parts involved, characterization and their recent applications. J Chem Rev. 2020 Apr 23;2:157–68
Adekunle AS, Oyekunle JA, Durosinmi LM, Oluwafemi OS, Olayanju DS, Akinola AS, et al. Potential of cobalt and cobalt oxide nanoparticles as nanocatalyst towards dyes degradation in wastewater. Nano-Struct Nano-Objects. 2020 Feb 1;21:100405
Andersson, P.O.; Viberg, P.; Forsberg, P.; Nikolajeff, F.; Österlund, L.; Karlsson, M. Nanocrystalline diamond sensor targeted for selective CRP detection: An ATR-FTIR spectroscopy study. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2016, 408, 3675–3680.
UNAM. Grupo Cristal., “Medición de distancias interplanares mediante difracción de ondas sonoras,” p. 14, 2015.
Ossonon, B.D.; Bélanger, D. Synthesis and characterization of sulfophenylfunctionalized reduced graphene oxide sheets. RSCAdv. 2017,7, 27224–27234. [CrossRef]
https://www.eag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/M-075523-Dual-BeamFIB_w.pdf
[MAUD] Luca Lutterotti. Maud: A Rietveld Analysis Program Designed for the Internet and Experiment Integration, 2000Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances 56(s1)
Reem Al-Tuwirqi et al. Facile synthesis and optical properties of Co3O4 nanostructures by the microwave route. Superlattices and Microstructures 49 (2011). 416–421. Speed of Light; CEM P
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spelling Sanchez Pacheco, Luis CarlosBallesta Bello, Darlis MargaritaBeltran Jimenez, Jailes JoaquinOviedo Cueter, Juan ManuelCogollo Pitalua, Rafael Ricardo2025-07-21T16:27:16Z2025-07-21T16:27:16Z2025-07-19https://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/handle/ucordoba/9440Universidad de CórdobaRepositorio Universidad de Córdobahttps://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.coNanopartículas de óxido de cobalto (Co3O4) se sintetizaron a partir de un método solvotermal asistido por microondas. Se utilizó una mezcla de Co3O4, y urea ((NH2)2CO) como combustible para potenciar la reacción; un sistema de disolvente binario de agua y etilenglicol (EG), como medio de calentamiento solvotérmica se usó un horno microondas convencional (SAMSUNG AMW831K/XAP). Los cristales de Co3O4 se caracterizaron mediante Difracción de rayos X (DRX), con análisis Rietveld, Espectroscopía infrarroja con transformada de Fourier con reflectancia total atenuada (FTIR-ATR) y Microscopia electronica de barrido de Emisión de Campo (FE-SEM), Espectroscopia de Rayos X Dispersiva (EDX). Se encontró que tanto la temperatura, selección del solvente, tiempo e irradiación de estos sistemas (microondas) suelen ser de mucha importancia en las reacciones, ya que pueden afectar la cristalinidad, propiedades vibracionales y morfología de las muestras.ResumenIntroduccionMarco teoricoMicroondasTécnicas asistidas por microondasMétodo sol-gelEl método hidrotermalMétodo de coprecipitaciónÓxido de cobalto (Co3O4)Técnicas de caracterización de los óxidosDifracción de rayos X (DRX)Espectroscopia infrarroja por transformada de Fourier– FTIR-ATRMicroscopía electrónica de barrido de emisión de campo-espectroscopia de rayos X de dispersión de energía (FE-SEM-EDS)Parte experimentalResultados y discusiónDifracción de rayos XRefinamiento RietveldEspectroscopía infrarroja con transformada de Fourier de reflectancia total atenuada (FTIR-ATR).Microscopía electrónica de barrido con emisión de campo y energía de dispersión de rayos X (FE-SEM-EDX)ConclusiónReferenciasPregradoFísico(a)Trabajos de Investigación y/o Extensiónapplication/pdfspaUniversidad De CórdobaFacultad de Ciencias BásicasMontería, Córdoba, ColombiaFísicaCopyright Universidad de Córdoba, 2025https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Síntesis y caracterización de Óxido de Cobalto (〖Co〗_3 O_4) obtenido a partir de un método asistido por microondasTrabajo de grado - Pregradoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesishttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionText]S. Noguchi, M. Mizuhashi, Thin Solid Films 77 (1981) 99Y. Ding, L. Xu, C. Chen, X. Shen, S.L. Suib, J. Phys. Chem. C 112 (2008) 8177Clark, D. E.; Folz, D. C.; Folgar, C.; Mahmoud, M. Microwave Solutions for Ceramic Engineers, The American Ceramics Society, Inc.: Westerville, O. H., 2005; 5-30Hayes, B. L. Microwave Synthesis: Chemistry at the Speed of Light; CEM Publishing: Matthews, 2002Clark JH, Macquarrie DJ. Handbook of Green Chemistry and Technology, first Edition, Wiley, 2002; 10-25 6. Ravichandran S, Karthikeyan EMicrowave SynthesisA Potential Tool for Green Chemistry. Int J ChemTech Res, 2011; 3(1):Kappe, C. O. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 6250.Robinson, J.; Kingman, S.; Irvine, D.; Licence, P.; Smith, A.; Dimitrakis, G.; Obermayer, D.; Kappe, C. O. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010, 12, 4750Baghbanzadeh, M.; Carbone, L.; Cozzoli, P. D.; Kappe, C. O. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 11312Q. U. E. Para, O. El, and R. M. Serna, “Preparación de matrices de liberación modificada de AINES fabricadas por el método sol-gel.” [42] I. Cotúa,“Síntesis y caracterización preliminar del sistema Zn1-xCuxO (x=0,03) por método sol-gel (ruta citrato),” 2014S. Feng and G. Li, Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Syntheses. 2017.J. Valencia, “Síntesis y caracterización de cristales de oxicloruro de bismuto por métodos hidrotermal y solvotermal. en presencia de diferentes agentes estabilizantes,” p. 130, 2013.W. S. Peternele et al., “Experimental investigation of the coprecipitation method: An approach to obtain magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles with improved properties,” J. Nanomater., vol. 2014, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2014.Chih W. Tang, Chen B. Wang, and Shu H. Chien. “Characterization of Cobalt Oxides Studied by FT‐IR, Raman, TPR and TG‐MS.”G. A. El‐Shobaky, T. El‐Nabarawy, and T. M. Ghazy. “The Effect of Chemisorbed Ooxygen and the Textural Characteristics of Co3O4 Catalysts on Their Catalytic Activity.” Surface Technology 15 (1982): 153–59.Nam, K. M.; Shim, J. H.; Han, D.-W.; Kwon, H. S.; Kang, Y.-M.; Li, Y.; Song, H.; Seo, W. S.; Park, J. T. Syntheses and Characterization of Wurtzite CoO, Rocksalt CoO, and Spinel Co3O4Nanocrystals: Their Interconversion and Tuning of Phase and Morphology. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 4446−4454Gupta, R. K.; Sinha, A. K.; Raja Sekhar, B. N.; Srivastava, A. K.; Singh, G.; Deb, S. K. Synthesis and Characterization of Various Phases of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles Using Inorganic Precursor. Appl. Phys. A 2011, 103, 13−19.Hagelin-Weaver HA, Hoflund GB, Minahan DM, Salaita GN. Electron energy loss spectroscopic investigation of Co metal, CoO, and Co3O4 before and after Ar + bombardment. Applied Surface Science. 2004 Aug 31;235(4):420–48Zhang, H., & Banfield, J. F. (2000). Understanding polymorphic phase transformation behavior during growth of nanocrystalline aggregates: Insights from TiO₂. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 104(15), 3481–3487Liu, Y., Wang, X., Ma, J., & Chen, C. (2011). Morphology-controlled synthesis of Co₃O₄ nanostructures and their application as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21(15), 5660–5668.Goldstein, J. I., Newbury, D. E., Joy, D. C., Lyman, C. E., Echlin, P., Lifshin, E., ... & Michael, J. R. (2018). Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis (4.ª ed.). Springer.Ramesh, S., Basha, K. S., Kumar, K. R., & Prabhu, R. (2013). Synthesis and characterization of cobalt oxide nanoparticles via aqueous precipitation method. Materials Letters, 93, 123–126.Diallo, A., Beye, A.C., Doyle, T.B., Park, E., Maaza, M.: Green synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles via Aspalathus linearis: physical properties. Green Chem. Lett. Rev. 8,30–36 (2015)Jiao, Z., & Yang, Y. (2016). "The application of FE-SEM in material characterization." Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 32(3), 263-272Chenavas, J.; Joubert, J. C.; Marezio, M. Low-spin → high-spin state transition in high pressure cobalt sesquioxide. Solid State Commun. 1971, 9, 1057−1060Smith, W.L. et al. (1973) Acta Cryst. B, 29, 362Tombs, N.C.et al. (1950) Nature (London), 165, 442Roth, W.L. (1964) J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 25, 1Korde P, Ghotekar S, Pagar T, Pansambal S, Oza R, Mane D. Plant extract assisted eco-benevolent synthesis of selenium nanoparticles – a review on plant parts involved, characterization and their recent applications. J Chem Rev. 2020 Apr 23;2:157–68Adekunle AS, Oyekunle JA, Durosinmi LM, Oluwafemi OS, Olayanju DS, Akinola AS, et al. Potential of cobalt and cobalt oxide nanoparticles as nanocatalyst towards dyes degradation in wastewater. Nano-Struct Nano-Objects. 2020 Feb 1;21:100405Andersson, P.O.; Viberg, P.; Forsberg, P.; Nikolajeff, F.; Österlund, L.; Karlsson, M. Nanocrystalline diamond sensor targeted for selective CRP detection: An ATR-FTIR spectroscopy study. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2016, 408, 3675–3680.UNAM. Grupo Cristal., “Medición de distancias interplanares mediante difracción de ondas sonoras,” p. 14, 2015.Ossonon, B.D.; Bélanger, D. Synthesis and characterization of sulfophenylfunctionalized reduced graphene oxide sheets. RSCAdv. 2017,7, 27224–27234. [CrossRef]https://www.eag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/M-075523-Dual-BeamFIB_w.pdf[MAUD] Luca Lutterotti. Maud: A Rietveld Analysis Program Designed for the Internet and Experiment Integration, 2000Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances 56(s1)Reem Al-Tuwirqi et al. Facile synthesis and optical properties of Co3O4 nanostructures by the microwave route. Superlattices and Microstructures 49 (2011). 416–421. 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